TENSES IE yuans mua Pendidikan adalah thket masa depan untuk orang-orang yang rmempersiapkannya hatin Malcolm X- What you will learn? In this unit, you will be able to understand and use the correct tense (simple present, present continuous, simple past, past continuous, future, and present perfect) based on the context. Apa yang akan kamu pelajari? Pada bab ini, kamu akan mampu memahami dan menggunakan tense yang benar (simple present, present continuous, simple past, past continuous, future, dan present perfect) berdasarkan konteks. tense? Tense pada dasarnya perubahan bentuk suatu kata kerja (verb) dalam sebuah kalimat berdasarkan konteks waktu: saat ini (present), lampau (past), atau masa depan (future). Contohnya, kata kerja eat digunakan saat kita ingin makan saat ini. Ketika konteks berubah menjadi lampau (past), kata kerja eat berubah menjadi ate. Berikut ini penjelasan lebih detailnya. WhatA. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ‘Simple present tense adalah bentuk dasar tense atau biasa disebut dengan Verb 1. Digunakan untuk menunjukkan perilaku kebiasaan (habitual actions), kebenaran umum (general truth), atau pernyataan tentang situasi saat ini (present). Berikut ini contohnya. a. | always wake up at 5 in the morning. Habitual action b. They often go jogging in the park every Sunday. Nana usually goes to school on foot. The water boils at 1000 C. General truth The sun sets in the west. The store opens 24 hours. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia. She feels very happy today. Present situation ze se sis i. My father works in Singapore. Dari contoh di atas, diketahui bentuk simple present tense, yaitu Subject + Verb 1(s/es). Untuk kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal (he, she, it), kata kerja ditambahkan -s atau -es seperti pada contoh c,d, e, f, h, dan i, Jika tidak ada kata kerja dalam kalimat, untuk menjadi bentuk present (is, am, or are) digunakan seperti contoh g. Adverh of Frequency Dalam simple present tense, frekuensi kata kerja (adverb of frequency) digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan, seperti hobi atau kegemaran. Dibawah ini, frekuensikata kerja diurutberdasarkan mulai dari yang paling sering (most frequent) sampai yang paling jarang (the least). always 100% often usually/sometimes seldom never 0%b. Adverb of Time Adverb of time dapat digunakan sebagai tanda untuk membedakan sebuah tense dengan tense lainnya. Contoh: 1. Today 2. Every day /thursday / week / month / year / weekend /afternoon/ night c. Forming The Negatives and Interrogatives Untuk membentuk kalimat negatif, gunakan do not dan does not. Contoh: *do not dapat ditulis menjadi dontt. Contoh: | don't eat the cake. **does not dapat ditulis dengan doesn't.Contoh: She doesn’t know how to solve this mathematics problem. Dalam bentuk pertanyaan yang jawabannya yes atau no (interrogatives), do dan does digunakan sebagai kata tanya. Contoh: PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Kita menggunakan present continuous tense untuk menunjukkan kegiatan yang masih berlangsung (still in progress at the moment). Artinya, kegiatan tersebut dimulai sejak lalu, namun belum selesai dilakukan kata kerja berubah menjadi Verb + ing. Setelah itu, to be dalam present form juga digunakan. Contoh: lam writing a letter for my father now. b. She is watching a comedy show at the television right now. c. My father is watering the flowers at the moment. d. Weare waiting for you.e. The children are playing at the backyard at the present. Kata yang dicetak miring (now, right now, at the moment, dan at the present) adalah kata keterangan waktu yang digunakan dalam present continuous tense. Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah kata kerja aktif (sebut saja; eating, watching, playing, dll) dan memiliki durasi waktu tertentu. Beberapa kata kerja seperti like tidak dapat digunakan karena kata tersebut tidak mempunyai durasi waktu yang tepat. WRONG: | amiking this cake now. To Be Dalam present continuous tense, to be selalu digunakan. Karena itu, kita harus mengerti penggunaannya secara detail. Berikut adalah contohnya. She singing her favorite song over and again. He reading an article about technology. My mother jg _bakinga chocolate cake for my birthday. Mr. Johnson sleeping now, do not disturb him. The cat playing with her kittens. Surabaya being the second largest city in Indonesia. | am studying hard for tomorrow's examination. You writing a secret not, aren't you? We laughing hearing his jokes. It is very funny. They are shopping groceries for the party. Rina and her cleaning their house now. mother Forming The Negatives and Interrogatives Untuk membuat sebuah kalimat negatif dari present continuous tense, kita perlu menambahkan not antara to be dan kata kerja, sedangkan dalam membuat sebuah interrogative sentence dan to be ditempatkan di awal kalimat. Pelajari contohnya.1 am cooking fried]! am not cooking] Am | cooking fried rice, fried rice. rice? She is showing her| She is not showing | Is she showing her new bag to her|her new bag to her|new bag to her friends. friends. friends? The actor is yelling|The actor is not |Istheactoryelling at atthe paparazzi. [yelling at_the | the paparazzi? paparazzi. We are having lunch | We are not having | Are we having lunch together. lunch together. together? They are talking | They are not talking | Are they _ talking about thenews. [about thenews. _ | about the news? *Is not dapat ditulis dengan isn’t. Contoh: She isn’t cooking now; she is still in the bathroom. *are not dapat ditulis dengan aren't. Contoh: The students aren't doing the exercise at the moment. SIMPLE PAST TENSE Simple past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau aktivitas yang sudah lampau. Jika seseorang mengatakan “I was a student” maka berarti saat dia mengatakan hal tersebut, dia sudah bukan lagi seorang pelajar. Dalam membuat kalimat simple past tense, bentuk kata kerja lampau atau biasa dikenal dengan Verb 2. Sebelum membahas lebih lanjut tentang pola kalimat, mari pelajari terlebih dahulu tentang kata kerja lampau (past tense verbs). Regular Verb Bentuk past tense dari kata kerja disebut regular verb. Regular verb terbentuk dengan menambahkan -d atau -ed pada kata dasar (base form of the verb). Contoh: bake +-d —baked care +-d = caredlove +-d loved look +-ed — looked Irregular Verb Tidak seperti regular verb, bentuk past tense dari irregular verb tidak mempunyai pola. Irregular verb berubah secara regular tergantung kata dasar. Perhatikan contoh berikut! be — was, were eat > ate drink — drank find — found have/has > had sing — sang tell > told Untuk contoh lebih banyak dari irregular verb, lihat appendix 2. Forming a Simple Past Tense Sentence Sudah dijelaskan bahwa kata kerja past tense digunakan dalam simple past. Jadi, pola simplepastadalah Subject + Verb 2. Perhatikan contoh berikut! 1. | walked to school this Contoh a, b, c, dan d adalah contoh morning. kalimat positif dari simple past tense. 2. Uncle Bob had a cat Menggunakan pola Subject + two years ago. Verb 2. 3. Shewas illyesterday. Jika tidak ada kata kerja seperti 4. They were policeman. contohc dan d, be dalam bentuk past tense (was, were) digunakan sebagai kata hubung.d. Adverb of Time for Simple Past Tense Kata keterangan waktu (adverb of time) digunakan sebagai penanda untuk mengetahui tense suatu kalimat. Jika past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah lampau maka keterangan waktu juga selalu lampau. Berikut contoh kata keterangan waktu dalam kalimat simple past tense.PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang masih berlangsung dalam waktu tertentu pada masa lampau. Sama seperti present continuous tense, past continuous tense juga menggunakan bentuk -ing dalam kata kerja (V+ing). Perbedaannya pada past continuous tense, digunakan bentuk lampau dari to be (was dan were). Berikut contoh kalimatnya. ‘Subject + was/were + V+ing Forming The Negatives and Interrogatives Untuk membuat kalimat negative, kita perlu menambahkan not setelah to be. Pelajari tabel di bawah.Subject + was/were + not + V+ing Dalam membuat yes-no question dari past continuous tense, kita sederhananya hanya perlu menambahkan to be sebagai kata tanya di awal kalimat. Pelajari tabel berikut. Was/Were + Subject +V+ing+....? Adverb of Time for Past Continuous Tense Seperti yang sudah dijelaskan sebelumnya, kita menggunakan kalimat past continuous tense untuk menunjukkan kegiatan yang masih berlangsung dalam waktu tertentu pada masa lalu. Jadi, kita menggunakan keterangan waktu lampau, seperti yesterday danlast night, last week. Namun, penting harus ada waktu yang pasti. Contoh: 1. My little brother was sleeping at 8 pm last night. 2. At the same time yesterday, | was lying in my bedroom. 3. The students were listening to their teacher at the listening class last week. 4. Iwas taking a shower when you called me two days ago.* 5. We were enjoying our dinner when suddenly the accident happened.* 6. He was reading the book from the library when | was listening to the music.* *sebuah klausa juga dapat menjadi adverb of time, bentuknya bisa berupa simple past tense atau past continuous tense. FUTURE TENSE Setelah membahas present dan past time, sekarang kita akan membahas tentang masa depan (future). Future tense diguanakan untuk menunjukkan rencana atau kegiatan yang belum terjadi saat ini. Ada dua cara menyatakannya, dengan menggunakan modal (will) atau be going to. Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah kata dasar, atau disebut Verb1. Berikut penjelasan lebih detailnya. Future Tense by Using “will” Positive Sentence Subject + will + Verb1 + Adverb of Time tonight tomorrow 1 the day after tomorrow She go to your house next Monday He read the letter next week will They visit my grandparents next 2 weeks We study mathematics next weekend You next month next 3 months next yearhb. Negative Sentence Subject + will + not + Verb1 + Adverb of Time c. Interrogative Sentence Will + Subject + Verb1 + Adverb of Time?d. Future Tense by Using “be going to” 1. Positive Sentence Subject + be + going to + Verb1 + adverb of time 2. Negative Sentence Subject + be + not + going to + Verb1 + Adverb of Time3. Interrogative Sentence Be + subject + going to + Verb1 + adverb of time? PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Present perfect tense membantu kita menyatakan sesuatu yang sudah selesai dikerjakan. Tense ini tidak membutuhkan keterangan waktu. Dalam tense jenis ini kita menggunakan past participle verb atau verb yang sudah kita kenal dengan verb 3. Affirmative Sentence Subject + have/has + verb 3 + objectNegative Sentence Subject + have/has + not + verb3 + object Interrogative Sentence Have/has + subject + verb3 + object ?APPENDIX 1 REGULAR VERBS: Base Form. Leg fotAPPENDIX 2 IRREGULAR VERBS Epes ore Pediat Gerund, Peat OMY aa)CER Ua SUN Direction: answer the following questions correctly by choosing A, B, C, or D. 1. ... an elementary student of grade six. A. is B. am Cc are D. was Jawaban:B To be yang tepat untuk |, yaitu am. My father ... work at 7 a.m, every morning. A. go B. goes c. went D. going Jawaban: B Pernyataan tersebut menunjukkan aktivitas rutin dengan menggunakan keterangan waktu every day. Jadi, bentuk verb yang digunakan verb1+es menjadi goes. Dani : Hey, Dodi. Where are you going? Dodi : |... tothe rice field. A. go B. amgo C amgoing D. was going Jawaban: C Dani bertanya pada Dodi menggunakan present continuous tense. Artinya, Dodi sedang melakukan sesuatu. Dalam hal ini, Dodi sedang menuju ke suatu tempat. Jadi, jawaban yang tepat adalah am going. Ini karena bentuk kalimat tanyanya present continuous juga.Ben : Whatare you going to do for the upcoming holiday? Nick : I... my grandparents in Bandung. A. goto visit B. am goto visit Cam going to visit D. am going to visiting Jawaban: C Ben menanyakan rencana Nick menggunakan be going to. Jadi, Nick harus menjawab pertanyaan tersebut dengan pola yang sama. Phil : What have you just finished, Nick? Nick :1... the project insight. A. has just finish B. has just finished C._ have just finish D. have just finished Jawaban: D Phil bertanya menggunakan present perfect tense. Dia bertanya pada Nick tentang hal-hal apa saja yang sudah selesai Nick kerjakan. Jadi, Nick harus menjawab dengan present perfect tense juga. I+ have + just + finished + object.gcse LATIHAN SOAL Direction: answer the following questions correctly by choosing A, B, C, or D. 1. It... in Alaska. A. snow B. snows Cc. snowed D. snowing 2. Andy ... television every day. A. watch B. watched Cc. watches D. watching 3. I don't ... eating seafood. A. like B. likes Cc. liked D. liking 4. Ann : ... football every afternoon, Jack? Jack : Yes,I do. A. Doyou play B. Does you play C. Are you playing D. Have you playedMaria : What kind of cuisine does he like? Anton : He... eating meatball. A. like B. likes C. liked D. isliking Uncle: Where is your mommy? Andy : She... in the kitchen right now. A. cooks fried rice B. is cooking fried rice C. are cooking fried rice D. has cooked fried rice Jane: Hi, Todd. What are you doing? Todd : |... today’s paper at the moment. A. read B. is reading C amreading D. are reading Bucky : ...apoem, Roger? Roger : No,lamnot. A. Doyou write B. Are you writing C. Don't you write D. Have you written Ben: Look! What is she doing? Ann: She ... toamuse you, Ben. A. istrying B. am trying Care trying D. has tried . Joyce: Oh,my gosh... atme? Bob : Yes, he is.A. does he smile B. has he smiled C. ishesmiling D. ishesmile My grandfather ... this house in 1969. A. build B. built C.._ is building D. was building We ... Bali last year due to the terrorism. A. are not go to B. did not go to Care not going to D. did not went to . Ali: Where did you buy this watch? Gwen : I... itatthe corner shop. A. buy B. bought C. buying D. tobuy . Bruce: Where ... when I called you last night? Ann: Iwasn’tat home. A. areyou B. were you C. doyou D. didyou . Brown: ... goto Jakarta last week? Ron: Bytrain. A. Where did you B. When did you C. What did you D. Howdid you20. 21. | ... doing my homework when my father came home last night. A. am B. are Cc. was D. were . My father ... the newspaper when | left for school this morning. A. reads B. is reading C._ was reading D. were reading . My father and |... chess when my mother swept the floor this morning. A. isnot playing B. are not playing C. was not playing D. were not playing . My father ... New York this weekend for a business meeting. A. go B. goes C. going D. will go | ... this package to your house tomorrow morning. A. send B. sent C willsend D. will sent Parker : What ... this weekend? Stacy: I'm going to go to the book shop. | want to buy a new novel. A. doyoudo B. did you do22. 23. 24. 25. C. areyou doing D. are you going to do Ann: What will you do if your parents give you a new bike? Andy : I... around the residence with you every Sunday morning. A. ride my bike B. am riding my bike C._ was riding my bike D. will ride my bike Han: Whatare you going to do this Sunday? Gretel : I... anything. | just want to sleep all day long. A. am going to do B. am not going to do C amdoing D. do Don't be naughty. Otherwise, the teacher ... you. A. will punish B. will punishes C. punish D. punished Bill: Look! What are they going to do? Bale : They... the wall. A. dimb B. climbs Care climbing D. are going to climb My father ... anew car. A. buy B. bought Cis buying D. has bought27. 28. 29. 30. They ... their homework yet. A. has submitted have submitted has not submitted D. have not submitted oe Mom : ... your room, Ron? Ron: Yes,I have, Mom. A. Have you cleaned B. Has you cleaned ©. Didyou clean D. Doyou clean Mike : Has she registered this speech competition? Crew : No,.... A. she hasn't B. she has C. she does D. sheis Jerry: Has she returned your comic books? A. Yes, she has. B. Yes, she hasn't. C. No, she has. D. No, she isn’t.