S܃£~x

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 S܃£~x
ld¾ñl úma,jh hkq"
ñksid ;u oEf;a iúh fjkqjg hka;% iQ;%
Ndú;d lrñka ld¾ñl wxYfha we;s jQ fjki
18 jk ishjfia w. Nd.h jk úg ld¾ñl
úma,jh ì%;dkHfha wdrïN úh' jir 50 la
muK hk;=re th ì%;dkHhg muKla iSud jQ
w;r wk;=rej th mD;=.d,h" iamd[a[h"
m%xYh" c¾uksh jeks rgj,g jHdma; úh'

ld¾ñl úma,jh ì%;dkHfhau we;sùug fya;=

01' ì%;dkHfha we;s jQ fj<odfï ÈhqKj
q

hqfrdamh ;=, m%n,u rdcHhla jQ ì;dkHhka hg;a úð; ìys [Link]ñka fj<odfuka wêl ,dN ,eîh'
16 jk ishji jk úg mD;=.d,h" m%xYh" iamd[a[h jeks rgj,a wNsnjd Tjqka bÈßhgu meñKsfhah'
fï ksid oejeka; l¾udka; Yd,d wdrïN lsÍu i|yd uqo,a wdfhdackh l< yels Okj;=ka msßila
ì%;dkHfha isáfhah' tu ksid ì%;dkH ;=, m%:ufhka ld¾ñl úma,jh we;s ù ;sfí'

02' ì%;dkH NdKav i|yd b,a¨u by< hdu

18 jk ishji jk úg ì%;dkHfha ck.%yKh wêlj j¾Okh úh' tu ksid ì%;dkH NdKav i|yd
úYd, b,a¨ula ks¾udKh úh' tfiau ì%;dkHhkaf.a hg;a úð; j,ska o tu rfÜ ksIamdÈ; lmq frÈ
i|yd úYd, b,a¨ula [Link]' fufia b,a¨ug wjYH iemhqu flá ld,hl§ ksIamdokh lssÍug
wjYH úh' [Link] Tjqkag ld¾ñl úma,jh Wodúh'

03' bvï fldgq lsÍfï jHdmdrh ksid Y%uh fkdwvqj ,eîu'

fuu ld,fha § ì%;dkHfha lDIsld¾ñl wxYfha we;s jQ úYd, fjkialula isÿúh' iq¿ f.dúhka i;=j
;snQ l=vd bvï tlalr bv ysñhka úYd, f.dúm,j,a ilia lf<ah' th bvï fldgq lsÍfï jHdmdr
f,i yªkajhs' fï fya;=fjka iq¿ f.dúkaf.a /lshd wysñ jkakg úh' fufia /lshd fidhd ck;dj
meñKSu ksid w;sßla; Y%uhla ìysjqKs' l¾udka;Yd,d ysñlrejka Tjqkaf.a Y%uh wvq ñ,g ,nd
.;af;ah'

04' hqfrdamfha mqkreoh we;sùu iy ì%;dkHfha iïm;a nyq, ùu'

14-16 ishjiaj,§ hqfrdamfha we;s jQ mqkreoh fya;=fjka úoHdj yd ;dCIKsl wxYfha ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'
[Link] hka;% iQ;% ksmoùug wjYH oekqu yd yelshdj ,enqKs' tfiau hka;% iQ;% ksmoùug wjYH hlv
yd jdfka jeks Lksc iïm;ao n, Yla;sh f,i Ndú;d lrk .,a wÕ=re o ì%;dkHhkag myiqfjka
fidhd .ekSug yels úh'

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 S܃£~x

óg wu;rj wfkla rgj,a yd ii|k úg ì%;dkHh ;=,

ld¾ñl úma,jhg iqÿiq miqìula ks¾udKh jqK's
01' l=vd Èjhskla ùu'
02' ,kavka [Link] fj<| uOHia:dkhla ùu'
03' nexl= yd uQ,H wdh;k [Link] m%[Link]
,eîu'
04' rcfhka nÿ iyk iemhSu'

ld¾ñl úma,jh úúO wxYj,g n,mEu

ld¾ñl úma,jh m%Odk wxY 3la flakaølrf.k we;s úh'
01' fmaY l¾udka;h
02' hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h
03' .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h
Bg wu;rj"
o m%jdykh
o ikaksfõokh
o lDIsl¾uh jeks wxYo ÈhqKj
q g m;a jqKs'

01' fmaY l¾udka;h

 ì%;dkH frÈ j,g úYd, b,a¨ula ks¾udKh jQ
ksid frÈ ksIamdokh fõ.j;a lsÍug wjYH úh'

 tys§ frÈ ksIamdokh fõ.j;a lsÍfï wruqKk s a

fcdaka fla úiska ÿjkkvdj ks¾udKh lf<ah'
frÈ úùu fõ.j;a lsÍug fmr kQ,a ksIamdokh
fõ.j;a lsÍu wjYH úh' fuys§ kQ,a ksmo jkakka
6 fofkl=f.a kQ,a m%udKj;a jQfha tla frÈ
úhkafkl=g muKs'

 kQ,a ksIamdokh lsÍu fõ.j;a lsÍfï wruqKska

fcïia yd.%sõia úiska fcks hka;%h ksmo úh' kuq;a th w;ska l%shdlrk ksid ld¾hCIu
fkdùh'

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 wk;=rej ßÉâ wdlarhsÜ úiska c, n,fhka l%shd;aul jk jvd ld¾hCIu c, rduqj ksmoúh'
kuq;a th l%shdlr ùug .,d hk c, oyrdjla wjYH úh' th ÿ¾j,;djhls'

 ieuqfj,a fl%dñmagka kï kj ks¾udKlrejd fcks hka;%h yd c, rduqj hk hka;% 2 ysu uQ,

O¾u Ndú;d lrk ñhq,a hka;%h ksmo úh'

02' hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h

ld¾ñl úma,jhg fmr lDIsWmlrK yd wúwdhqO

ieliSug hlv Ndú;d lf<a h' uq,a ld,fha or Ndú;d lrf.k
hlv ksiaidrKh l< o ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iuÕ or m%udKj;a
fkdùh'
 .,a wÕ=re Ndú;fhka hlv ksiaidrKh uq,a jrg
wdrïN lf<a tan%yï v¾ì úisks'

 fykaß fldaÜ úiska hlv ksmoùu i|yd frda,¾ hka;%h

fidhd.;af;ah' [Link] moï l< yels hlv ksmoúh'

 hlv j, we;s wmøjH bj;a lrñka fykaß fniau¾

úiska jdfka ksmoùh' újD; Wÿka l%uh fidhd .ekSu;a
iuÕ Wiia ;;ajfha jdfka ksmoùug yels úh'

 ú,shï iSukaia úiska úÿ,s Wªka l%uh fidhd .ekSu;a

iuÕ hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h ;j;a ÈhqKq úh'

03' .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h

ì%;dkH hkq .,a wÕ=re nyq,j oelsh yels rgls' ol=Kq fõ,aia" fhdalaIh¾" ,ekaleIh¾ .,a w.=re
nyq, m%foaYhls'

ì%;dkHfha .,a w.=re nyq, jqk;a tajd lekSï lsÍfï§ my; .eg¨ we;s úh'
 WIAK;ajh jeä ùu'
 wdlr ;=, wdf,dalhla fkdue;s ùu'
 úI jdhq wdlr ;=, ;sîu'
 j¾Id ld,fha§ wdlr c,fhka msÍu'

.,a w.=re l¾udka;fha kj ks¾udK

o k,hla yryd wdldr j, c,h bj;a lsÍug iy WIAK;ajh wju lr jd;h lD;Suj isis,a
lsÍug f;dauia ksõfldgka úiska jdIam tkaðu ks¾udKh lf<ah'

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o f;dauia ksõflduka úiska ks¾udKh l, jdIam tkaðu fÊïia fjdÜ úiska jvd ld¾hCIu
wdldrhg ÈhqKq lf<ah' wdlr ;=,g wdf,dalh ,nd §u fjkqfjka yïm%sfâõ úiska wdrCIs;
,dïmq ks¾udKh lf<ah'

o uq,a ld,fha§ ;U lïì fhdodf.k ldka;djka yd orejka ,jd .,a w.=re msg;g .ekSu isÿ
l<o" miqj hlv flan,a lïì fhdodf.k .,a w.=re msg;g .ekSu isÿ l<o miqj hlv flan,a
lïì fhdodf.k .,a w.=re msg;g .ekSu isÿ úh'

.,a w.=re j, w;=re ksIamdokh

o ;dr
o fmdfydr
o iqj| ú,jqka
o idhï

01' m%jdykh

ld¾ñl úma,jh wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ wuqøjH l¾udka;Yd,dfj;

f.k taug;a ksñ øjH fjf<|fmd<j,a fj; [Link];a fyd| m%jdyk
moaO;shl wjYH;djh oefkkakg úh'
 tys§ uq,ajrg uydud¾. bÈlsÍu i|yd fcdaka uelvï úiska
l%uhla fidhd.;af;ah' th uelvï l%uh f,i yªkajhs'

uelvï l%uh
úYd, l¿.,a iy mia w;=rd ilia lr .kakd Yla;su;a w;a;sjdrula u; l=vd .,a len,s oud
tajd ;,d uÜgï lsÍu uydud¾. ieliSfï l%uhhs'

o miqj jvd fõ.fhka NdKav m%jdykh lsÍu i|yd fcda¾Ê

iaàjkaikaia úiska ÿïßh tkaðu ks¾udKh lf<ah' ^jdIam
n,fhka&

o rhsÜ ifydaorfhda - .=jkahdkh

o fvï,¾ - fudag¾ r:h

o frdnÜ mq,agka - ÿï fndaÜgqj

o fykaß fn,a - ÿïkej

02' ikaksfõokh

ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iuÕ ikaksfõok wxYfhao úYd, fjkila we;s úh' fï jk úg ì%;dkHfha
mej;sfha wêl úhoï iys; ;eme,a l%uhhs'

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 j¾I 1840 § ì%;dkHfha ld¾hCIu ;eme,a fiajhla wdrïN úh' th fmkS ;eme,a fiajh f,i
yªkajhs' [Link] mekaihla [Link] rfÜ ´kEu ;eklg mKsúvhla heúh yelsh'

 bka wk;=rej ieuqfj,a fudaia úÿ,s lïì Ndú;fhka ÿria: ia:dk 2 la

w;r mKsúv yqjudrej isÿlf<ah' th úÿ,s mKsúv l%uhhs'

 wef,laiekag¾ .%yeïfn,a - ÿrl:kh

 .=.a,s ud¾fldakS - .=jka úÿ,s ;rx.

 fcdaka f,d.s fnhd¾â - rEmjdysksh

03' lDIsl¾udka;h

01' uyd mßudK f.dúm,j,a wdrïN ùu'

ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iuÕ .%dóh m%foaYj, úYd, bvï ysñhka l=vd bvï tl;= lr úYd,
f.dúm,j,a ks¾udKh lf<ah' ta;a iuÕu ksIamdokh fõ.fhka j¾Okh jkakg úh' tys
m%;sM,hla f,i lDIs wxYfha ld¾ñl úma,jhla we;s jqKs'

02' lDIs wxYh i|yd kj ;dCIKsl l%u yd WmlrK Ndú;h

ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iuÕ lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd kj hka;% iQ;% iy úúO kj l%ufõo
Ndú;d lf<ah' ta;a iuÕ le,E t<s fmfy,s lsÍu" ìï ieliSu" wiajkq fk,Su jeks lghq;=
1800 § muK ol=Kq wm%sldfõ id¾:lu fmdfydr j¾.hla fidhd .;af;ah' th .=jdfkda
fmdfydr f,i yªkajhs' YIH udre l%uh Ndú;d lsÍu'

03' i;a;j
a md,kh i|yd kj ;dCIKh fhdod .ekSu'
i;a;aj md,k lghq;= i|ydo kj l%ufõo Ndú;d úh'
o fcka frdag,a úiska k.=,a nÈk wYajhka ,jd fma<shg jemsÍfï l%uh yªkajd ÿkafkah'
[Link] jemsÍug wjYH îc m%udKh wvq lr .ekSu iy M,odhs;dj jeä ùu isÿúh'

o frdnÜ nelafj,a úiska úúO neg¨j¾. wNsckk l%ufõo [Link] o kj

;dCIKh Ndú;d lsÍug ksoiqkls'

ld¾ñl úma,jh úúO wxYj,g n,mEu

o foaYmd,k fjkiaùu'
01' mka;s fNaohla we;s ùu'

ld¾ñl úma,jh fya;=fjka uyd mßudK jHdmdr j,g ,dN ,eîfï wruqKska Okh wdfhdackh
l< Okj;a mka;h s la ks¾udKh úh' Tjqka iudch ;=, iqfmdamfNda.S Ôú;hla .; lrkakg jqKs'
tfiau tu l¾udka;Yd,d j, fiajh lrk lïlrejka wvq jegqmla ,nd .ksñka my, Ôjk ;;ajhla
.; lf<ah' Tjqka iudch ;=, ks¾Ok mka;sh ksfhdackh lf<ah'

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02' l¾udka;Yd,d ysñlrejka yd fiajlhka w;r .egqï we;s ùu'

l¾udka; Yd,d j, lïlrejka my, uÜgfï msg;

;;ajhla .; lsÍu ksid Tjqka ;u whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSu
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lf<ah' Tjqka jD;a;sh iñ;s
ìyslrf.k jev j¾ck yd Woaf>daIK isÿlrñka whs;sjdislï
Èkd .ekSug W;aiy lf<ah' fufia lïlrejka yd ysñlrejka
w;r .egqï we;s jqKs'

03' úúO foaYmd,k u;jdo we;s ùu'

;jo fuu ld,fha§ lïlrejka yd ysñlrejka w;r .egqï we;sùu;a iuÕ úúO foaYmd,k
o¾Ykhka ìysjkakg úh' iudcjdoh" ,snr,a jdoh tjeks foaYmd,k o¾Yk j,g ksoiqka fõ' tfiau
wd¾Ól úoHdfõ mshd jk wevïia ñ;a Okjdoh ú.%y lrñka rdcH ks¾ndOjdoh hk ixl,amh
bÈßm;a lf<ah' rfÜ wd¾Ól lghq;= j,§ fm!oa.,sl wxYfha iyNd.s;ajh jeä lsÍu;a rdcH wxYfha
iyNd.s;ajh wju lsÍu;a fufia yªkajhs'

04' kj wêrdcH jdoh we;s lsÍu'

ld¾ñl úma,jh f,djmqrd jHdma; ùu;a iuÕ m%n, fmf,a rgj,a ;u hg;a úð; j,ska wuqøjH
,nd .ekSu fukau ksñ øjH úl=[Link] o isÿ lf<ah' tu ksid hqfrdamsh m%n, rgj,a ;u hg;a
úð; mQ¾K jYfhka foaYmd, wdêm;Hlg k;= [Link] W;aiy lf<ah' j¾I 1850 miq isÿ fuh kj
wêrdcHjdoh f,i yªkajhs'

o wd¾Ól fjkia ùu'

01' iïm%odhsl iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ólh ì| jeàu'

ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iuÕ iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ólh ì| jegqKs' ta;a iuÕu jegqmg jev lrk lïlre
mka;shla ìysjkakg úh' Tjqka oejeka; l¾udka;Yd,d j,g ;u Y%uh imhñka jegqma ,nd .;af;ah'
.%dñh m%foaYj, fndfyda fokd /lshd fidhd [Link] ixl%uKh ùu o iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól ì| jeàug
n, mE ;sfí'

02' foaYSh yd úfoaYSh fj<|du ÈhqKq ùu'

ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%;sM,hla f,i hqfrdamfha fj<|du fõ.fhka ÈhqKq úh' lDIs wd¾Ól rgdj
fjkqjg fj<| wd¾Ólh bÈßhg meñKsfhah' hqfrdamshka úiska ;u rgj, fukau Tjqka hg;a lrf.k
isá hg;aúð; msysgd we;s wdishd wm%sld" ,;ska weußld jeks m%foaY j,g o fj<|du jHdma; lf<ah'
[Link] foaYSh yd úfoaYh
S fj<|du fõ.fhka j¾Okh jqKs'

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02' úúO jHdmdr ixúOdk ìysùu'

ld¾ñl úma,jh fya;=fjka jHdmdr mq¿,aùu;a iuÕ tu jHdmdr j,g

uqo,a wdfhdackh ;ks mqoa.,fhl=g l< fkdyels úh' tu ksid jHjidhlhska
lsysmhla tl;= ù noaO jHdmdr iud.ï msysgqjd .kq ,enqfõh' ta yryd ;u
jHdmdr jHdma; lf<ah' bka wk;=rej fïjd nyq cd;sl iud.ï njg m;a ù
úúO uyoaùm mqr ^f,dalh mqrd& jHdmdr lghq;= m%p,s; úh' nexl= yd uQ,H
wdh;k tu jHdmdr i|yd Kh ,nd ÿKs'

o iudÔh m%;sM,
01' iudch ;=, mka;s fNaoh ks¾udKh ùu'

ld¾ñl úma,jh fya;=fjka iudch ;=, Okj;a yd ks¾Ok f,i mka;s 2la ìysjqKs' l¾udka;Yd,d
j, ysñlrejka wêl iem iïm;a N=la;s úÈñka iqfmdamfNda.S Ôú;hla .; lrñka Okj;a mka;h s
ksfhdackh lf<ah' tfiau l¾udka;Yd,dj, fiajlhska wvq myiqlï hgf;a ÿlaÅ; Ôú; .; lr w;r
Tjqka ks¾Ok mka;sh ksfhdackh lf<ah'

02' kd.ÍlrKh

ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%;sM,hla f,i fndfyda .%dóh ck;dj /lshd wjia:d fidhd [Link],g we§
tkakg úh' fï fya;=fjka hqfrdamfha k.r m%udKh yd [Link], úYd,;ajh jeä ù kd.ÍlrKh
fõ.j;a úh'
kuq;a fuu [Link], myiqlï j¾Okh jQfha b;d wvq fõ.hlsks'

03' ks¾Ok mka;f

s ha whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka rch ueÈy;a ùu'

ld¾ñl úma,jh fya;=fjka ks¾Ok mka;shla ìysjQjd fiau Tjqka b;du ÿlaÅ; Ôú; .; lf<ah'
wvq jegqmla ,enqKq w;r wvq ikSmdrlaIdjlao ysñ úh' we;eï fõ,djg ieñhd" ìß| yd orejka o
fiajfha fhoùug isÿ úh' úYd, ld,hla fiajh lsÍug isÿ jQ w;r uqvqlal= fyda fma<s ksjdi Tjqkaf.a
kjd;eka úh' fï wdldrhg my, Ôjk uÜgula Tjqkag ysñjqKs'

19 jk ishji jk úg fiajlhkaf.a whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka rch ueÈy;a jqKs' úúO kS;sÍ;s

yryd jegqma jeä lsÍu" ikSmdrCIdj by, oeóu isÿúh'

04' mßir ¥IKh

ld¾ñl úma,jh fya;=fjka úYd, mdßißl ¥IKhla we;s úh'

th ld¾ñl úma,jfha wys;lr n,mEuls' l¾udka; Yd,dj,ska msgjk
úI ÿu jdhq [Link],hg uqod yeÍfuka [Link],h ¥IKh fõ' tfiau
tajdhska msgjk wmøjH .x.d" we<fod< wd§ c, uQ,dY% j,g fhduq
lsÍfuka c, ¥IKh isÿ fjhs' fufia we;s jk mßir ¥IKh ñksidf.a
§¾> ld,Sk meje;aug úYd, ;¾ckhla úh'

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ld¾ñl úma,jh ,xldjg n,mEu

ì%;dkHfha we;s jQ ld¾ñl úma,jh wfkla rg j,
jHdma; úh' ,xldj ì%;dkHhkaf.a hg;a úð;hla njg
m;aùu;a iuÕ ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu ,xldjg o
,enqKs'

01' l¾udka;Yd,d wdrïN ùu yd hka;% iQ;% Ndú;h

ì%;dkHhka furgg meñK uyd mßudK f,i j;= [Link] wdrïN lf<ah' f;a" rn¾" fmd,a jeks
fNda. tfia wdrïN l< w;r ta wdY%s; l¾udka; werôug ì%;dkHfha hka;% iQ;% [Link]úh'

 f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd l%s'j 1804 § fldams flàug fuda,la weröu'

 f;a úh<Sfï isg wmkhkh f;la lghq;= hka;% [Link] isÿ lsÍu'

 wmkhkh lsÍug o hka;% [Link] isÿ lsÍu'

02' m%jdyk ÈhqKq ùu'

ì%;dkHhka ,xldj ;=< j;= [Link] wdrïN lsÍu;a iuÕ ta wdY%s; jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hdug
fyd| m%jdyk moaO;shl wjYH;djh oefkkag úh' Wvrg isg uqyÿq nv olajd blaukska .uka lsÍug
ì%;dkHhkag wjYH úh' fuys§ tâjâ ndkaia wdKavqldrhdf.a m%Odk;ajfhka fld<U kqjr m%Odk
ud¾.h wdrïN úh' fï jk úg ,xldfõ ;snQ ,S md,ï fjkqjg hlv md,ï ks¾udKh fuys§ isÿ úh'
tmuKla fkdj 1858 § m%:u jrg fld<U - kqjr ÿïßh ud¾.h fykaß fndaÜ wdKavqldrhd w;ska isÿ
úh'