LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this topics the student, should be able to;

LO1.1 Explain the operational capability and limitations of an ECDIS in terms of the following:
a. characteristics of ENC data;
b. data accuracy;
c. presentation rules;
d. display options and other data chart formats;
e. functional requirements based on the latest performance standards;
f. dangers of over-reliance on an ECDIS to the safety of navigation
LO1.2 Explain the basic functions of operational control of ECDIS
LO1.3 Demonstrate the basic standard functions of ECDIS
LO1.4 Differentiate between information layers, user chart layers, and event graphic
LO1.5 Select the display information layer appropriate to a given situation

DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT
Instructions: Read each statement carefully and determine whether it is True or False.

1. ENC data is primarily composed of raster images, which are scanned versions of paper
charts.
2. The accuracy of an ENC chart automatically increases when a mariner zooms in on the
ECDIS display to a larger scale.
3. The IHO S-52 Presentation Library defines the standardized symbols, line styles, and
colors for how ENC data should be displayed on an ECDIS.
4. The "Base Display" on an ECDIS includes all aids to navigation, detailed depth
contours, and prominent features.
5. One of the core functional requirements of an ECDIS is the capability to automatically
generate alarms when the vessel's planned route infringes on a safety contour or
restricted area.
6. "Alarm fatigue" is a danger of over-reliance on ECDIS, where mariners may become
desensitized to warnings due to an excessive number of alarms.
7. A "User Chart Layer" is part of the official ENC data and is maintained and updated by
national hydrographic offices.
8. "Event Graphics" primarily consist of static symbols that indicate long-term navigational
features like lighthouses or buoys.
9. When navigating in open sea during a long passage, the "All Other Information" display
mode is generally recommended to maximize situational awareness.
10. The process of modifying a route by dragging a waypoint or inserting a new one is a
basic function of operational control of ECDIS.

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INTRODUCTION:
What is ECDIS in Ship’s Navigation today?
ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) is an advanced electronic
navigation system used on ships to replace traditional paper charts. It integrates real-time
positioning data from GPS or other positioning systems with digital nautical charts, providing
navigators with a comprehensive and dynamic display of the vessel’s surroundings.
Key features of ECDIS include:
 Digital Chart Display: Visual representation of nautical charts on electronic screens.
 Real-Time Positioning: Continuous updates of the vessel’s position using GPS or other
positioning systems.
 Navigation Safety: Integration of various navigational information such as depths,
hazards, aids to navigation, and route planning.
 Automation and Alerts: Automatic route monitoring, safety contours, and alerts for
potential hazards.
 Compliance: ECDIS is recognized and mandated by international regulations (e.g.,
SOLAS — Safety of Life at Sea) to enhance navigational safety and efficiency.
Today’s ECDIS systems are integral to maritime navigation, providing safer, more efficient,
and environmentally friendly operations. They often connect with other onboard systems like
radar, AIS (Automatic Identification System), and autopilot for enhanced situational awareness
and decision-making.

Part C Course Syllabus (NAV 6)

CO1: Operate the ECDIS for navigational safety as per A-II/1 the operator's manufacturer's
manual.
Certainly! Operating the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) in
accordance with the manufacturer's manual and the requirements of A-II/1 (International
Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, STCW,
1978, as amended) involves several key steps to ensure navigational safety. Below is a
general guideline based on standard practices; always refer to your specific manufacturer's
manual for detailed instructions.

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1. Pre-Operation Checks
o Verify that the ECDIS is properly installed, calibrated, and functioning correctly.
o Ensure all necessary updates, charts, and software are current.
o Confirm that the system is properly integrated with other navigational equipment
such as GPS, radar, AIS, and compass systems.
o Check power supply and backup systems.
2. System Initialization
o Power on the ECDIS and allow it to initialize.
o Confirm the correct vessel data (e.g., draft, dimensions, course) is entered.
o Load the appropriate electronic charts for the voyage area, ensuring they are up-
to-date and correctly licensed.
3. Chart Display and Settings
o Select appropriate chart scales and display modes (north-up, head-up, course-
up) based on operational needs.
o Enable all relevant overlays and symbology, including navigation aids, depth
contours, and safety contours.
o Set safety depth contours and depth alarms according to vessel specifications
and voyage plan.
4. Navigation Planning
o Create or review the voyage plan, including waypoints, routes, and safety
corridors.
o Use the ECDIS tools to plot the intended route, checking for hazards and
navigational restrictions.
o Cross-reference with other navigational data such as radar and AIS.
5. Monitoring During Navigation
o Continuously monitor the vessel’s position against the planned route.
o Observe for any alerts, alarms, or warnings related to safety depths, proximity to
navigational hazards, or other system notifications.
o Regularly update the vessel’s position by inputting data from GPS and other
position fixing systems.
o Adjust the route as necessary in response to changing conditions or hazards.

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 6. Maintenance and Updates
o Perform routine checks as per the manufacturer's manual.
o Update charts and software as provided by authorized sources.
o Record system checks, updates, and any anomalies or incidents in the vessel’s
log.
7. Emergency Procedures
o Familiarize yourself with the system’s emergency functions and fallback modes.
o In case of system failure, revert to traditional navigation methods and maintain a
proper navigational watch.
8. Compliance and Documentation
o Maintain records of system operation, updates, and training.
o Ensure adherence to all relevant safety and operational standards as per STCW
and IMO guidelines.
Note: Always operate the ECDIS following the specific manufacturer’s manual, which provides
detailed instructions, safety precautions, and troubleshooting procedures. Proper training and
regular refresher courses are essential for safe and effective use of the system.

LO1.1 Explain the operational capability and limitations of an ECDIS in terms of the
following:
a. characteristics of ENC data;
b. data accuracy;
c. presentation rules;
d. display options and other data chart formats;
e. functional requirements based on the latest performance standards;
f. dangers of over-reliance on an ECDIS to the safety of navigation

Certainly! Here's an explanation of the operational capabilities and limitations of an Electronic

Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) concerning the specified aspects:
A. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENC DATA
 Operational Capability:
ENC (Electronic Navigational Chart) data are digital vector charts that conform to
standardized formats (S-57, S-63, or S-100), providing detailed, up-to-date navigational
information. ENC data include features such as coastlines, navigational aids, depth
contours, and hazards, enabling real-time display and decision-making. ECDIS can
utilize ENC data to assist with route planning, monitoring, and navigation.

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  Limitations:
ENC data are static and may not include all real-time hazards or dynamic information
like temporary obstructions unless supplemented with official updates or overlays. They
are also dependent on the quality and update frequency of the data provider and may
lack certain proprietary or supplementary information.
B. DATA ACCURACY
 Operational Capability:
ECDIS relies on accurate ENC data, which are produced and maintained following
international standards to ensure positional accuracy. When properly updated, ENC
data support precise navigation and position fixing.
 Limitations:
The accuracy of ENC data can vary depending on the source, update frequency, and
data quality. Errors or outdated information can lead to navigational risks. ECDIS
cannot compensate for inaccuracies inherent in the data; thus, navigation must
consider potential discrepancies.
C. PRESENTATION RULES
 Operational Capability:
ECDIS adheres to standardized presentation rules (e.g., IHO S-52 standards), ensuring
consistent symbology, layer management, and display of navigational features. This
standardization enhances situational awareness and reduces misinterpretation.
 Limitations:
The presentation depends on correct configuration and calibration. Overloading the
display with excessive information or improper layer management can cause clutter,
reducing clarity and potentially obscuring critical data.
D. DISPLAY OPTIONS AND OTHER DATA CHART FORMATS
 Operational Capability:
ECDIS offers various display options, including different chart scale modes (e.g., ENC,
raster), overlay of radar, AIS data, and other navigational information. It can switch
between vector (ENC) and raster charts, providing flexibility depending on the voyage
and regulatory requirements.
 Limitations:
Raster charts (like scanned paper charts) may not be as accurate or feature-rich as
ENC data. Compatibility issues and limitations in overlay capabilities can affect
situational awareness. Not all data formats are equally supported or updated.

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E. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS BASED ON THE LATEST PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS
 Operational Capability:
Modern ECDIS systems comply with performance standards such as IEC 61174,
ensuring they meet minimum requirements for data processing, route planning, alarms,
and system integrity. They can perform functions like automatic route monitoring, alert
generation, and data integrity checks.
 Limitations:
These standards specify minimum capabilities; systems may vary in performance.
Overreliance on automation can lead to complacency. Proper training is essential to
understand system limitations and avoid misinterpretation of alarms or data anomalies.
F. DANGERS OF OVER-RELIANCE ON AN ECDIS TO THE SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
 Operational Capability:
ECDIS significantly enhances situational awareness, route planning, and hazard
detection when used correctly, contributing to safer navigation.
 Limitations and Dangers:
Over-reliance can lead to complacency, reduced vigilance, or neglect of traditional
navigation methods like visual lookout and manual position fixing. System failures, data
inaccuracies, or misconfigurations can cause navigational errors. It is critical to maintain
a proper watchkeeping practice, cross-check systems, and understand the limitations of
ECDIS to ensure safety.

An ECDIS is a geographical information system used for nautical navigation that complies with
International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. It displays Electronic Navigational
Charts (ENC) and integrates position information from the Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) and other navigational sensors (like radar, AIS, echo sounder, log) to assist the
mariner in route planning and route monitoring.

a. Characteristics of ENC Data

Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) are the primary and legally required chart data format for
ECDIS.

 Vector Data Structure: Unlike raster charts (scanned paper charts), ENCs are vector
charts. This means geographical features (coastlines, buoys, depths, lights) are stored
as individual, intelligent objects with associated attributes (e.g., a buoy object has
attributes for color, light characteristic, shape, purpose).

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  Layered Information: ENC data is organized into layers. Mariners can select which
layers of information to display (e.g., toggle on/off small-scale features, less critical aids
to navigation, or specific depth contours).
 Attributes: Each object in an ENC carries a wealth of descriptive information
(attributes). For example, clicking on a lighthouse symbol can display its exact position,
height, range, light characteristic, and a description. This makes the data highly
interactive and informative.
 Seamless Display: ENCs are typically organized into cells (datasets) but when
displayed on ECDIS, they provide a seamless, continuous representation of the charted
area, regardless of the scale of the underlying data. The ECDIS automatically loads the
most appropriate scale data for the current view.
 Updatability: ENCs are regularly updated via electronic "updates" (ENC updates)
which are significantly more efficient and reliable than manual paper chart corrections.
These updates are relatively small data packets that modify specific objects or add new
ones.
 Standardization (S-57/S-100): ENCs adhere to specific international standards
(currently S-57, moving towards S-100) developed by the International Hydrographic
Organization (IHO). This ensures global consistency in data structure and content.

b. Data Accuracy

The accuracy of the data displayed on an ECDIS is fundamental to its reliability for navigation.

 Source Data Accuracy: The accuracy of an ENC is primarily determined by the

accuracy of the hydrographic surveys from which it was compiled. Just like paper
charts, not all areas are surveyed to the same modern standards. Older survey data
(often indicated within the ENC attributes) may have significant positional inaccuracies.
 Compilation Scale: Each ENC cell is compiled to a specific "usage band" or scale
(e.g., Berth, Harbour, Approach, Coastal, General, Overview). The accuracy of the data
within that cell corresponds to the standard required for that compilation scale.
Navigating at a scale larger than the compilation scale (e.g., zooming in excessively)
does not increase the underlying data accuracy; it merely magnifies any existing
inaccuracies.
 Datum: ENCs are referenced to a specific horizontal datum (e.g., WGS84 for modern
charts) and vertical datum (e.g., LAT for depths). It is critical that the ECDIS is
configured to operate with the same datum as the positioning system (GNSS) and that
mariners are aware of the chart datum for depths.
 Dynamic Nature of Data: While ENCs are generally accurate for fixed features, some
data (like depths in dynamic areas, wrecks, or buoy positions) can change rapidly and
might not always be reflected in the latest update. Mariners must always cross-
reference with other sources and visual observations.

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 c. Presentation Rules

Standardized presentation is critical for consistent interpretation of ENC data across different
ECDIS manufacturers.

 IHO S-52 Presentation Library: The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S-

52 standard (and its Presentation Library) defines the symbols, line styles, colors, and
display rules for how ENC data should be rendered on an ECDIS screen. This ensures
that a buoy, a lighthouse, or a depth contour looks consistent regardless of the ECDIS
brand.
 Standardized Symbology: S-52 provides a comprehensive set of standardized
symbols for all charted features. This prevents ambiguity and aids rapid identification.
 Color Palettes: ECDIS typically offers different color palettes (Day, Dusk, Night)
designed to optimize visibility under varying light conditions on the bridge. These
palettes strictly adhere to S-52 to ensure consistent data representation.
 Minimum Display Requirements: S-52 specifies minimum information that must
always be displayed (e.g., coastline, buoys, significant depths, dangers) to ensure safe
navigation, even if other layers are turned off.
 User Customization (within limits): While S-52 ensures core consistency, mariners
can customize certain aspects of the display, such as the safety contour, shallow water
depths, and the display of textual information versus simplified symbols.

d. Display Options and Other Data Chart Formats

ECDIS offers a range of display options to tailor the chart view to the navigational situation,
and can sometimes handle other chart formats.

 Display Modes:
o Standard Display: The default view, showing all necessary information for safe
navigation.
o Base Display: A minimum set of information that cannot be removed, including
coastline, isolated dangers, traffic lanes, and a general indication of depths.
o All Other Information: Allows the mariner to add or remove additional layers of
detail (e.g., submarine cables, pipelines, detailed current information, place
names) as needed.
 Safety Contour: The mariner can set a specific safety contour value (e.g., 10m). All
depths shallower than this contour will be prominently highlighted (e.g., shaded blue) to
warn of potential grounding hazards.
 Shallow/Deep Water Definition: Users can define up to four depth areas (e.g., very
shallow, shallow, medium, deep) each with a distinct color to provide a quick visual
assessment of water depth.
 Spot Soundings: Individual depth readings can be displayed or hidden. They become
more numerous as the mariner zooms in on a chart.
 Text and Symbols: Mariners can choose between displaying full textual descriptions of
features or simplified, internationally recognized symbols.

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  Other Chart Formats:
o Raster Navigational Charts (RNC): Scanned images of paper charts. Some
ECDIS can display RNCs, but they lack the intelligent object data and
interactivity of ENCs. They are essentially static images and cannot generate
alarms based on underlying features. They are sometimes used as a backup or
for areas not yet covered by ENC.
o Proprietary Formats: Older or non-compliant systems might use proprietary
vector chart formats (e.g., CM93, ARCS). However, for a system to be
considered a compliant ECDIS, it must be capable of displaying ENCs.

e. Functional Requirements Based on the Latest Performance Standards

IMO Performance Standards for ECDIS (e.g., IMO Resolution A.817(19) as amended by
MSC.64(67) Annex 5 and MSC.232(82)) outline the mandatory functions for type-approved
ECDIS. The latest standards often refer to the S-100 series of IHO standards, which are more
dynamic and data-rich.

 Route Planning:
o Creation and modification of routes (waypoints, leg parameters).
o Calculation of voyage data (distances, courses, times).
o Checking routes for navigational hazards (e.g., grounding, restricted areas)
against chart data and generating alarms/warnings.
 Route Monitoring:
o Continuous display of ship's position on the ENC.
o Integration of sensor data (GNSS, gyrocompass, log, AIS, radar overlay).
o Automatic generation of alarms and indications (e.g., off-track, crossing safety
contour, approaching critical point, detected target collision risk).
o Prediction of future positions.
 Automatic Alarms and Indications: Crucial safety feature to alert the mariner to
potential dangers (e.g., exceeding safety contour, approaching a danger, deviation from
planned route, collision risk with AIS/radar targets).
 Record Keeping (Voyage Recording): Automatic logging of navigation data (position,
course, speed, alarms, user actions) for accident investigation, training, and operational
analysis.
 Chart Updates: Capability to apply electronic chart updates (ENC updates) in a secure
and reliable manner.
 Display Management: Ability to adjust scale, display layers, dim display, change color
palettes.
 Sensor Integration: Connects and processes data from various bridge sensors (GPS,
speed log, gyrocompass, AIS, radar, echo sounder) to provide a comprehensive
navigational picture.
 Backup Arrangements: IMO regulations require a suitable independent backup
arrangement (another ECDIS or paper charts) in case of ECDIS failure.

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 f. Dangers of Over-Reliance on an ECDIS to the Safety of Navigation

While ECDIS offers tremendous advantages, over-reliance can introduce significant risks.

 Automation Complacency: Mariners may become overly reliant on the ECDIS to

identify dangers and generate alarms, leading to a reduced level of vigilance and
manual chart work skills. This can result in delayed reactions when the system
malfunctions or provides erroneous information.
 Alarm Fatigue: If too many alarms are configured, or if alarms are not responded to
appropriately, mariners can become desensitized to them, leading to important
warnings being ignored or missed.
 Loss of Situational Awareness (Tunnel Vision): Focusing too intensely on the
ECDIS screen can lead to a reduced awareness of the real-world environment outside
the bridge windows. Mariners might miss visual cues, changes in weather, or other
vessels that are not displayed or adequately represented on the ECDIS.
 System Malfunction and Failure: Like any electronic system, ECDIS can fail due to
hardware issues, software bugs, power outages, or cyber-attacks. If mariners are not
proficient in backup navigation methods (e.g., paper charts, traditional piloting), a
system failure can lead to a dangerous situation.
 Data Errors and Limitations: Despite quality control, ENC data can contain errors, be
outdated in dynamic areas, or be based on older, less accurate surveys. Over-reliance
without understanding the limitations of the underlying data can lead to navigational
errors.
 Human-Computer Interface Issues: Poor ergonomic design, complex menus, or an
unfamiliar interface can lead to errors in data input, route planning, or alarm
management.
 Software Glitches and Bugs: Unexpected software behavior or bugs can lead to
incorrect displays, missed alarms, or system crashes, posing a direct threat to safety if
not recognized and mitigated.
 Cybersecurity Risks: ECDIS, being a networked system, is vulnerable to cyber threats
that could compromise data integrity, system functionality, or provide incorrect
information, leading to severe navigational consequences.
 Lack of Fundamental Navigation Skills: Over-reliance can erode essential traditional
navigation skills such as parallel indexing, visual fixes, manual plotting, and dead
reckoning, which are crucial for effective bridge resource management and as a
fallback in system failure.

In summary, ECDIS is a powerful tool that significantly enhances navigation safety and
efficiency when used by competent and vigilant mariners who understand both its capabilities
and its limitations. It is an aid to navigation, not a replacement for sound navigational judgment
and seamanship.

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 LO1.2 Explain the basic functions of operational control of ECDIS

1) The basic operational control functions of an Electronic Chart Display and Information
System (ECDIS) are essential for safe navigation and efficient voyage management. These
functions help mariners monitor the vessel’s position, plan routes, and respond to navigational
challenges. Here are the basic operational control functions of ECDIS:
1. Position Monitoring and Display
ECDIS continuously displays the vessel’s real-time position using data from GNSS
(e.g., GPS). It provides a visual representation of the vessel’s location on electronic
navigational charts (ENCs) and overlays relevant navigational data.
2. Route Planning and Management
Mariners can plan, modify, and optimize routes directly on ECDIS. This includes setting
waypoints, drawing routes, and calculating estimated times of arrival (ETA) and
distances. The system can also suggest alternative routes based on navigational
hazards or traffic.
3. Navigation and Voyage Monitoring
The system allows ongoing monitoring of the vessel’s progress along the planned route.
It provides alerts for deviations, upcoming hazards, or proximity to navigation
boundaries such as safety contours or restricted areas.
4. Alarm and Alert Functions
ECDIS is equipped with alarms for various safety parameters, such as proximity to
shoals, shallow water, or navigational hazards. It alerts the navigator when the vessel
approaches predefined safety limits or when system anomalies occur.
5. Layer and Data Control
Users can control the display of various data layers, including navigational aids, depth
contours, AIS targets, and weather information, to enhance situational awareness.
6. Data Updating and Integrity Checks
ECDIS supports the updating of chart data and navigational information. It ensures that
the displayed data is current and accurate, with integrity checks to prevent the use of
outdated or corrupted information.
7. Integration with Other Systems
ECDIS can interface with other onboard systems such as Automatic Identification
System (AIS), Radar, Voyage Data Recorder (VDR), and Gyrocompass, providing a
comprehensive situational picture.

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 8. Emergency and Backup Functions
Operational control includes provisions for system backup, emergency modes, and
manual controls to ensure navigation safety even if primary systems fail.
In summary, the basic operational control functions of ECDIS revolve around real-time position
tracking, route management, data display customization, alert management, and system
integration—collectively enhancing navigational safety and efficiency.

2) Operational control of Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS)

encompasses the procedures, practices, and responsibilities that ensure safe and efficient
navigation using electronic charting. It involves the proper use, monitoring, and management
of the ECDIS to support navigational decision-making and maintain situational awareness. Key
aspects include:
1. Proper System Configuration and Calibration
o Ensuring the ECDIS is correctly configured according to the ship’s voyage plan
and operational requirements.
o Regular calibration and updates of the Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs)
and associated data.

2. Chart Management and Update Control

o Maintaining up-to-date ENCs and relevant navigational data.
o Verifying the integrity and validity of chart data before use.
o Managing chart editions, corrections, and updates in accordance with SOLAS
and IMO guidelines.
3. Monitoring and Situational Awareness
o Continuously monitoring the vessel’s position using the ECDIS integrated with
GPS and other navigational sensors.
o Cross-checking electronic information with traditional navigational methods (e.g.,
radar, visual cues).
o Recognizing and responding to alarms, warnings, and alerts generated by the
system.
4. Use of Safe Navigation Practices
o Planning routes carefully within the ECDIS, including setting safety contours,
cross-track limits, and alarms.

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 o Applying voyage planning principles to avoid hazards and ensure compliance
with maritime regulations.
o Using ECDIS features such as route monitoring, point-to-point navigation, and
risk assessments effectively.
5. Redundancy and Backup Procedures
o Maintaining backup navigation systems or paper charts as per regulations.
o Ensuring interoperability between ECDIS and other navigational aids.
6. Training and Competency
o Ensuring all operators are adequately trained and competent in ECDIS
operation.
o Regular drills and updates on system features and navigation procedures.
7. Record Keeping and Documentation
o Maintaining logs of system updates, calibration, and operational checks.
o Documenting incidents, alarms, and corrective actions related to ECDIS use.
8. Compliance with Regulations and Standards
o Adhering to IMO standards, SOLAS regulations, and company policies
concerning ECDIS operations.
In summary, operational control of ECDIS is about diligent management, continuous
monitoring, and adherence to established procedures to ensure safe navigation. Proper
operation minimizes navigational risks, supports compliance, and enhances overall maritime
safety.

LO1.2 Explain the basic functions of operational control of ECDIS

Operational control of ECDIS refers to the routine, hands-on tasks and manipulations
performed by the mariner to utilize the system effectively during all phases of navigation, from
pre-voyage planning to arrival.

1. Chart Display and Management

This set of functions allows the mariner to control what is seen on the screen and how it is
presented.

 Zooming and Panning: Mariners can easily zoom in to display more detail for close-
quarters navigation or zoom out for a broader overview of the route. Panning allows
moving the chart display horizontally to view adjacent areas. The system typically
automatically selects the most appropriate ENC "usage band" (scale) for the current
zoom level, ensuring the most detailed and accurate data is displayed.

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  Scale Management (Automatic vs. Manual): While ECDIS often automatically
manages the chart scale based on the zoom level, mariners can manually override this
to select a specific display scale. It's crucial to understand that simply zooming in does
not increase the underlying data accuracy; it only magnifies existing details or
inaccuracies.
 Display Modes (Day, Dusk, Night): ECDIS offers different color palettes and
illumination settings optimized for varying ambient light conditions on the bridge. This
ensures clear visibility and reduces eye strain, whether navigating in bright sunlight,
during twilight, or in complete darkness.
 Information Layers (Standard, Base, All Other Information): Mariners can toggle on
or off various layers of chart information to declutter the display or show specific details.
o Base Display: Contains the bare minimum required for safe navigation (e.g.,
coastline, isolated dangers, traffic lanes, fairways). This cannot be removed.
o Standard Display: Includes all the elements of the Base Display plus other
crucial information such as all aids to navigation, prominent features, all
displayed depth contours, and restricted areas.
o All Other Information: Allows the mariner to display additional, less critical
details like submarine cables, pipelines, detailed current information, names,
etc., as required for specific circumstances.
 Safety Contour and Shallow Water Definition: A critical safety function. The mariner
can set a specific "safety contour" (e.g., 10 meters). All depths shallower than this
chosen contour will be distinctly highlighted (e.g., shaded in blue or a different color),
providing an immediate visual warning of potentially unsafe waters. Additionally,
mariners can define "shallow water" and "deep water" areas, each with a distinct color,
to enhance situational awareness regarding depths.
 Symbols and Text: Mariners can switch between displaying simplified, internationally
recognized symbols for chart features or more detailed textual descriptions. This allows
customization for quick visual identification versus detailed informational review.

2. Route Planning Functions

ECDIS significantly streamlines the process of planning a safe and efficient voyage.

 Route Creation and Modification: Mariners can easily create a route by clicking on
the chart to lay down waypoints. They can then adjust waypoint positions, add or delete
waypoints, and modify individual leg parameters (e.g., course, distance, speed, leg
limits).
 Route Review and Hazard Check: A fundamental safety function. Once a route is
planned, the ECDIS automatically cross-references it against the loaded ENC data to
identify potential navigational hazards. This includes checking for grounding risks (e.g.,
crossing a safety contour, passing over an isolated danger), entering restricted areas,
proximity to traffic separation schemes (TSS), or other charted dangers. The system
generates alarms or warnings for identified hazards.
 Voyage Calculation: ECDIS automatically calculates key voyage data such as total
distance, individual leg distances, estimated time of arrival (ETA) based on planned
speed, and course/bearing for each leg.
 Saving and Loading Routes: Planned routes can be saved for future use or retrieved
from a library of pre-existing routes, facilitating efficient planning for regular passages.

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3. Route Monitoring Functions

During a voyage, ECDIS provides real-time monitoring and situational awareness.

 Continuous Ship's Position Display: The most basic and crucial function. The ECDIS
continuously displays the vessel's real-time position (typically from GNSS) overlaid onto
the ENC, showing its movement relative to charted features.
 Sensor Integration and Overlay: ECDIS acts as a central hub, integrating data from
various bridge sensors:
o GNSS (GPS/GLONASS/Galileo): Provides precise position data.
o Gyrocompass: Provides heading information.
o Speed Log: Provides speed through water.
o AIS (Automatic Identification System): Displays information about other
vessels (identity, course, speed, CPA/TCPA) as overlays on the chart.
o Radar: Can overlay radar images directly onto the ENC, providing real-time
situational awareness of land, other vessels, and precipitation.
o Echo Sounder: Displays depths below the keel, sometimes with historical trend.
 Automatic Alarms and Indications: ECDIS is designed to proactively alert mariners to
potential dangers or deviations:
o Off-Track (XTE) Alarm: Warns when the vessel deviates beyond a predefined
distance from the planned track.
o Approaching Waypoint Alarm: Notifies the mariner when the vessel is
approaching the next waypoint, prompting for a course alteration.
o Safety Contour/Danger Alarms: Activates if the vessel is heading towards or
crosses the set safety contour, or approaches an isolated danger.
o Restricted Area/TSS Alarms: Warns when the vessel is approaching or
entering a restricted area or a Traffic Separation Scheme.
o CPA/TCPA Alarms (from AIS/Radar): Alerts the mariner to potential collision
risks with other vessels.
 Voyage Recording (Black Box Function): ECDIS automatically logs a continuous
record of the vessel's position, course, speed, alarms, user actions, and other
navigational data. This log is vital for post-voyage analysis, accident investigation, and
training.
 Track Control System (TCS) Interface: For vessels with integrated bridge systems,
ECDIS can interface with the autopilot/Track Control System, allowing the ECDIS to
send steering commands to maintain the vessel on the planned route automatically.

4. Chart Updates and Maintenance

Keeping chart data current is essential for safe navigation, and ECDIS streamlines this
process.

 Applying ENC Updates: ECDIS systems are designed to receive and apply electronic
chart updates (e.g., AIO - Admiralty Information Overlay, S-63 encrypted updates)
automatically or semi-automatically. These updates modify, add, or delete chart
features based on the latest hydrographic information, replacing the laborious manual
correction of paper charts.
 Manual Corrections (Temporary and Preliminary Notices): While official updates
are paramount, mariners can also manually input temporary (T) and preliminary (P)
notices to mariners, or local navigational warnings, directly onto the ECDIS display.

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 This ensures that the latest, most localized information is available to the OOW (Officer
of the Watch).
 Chart Information Display (Metadata): Mariners can easily access metadata for any
ENC cell, including survey dates, datum information, and source accuracy statements.
This is crucial for understanding the reliability of the underlying chart data.

5. User Interface and Configuration

Effective operational control depends on the mariner's ability to configure and interact with the
system.

 System Settings: Allows customization of units (e.g., meters, feet, fathoms for depth;
knots, km/h for speed), time zones, display preferences, and alarm thresholds.
 Sensor Configuration: Ensuring that all connected sensors are properly configured
and providing accurate data is critical for the ECDIS to function correctly. This includes
setting up offsets for GPS antennas, speed log calibration, etc.
 Backup System Awareness: While not a direct "operational control" function of the
primary ECDIS itself, understanding and regularly checking the functionality of the
required independent backup system (whether another ECDIS or paper charts) is a vital
part of the overall operational control and safety management.

In essence, operational control of an ECDIS encompasses all the tasks a mariner performs to
leverage its advanced capabilities for safe, efficient, and well-monitored navigation, while
always being mindful of its limitations and the need for human oversight.

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 LO1.3 Demonstrate the basic standard functions of ECDIS

LABORATORY:
Certainly! Demonstrating the basic standard functions of Electronic Chart Display and
Information System (ECDIS) involves understanding and effectively utilizing its core features
for safe navigation. Here's an overview to help you demonstrate these functions:
1. System Power-On and Initialization
o Turn on the ECDIS and ensure all systems initialize correctly.
o Confirm the display shows the correct chart area and system status indicators.
2. Loading and Updating Charts
o Load appropriate electronic charts (ENCs) for the voyage.
o Check the currency of charts and update them as necessary using updates or
patches.
o Understand the difference between vector charts and raster charts if applicable.
3. Basic Chart Display Functions
o Adjust zoom levels to view different scales (close-up or overview).
o Pan the chart display to focus on different areas.
o Change display modes (e.g., North-up, Head-up, Course-up).
o Toggle between different chart layers (e.g., depth contours, aids to navigation).
4. Route Planning and Monitoring
o Create a route by selecting waypoints along the intended passage.
o Use the route planning tools to generate a track.
o Display the planned route on the chart.
o Monitor the vessel’s position relative to the route.
5. Positioning and Updating Vessel’s Position
o Input and verify the vessel’s position using GPS or other position inputs.
o Observe real-time vessel movement on the chart.
o Use the Automatic Identification System (AIS) display to identify nearby vessels.
6. Safety Functions
o Display and interpret safety depth contours.
o Identify and mark hazards such as wrecks, rocks, or shallow areas.
o Use the alarm functions for shallow water, approaching hazards, or off-route
alerts.

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 7. Information and Data Queries
o Access chart information, such as depth, aid to navigation, or landmarks.
o Use the identify feature to get details about chart objects.
8. Basic Settings and Customization
o Adjust brightness, contrast, and display settings.
o Set up alarms and alerts according to voyage requirements.
Demonstration Tips:
 Show how to perform each function step-by-step.
 Explain the purpose and importance of each feature for safe navigation.
 Highlight how ECDIS integrates multiple data sources for situational awareness.
Note: Always ensure you are familiar with the specific ECDIS model and software version you
are demonstrating, as interface layouts and functionalities may vary.

Detailed step-by-step guide on any particular function on ECDIS?

Certainly! Here's a detailed step-by-step guide on how to perform Route Planning on an
Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). This is a fundamental function that
helps mariners plan and verify routes safely before navigation.

Route Planning on ECDIS: Step-by-Step Guide

1. Prepare for Route Planning
 Ensure Chart Display is Correct:
o Verify that the correct chart scale and chart are loaded.
o Check that the chart datum and projection are correct.
 Set the Voyage Details:
o Input relevant voyage information such as departure and arrival points,
waypoints, and safety parameters.
 Activate Route Planning Mode:
o Enter the route planning or "Edit Route" mode (often via a dedicated button or
menu).
2. Select the Starting Point
 Choose the Vessel’s Current Position:
o Use the "Position" tool or "Mark Position" to set the vessel’s current location as
the starting point.

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  Alternatively, choose a different starting waypoint:
o Select the desired point on the chart where the voyage begins.
3. Add Waypoints along the Route
 Insert Waypoints:
o Click on the chart at the desired location to add a waypoint.
o Confirm the waypoint position; you may be prompted to input additional data
(e.g., name, depth).
 Use "Add Waypoint" Function:
o Many systems allow you to add waypoints by selecting from predefined points or
entering GPS coordinates manually.
4. Create the Route Segments
 Connect Waypoints:
o Draw lines between successive waypoints to define the route.
o Ensure each segment follows navigational safety margins and avoids hazards.
 Adjust Route Geometry:
o Drag waypoints or route lines to refine the route shape.
o Use the "Snapping" feature to align with navigational features or aids.
5. Incorporate Safety and Navigational Aids
 Set Safety Contours and Depths:
o Input safety depth limits to avoid shallow areas.
 Add Navigational Aids:
o Mark buoys, lights, or other aids as part of the route or for reference.
 Apply Routing Constraints:
o Avoid restricted areas, traffic separation schemes, or other hazards.
6. Optimize the Route
 Calculate the Best Route:
o Use the system’s optimization feature to find the shortest or safest route.
 Check for Obstructions:
o Review the route against charted hazards, wrecks, or obstructions.
 Verify Waypoints and Segments:
o Make sure waypoints are correctly placed and segments follow navigational best
practices.

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7. Save and Activate the Route
 Save the Route:
o Name the route for future reference.
o Store it in the system’s route database.
 Activate the Route:
o Select the route to be active for navigation.
o The system will display the route overlay on the chart.
8. Cross-Check and Finalize
 Perform a Safety Check:
o Review the route for potential hazards or deviations.
o Ensure waypoints are correctly positioned.
 Print or Export the Route (if necessary):
o Generate a paper copy or export data for backup or integration with other
navigation systems.
9. Monitor and Update during Voyage
 Use the Route for Navigation:
o Follow the route on the ECDIS display.
 Update as Needed:
o Modify waypoints or segments if conditions change.
o Recalculate the route if hazards are detected or new information becomes
available.

Additional Tips
 Always cross-reference ECDIS route planning with paper charts and Voyage Planning
Guidelines.
 Ensure that all route modifications are properly saved and documented.
 Be familiar with the specific ECDIS model’s user manual, as interfaces may vary.
Note: Proper training and familiarization with your specific ECDIS model are essential for
effective and safe route planning.

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TOPICS:
Significance of ECDIS in Navigation • IMO Performance Standards • Standard safety functions
• Operational Capabilities and Limitations in Navigation • Chart Information
Significance of ECDIS in Navigation
ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) has revolutionized maritime
navigation by providing a comprehensive electronic platform for chart management and
navigation decision-making. Its significance can be understood through various aspects:
1. IMO Performance Standards
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has established performance standards for
ECDIS to ensure safety, reliability, and interoperability. These standards specify the technical
and functional requirements, including chart data, user interface, and integration with other
navigational systems, thereby promoting consistent and safe navigation practices worldwide.
2. Standard Safety Functions
ECDIS incorporates essential safety functions such as route planning, real-time position
monitoring, alarms for proximity to hazards, and collision avoidance. These functions enhance
situational awareness and enable navigators to make informed decisions, reducing the risk of
accidents and grounding.
3. Operational Capabilities and Limitations in Navigation
Operational Capabilities:
 Continuous position updates via GPS or other GNSS sources
 Seamless integration with radar, AIS, and other sensors
 Dynamic chart updates and route optimization
 Automatic alerts for navigational hazards
Limitations:
 Dependence on accurate and up-to-date chart data
 Potential technical failures or software issues
 Need for skilled operators to interpret displayed information
 Limited capability in adverse conditions affecting sensor accuracy
4. Chart Information
ECDIS utilizes electronic navigational charts (ENCs), which contain detailed, standardized
data on coastlines, depths, navigational aids, wrecks, and other hazards. The system allows
for easy updating and overlaying of additional information, facilitating better route planning and
hazard avoidance compared to traditional paper charts.

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In summary, ECDIS enhances maritime safety and efficiency by providing reliable, real-time
navigational information aligned with IMO standards, equipped with vital safety functions, while
also acknowledging its operational limitations. Proper understanding and utilization of chart
information within ECDIS are crucial for safe and effective navigation.

LO1.3 Demonstrate the basic standard functions of ECDIS

Demonstrating the basic standard functions of an ECDIS involves illustrating the practical
steps a mariner takes to operate the system effectively for route planning, monitoring, and
chart management.

1. System Startup and Display Control

 Powering On/Off the ECDIS: The demonstration would begin by showing the proper
sequence for activating the ECDIS unit, waiting for the system to boot up, and verifying
that the electronic charts load correctly and the ship's position is displayed. It would
also cover the correct shutdown procedure.
 Selecting Display Modes (Day/Dusk/Night): The mariner would show how to navigate
the ECDIS menu to switch between different color palettes. This demonstrates the
system's ability to optimize screen visibility for varying ambient light conditions on the
bridge, ensuring clear chart readability at all times.
 Adjusting Brightness and Contrast: A common adjustment for optimal viewing. The
demonstration would involve using the dedicated controls (physical or on-screen) to set
the display's luminescence for comfort and clarity.
 Changing Display Categories (Base, Standard, All Other Information): The mariner
would demonstrate how to access the display settings to switch between these
categories. For example, selecting "Base Display" would declutter the screen to show
only critical features, while "All Other Information" would reveal every available detail,
useful for detailed planning or specific circumstances.
 Zooming and Panning the Chart: Using the mouse, trackball, or touchscreen controls,
the mariner would smoothly zoom in to reveal more detail (e.g., harbor features, buoy
numbers) and zoom out for a broader overview of the coastline or ocean. Panning
would involve dragging the chart view to explore adjacent areas. This demonstrates
effortless navigation across chart coverage.
 Setting Safety Contour and Shallow Water Alarms: The mariner would input a
specific depth value (e.g., 10 meters) into the ECDIS settings for the safety contour.
The demonstration would visually confirm that all areas shallower than this depth are
highlighted on the chart (e.g., shaded blue or a distinct color), providing an immediate
visual warning of potential grounding dangers. They might also demonstrate setting
multiple "depth bands" (e.g., very shallow, shallow, medium, deep) with distinct color
coding.
 Activating/Deactivating Specific Chart Layers: The mariner would show how to
selectively turn on or off specific information layers (e.g., submarine cables, pipelines,
anchorage areas, traffic separation schemes) to customize the display based on the
navigational task at hand, preventing information overload.

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  Displaying Chart Information (Query Tool): By clicking on a charted object (e.g., a
buoy, a light, a restricted area), the mariner would demonstrate how the ECDIS
instantly brings up a detailed information box containing all the attributes of that object
(e.g., light characteristics, buoy type, dimensions, regulations for a restricted area).

2. Route Planning and Checking

This section demonstrates the pre-voyage setup and safety validation.

 Creating a New Route: The mariner would initiate a "new route" function and then
systematically click on the chart to lay down a series of waypoints, defining the intended
path. They would then confirm the creation of the route.
 Modifying a Route: The demonstration would involve simple adjustments, such as
dragging a waypoint to a new position, inserting a new waypoint between existing ones,
or deleting an unnecessary waypoint. This shows the flexibility in adapting routes.
 Performing a Route Check for Navigational Hazards: After defining a route, the
mariner would activate the "route check" or "anti-grounding check" function. The ECDIS
would then automatically scan the entire route against the loaded ENC data for
potential dangers (e.g., crossing safety contour, approaching isolated dangers, entering
prohibited areas). The demonstration would show the resulting list of warnings or
alarms generated by the system, indicating identified hazards.
 Calculating Route Data: The ECDIS automatically computes and displays key data for
the planned route, such as the total distance, individual leg distances, course for each
leg, and estimated time of arrival (ETA) based on planned speed. The mariner would
point out where these calculated values are displayed.
 Saving and Loading a Route: The mariner would demonstrate how to save a newly
created or modified route to the ECDIS's internal memory and how to load a previously
saved route from the system's library. This highlights the ease of managing routes.

3. Route Monitoring and Alarms

This is the core function during actual navigation, providing real-time awareness
and warnings.

 Monitoring Own Ship's Position and Movement: The mariner would highlight the
continuous display of the vessel's real-time position on the chart. They would point out
the own ship's symbol, its heading line, COG (Course Over Ground) vector, SOG
(Speed Over Ground) vector, and rate of turn indicator, demonstrating dynamic
representation of the vessel's movement.
 Verifying Sensor Input and Integrity: The demonstration would show how to check
the status of integrated sensors (e.g., GPS, Gyro, Log, Echo Sounder). This includes
verifying GPS position accuracy (e.g., HDOP values, differential status), confirming the
gyro input, and checking log speed.
 Activating and Deactivating Track Plotting: The mariner would show how to toggle
the display of the ship's historical track (path) on or off. This feature is useful for
reviewing past movements or for maneuvering in confined waters.
 Responding to Alarms and Indications: This is a crucial safety demonstration.
o Off-Track (XTE) Alarm: The mariner would show how to set the cross-track
error limit and then simulate (or explain) how the alarm activates if the vessel
deviates too far from the planned route. They would demonstrate the
acknowledgement process.
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 o Approaching Waypoint Alarm: Show how the system notifies the mariner as
the vessel nears the next waypoint, prompting for a course alteration.
o Safety Contour/Danger Alarms: The demonstration would emphasize how the
ECDIS triggers an immediate alarm if the vessel's projected path infringes on the
pre-set safety contour or approaches an isolated danger or shoal, allowing time
for corrective action.
o AIS/Radar Target Alarms (CPA/TCPA): If integrated, the mariner would
demonstrate how the ECDIS displays AIS targets and how CPA (Closest Point of
Approach) and TCPA (Time to CPA) alarms activate when other vessels pose a
potential collision risk.
 Accessing the Alarm Log: The mariner would show how to review the history of all
generated alarms, including time, type, and acknowledgement status. This is important
for record-keeping and incident analysis.
 Voyage Recording and Playback: The demonstration would confirm that the ECDIS is
continuously logging all navigational data and user actions. Some systems also allow
for "playback" of a recorded voyage, which can be useful for training or post-voyage
analysis.

4. Chart Maintenance and Information Management

 Applying Official ENC Updates: The mariner would outline the general procedure for
receiving and applying official electronic chart updates. This highlights the efficiency of
digital corrections compared to manual paper chart updates.
 Inputting Manual Corrections (Temporary/Preliminary Notices): The demonstration
would show how to add a user-defined symbol or text message to the chart, such as a
temporary buoy position reported by VTS or a local navigation warning not yet in an
official update.
 Viewing Chart Metadata: By selecting a specific ENC cell or area, the mariner would
demonstrate how to access its underlying metadata, such as the date of the last survey,
the compilation scale, and the accuracy statement. This provides critical context for the
reliability of the displayed data.

These basic functions form the core of ECDIS operational control, enabling mariners to
harness the system's capabilities for effective and safe navigation. Each function contributes
to enhanced situational awareness, automated warning capabilities, and streamlined workflow
on the bridge.

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 LO1.4 Differentiate between information layers, user chart layers, and event graphic

LECTURE:
Certainly! Here's a differentiation between the three concepts:
1. Information Layers:
 Definition: These are distinct levels of data that represent different types or categories
of information within a geographic information system (GIS) or mapping project.
 Purpose: To organize and manage spatial data efficiently, allowing users to analyze
specific aspects of the data independently or in combination.
 Examples: Roads, rivers, land use zones, population density, elevation.
2. User Chart Layers:
 Definition: These are custom or user-defined layers created or added by users to
visualize specific data or insights tailored to their needs within a mapping or GIS
environment.
 Purpose: To provide personalized data visualization, often for analysis, reporting, or
presentation purposes.
 Examples: A heatmap showing crime rates, a custom layer highlighting customer
locations, or a flow diagram of traffic patterns.
3. Event Graphic:
 Definition: Visual representations or symbols on a map that denote specific events or
incidents, often used in real-time monitoring or analysis.
 Purpose: To quickly convey information about occurrences, such as accidents, weather
events, or emergencies.
 Examples: Icons marking locations of traffic accidents, symbols indicating storm
warnings, or markers for scheduled events.
Summary: | Aspect | Information Layers | User Chart Layers | Event Graphic | Definition |
Organized data categories in GIS | Custom user-defined visualizations | Symbols representing
specific events | | Purpose | Data management and analysis | Personalized data visualization |
Highlighting incidents or occurrences | | Examples | Land use, elevation, roads | Heatmaps,
custom markers | Accident icons, weather alerts |
This differentiation helps in understanding how each component functions within mapping and
GIS applications.

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When working with an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS),
understanding the different types of data layers is crucial for effective and safe navigation.
These layers allow mariners to customize the information displayed on the chart based on
their needs, situational awareness, and operational requirements.

Let's differentiate between Information Layers, User Chart Layers, and Event Graphics.

LO1.4 Differentiate between Information Layers, User Chart Layers, and Event
Graphics

These three categories represent distinct types of data and how they are handled within an
ECDIS, each serving a unique purpose in enhancing navigational awareness.

1. Information Layers (Official ENC Data Layers)

Definition: Information layers refer to the pre-defined, standardized categories of data

contained within the official Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs). These layers are part of
the underlying vector chart database, compiled and maintained by national hydrographic
offices according to International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards (S-57/S-100).
They represent various types of charted features and attributes.

Characteristics:

 Official and Authoritative: This data is sourced directly from hydrographic offices and
is legally equivalent to paper charts for carriage requirements.
 Standardized Presentation (S-52): The symbols, colors, and display rules for these
layers are defined by the IHO S-52 Presentation Library, ensuring global consistency
across different ECDIS manufacturers.
 Categorized Display: ECDIS typically groups these layers into predefined display
categories:
o Display Base: The absolute minimum information that cannot be removed (e.g.,
coastline, isolated dangers, traffic separation schemes, fairways). It's the bare
essential for initial awareness.
o Standard Display: Includes all elements of the Base Display plus other
information deemed critical for safe navigation (e.g., all aids to navigation,
prominent features, all displayed depth contours, restricted areas). This is often
the default operational display.
o All Other Information: Contains additional, less critical details that can be
toggled on/off by the mariner (e.g., submarine cables, pipelines, detailed current
information, place names, small-scale features, cautionary notes).
 Queryable (Intelligent Data): Because ENCs are vector charts, each object within
these layers (e.g., a buoy, a light, a wreck) is an intelligent object with associated
attributes. Mariners can click on an object to "query" it and retrieve detailed information
(e.g., light characteristic, buoy type, name, depth over a wreck, details of a restricted
area).
 Automatic Alarms: The data in these layers is used by the ECDIS to generate
automatic alarms (e.g., anti-grounding alarms, safety contour warnings, alarms for
entering restricted areas) if the ship's planned or actual track infringes upon a charted
danger.

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  Regular Updates: These layers are periodically updated by hydrographic offices via
electronic ENC updates, ensuring the data remains current.

Purpose: To provide a comprehensive, official, and continuously updated digital

representation of the navigable waters and their associated features, serving as the primary
source for route planning and monitoring.

2. User Chart Layers (User-Defined Objects)

Definition: User chart layers (also known as User Objects, Mariner's Objects, or User Marks)
are separate, customizable layers that mariners can create directly on the ECDIS display. This
data is not part of the official ENC but is added by the user for specific operational or planning
purposes.

Characteristics:

 Customizable and Flexible: Mariners can draw lines, add points, create polygons, or
place text annotations anywhere on the chart.
 Personalized Information: Used to mark temporary hazards (e.g., a reported derelict
buoy), denote areas of interest (e.g., fishing grounds, specific anchorage spots), record
local knowledge (e.g., preferred turning points in a tricky channel), or highlight
information not yet officially charted.
 Not Part of Official ENC: Data in user chart layers is generated by the mariner, not the
hydrographic office. It's stored within the ECDIS system's user files, not integrated into
the ENC database.
 Shareable (System Dependent): Some ECDIS systems allow user chart layers to be
exported and imported, facilitating sharing between vessels in a fleet or between
different ECDIS units on the same bridge.
 Limited Intelligence: While users can often add descriptive text to their marks, these
objects typically don't have the same level of intelligent attributes or automatic alarm
generation capability as official ENC objects, though some systems may allow basic
alarms based on user-defined lines or areas.
 Requires Manual Deletion: Unlike temporary notifications that might expire, user-
created objects remain on the chart until manually deleted by the mariner.

Purpose: To allow mariners to overlay supplementary, temporary, or personalized

navigational information that is relevant to their specific voyage or local knowledge, enhancing
situational awareness beyond the official chart data.

3. Event Graphics

Definition: Event graphics are dynamic visual markers or symbols that appear on the ECDIS
screen to indicate specific occurrences, alerts, or system-generated notifications related to the
vessel's operation or navigation. They are typically short-lived and tied to real-time events.

COURSE CODE: NAV 6 Page 28 of 35

Characteristics:

 Dynamic and Real-Time: Unlike static chart features or user marks, event graphics
often appear or change based on ongoing events, alarms, or system statuses.
 System-Generated or Sensor-Driven: Many event graphics are automatically
generated by the ECDIS in response to integrated sensor data or internal monitoring
functions. Examples include:
o Alarm Indicators: Visual symbols (often flashing or changing color)
accompanying audible alarms, indicating the type and location of a triggered
alarm (e.g., anti-grounding alarm, XTE alarm, CPA/TCPA alarm from AIS/radar).
o Alert Indicators: Non-critical warnings or advisories (e.g., "Larger Scale ENC
Available," "No Chart Data").
o Recording Markers: Symbols indicating when a manual "event mark" or
"position fix" has been recorded by the mariner, often with a timestamp.
o AIS/Radar Overlay Symbols: While AIS targets themselves are based on
external sensor data, their graphical representation and associated alarm
symbols (e.g., for collision risk) function as event graphics.
 Transient Nature: Many event graphics (especially alarms) disappear or change once
the condition triggering them is resolved or acknowledged.
 Immediate Visual Cues: They are designed to draw the mariner's immediate attention
to a specific situation or area, providing quick visual cues without needing to query a
chart object.

Purpose: To provide immediate visual notification of critical real-time events, alarms, and
system statuses, enabling rapid assessment and response to changing navigational conditions
or potential dangers.

Summary Table:

Information Layers User Chart Layers (User

Feature Event Graphics
(ENC Data) Objects)
Hydrographic Offices ECDIS System (Sensor-driven,
Source Mariner (User-generated)
(Official) alarm-driven)
Navigational features Temporary marks, notes, Alarms, alerts, system status, real-
Content (buoys, depths, local knowledge, planned time sensor overlays (e.g.,
coastlines, wrecks) areas CPA/TCPA indicators)
Often transient,
Permanent (until Persists until manually
Persistence appears/disappears with
updated by HO) deleted by user
event/alarm
Highly standardized
System-dependent, user- System-dependent (though often
Standardization (IHO S-57, S-52, S-
defined follows generic alarm symbology)
100)
Highly intelligent Limited intelligence (basic
Reflects real-time system
Intelligence (queryable attributes, attributes, sometimes
intelligence (alarms, warnings)
automatic alarms) simple alarms)
Foundation for
Customization, local
navigation, route Real-time alerts, immediate
Primary Use knowledge, temporary
planning, anti- situational awareness
warnings
grounding

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 LO1.5 Select the display information layer appropriate to a given situation

LABORATORY:
Certainly! When selecting the appropriate display information layer for a given situation,
consider the following key factors:
1. Audience Needs and Skill Level
o Operators or trained personnel: Use detailed, technical information layers that
provide comprehensive data for decision-making.
o Visitors or general public: Use simplified, high-level information layers
emphasizing key messages or safety warnings.
2. Type of Information
o Real-time Data: For monitoring current conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure),
select layers that display live data.
o Historical Data: For trend analysis or reporting, select layers showing past data
points or summaries.
o Operational Instructions: Use layers that provide procedural guidance or safety
instructions relevant to the current task.
3. Purpose of the Display
o Safety Alerts: Prioritize layers with prominent warning messages, color-coded
indicators, or flashing alerts.
o Operational Control: Use layers that allow interaction, such as control buttons or
adjustable parameters.
o Data Monitoring: Use layers that visualize data through charts, graphs, or
gauges.
4. Display Environment
o Lighting Conditions: In bright environments, use high-contrast, bold layers; in
controlled lighting, more detailed layers may be appropriate.
o Screen Size and Resolution: Smaller screens may require simplified layers, while
larger displays can accommodate more detailed information.
5. Context of Use
o Maintenance: Focus on layers showing system status, fault indicators, and
detailed diagnostics.
o Production Monitoring: Show real-time process data, efficiency metrics, and key
performance indicators.

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 o Example Situation and Appropriate Layer Selection:
 Situation: A control room operator needs to monitor system pressure and
temperature in real-time.
 Appropriate Layer: A display information layer featuring live gauges, color-
coded status indicators, and alert notifications for abnormal values.
 Situation: A visitor is viewing safety information at an exhibit.
 Appropriate Layer: Simplified, visual-only layers highlighting safety
messages, emergency exits, and contact information.

LO1.5 Select the display information layer appropriate to a given situation

The ability to select the appropriate display information layer is a fundamental aspect of
ECDIS operational control. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and
International Maritime Organization (IMO) define categories of information within Electronic
Navigational Charts (ENCs) that allow mariners to manage the complexity of the displayed
chart. The goal is always to present the necessary information clearly without overwhelming
the user.

The primary display categories, based on IHO S-52 Presentation Library, are:

1. Display Base
2. Standard Display
3. All Other Information (or Full Display/Custom Display)

Let's explore when to select each, considering various navigational situations.

1. Display Base

Definition: The Display Base contains the absolute minimum information required for safe
navigation. This information is considered vital and cannot be removed by the mariner. It
typically includes:

 Coastline
 Isolated dangers (rocks, wrecks, obstructions)
 Traffic separation schemes (TSS)
 Fairways and channels
 Navigational limits (e.g., restricted areas, prohibited areas)
 A general indication of depths (often through broad depth area shading without specific
contours)

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When to Select (Appropriate Situations):

 Extreme Emergencies: In situations where system overload might be an issue, or an

exceptionally clean, uncluttered view of only the most fundamental hazards is required
for rapid decision-making.
 Initial Familiarization/Overview: When first gaining an overview of an unfamiliar, very
complex area, temporarily reducing clutter to grasp the major features.
 Specific Regulatory Requirements: In rare instances where local regulations might
specify minimal chart information during certain operations.

Limitations: The Display Base is generally insufficient for detailed navigation as it lacks
crucial information such as individual aids to navigation, specific depth contours, detailed
wreck information, or precise navigational marks. Over-reliance on this display mode during
active navigation can compromise safety.

2. Standard Display

Definition: The Standard Display includes all the elements of the Display Base plus other
information deemed crucial for safe navigation. This is the IMO recommended minimum
display for navigation and is often the default setting on ECDIS units. It typically adds:

 All aids to navigation (buoys, lights, beacons)

 All displayed depth contours
 Prominent features (landmarks, bridges)
 Small-scale features that could be relevant
 Anchoring areas
 More detailed wreck information

When to Select (Appropriate Situations):

 Open Sea Navigation: For long ocean passages, the Standard Display provides ample
information for monitoring the route, avoiding major hazards, and identifying aids to
navigation far in advance.
 General Coastal Navigation: When navigating along a coastline but not yet in
confined waters, this display provides sufficient detail to stay clear of dangers and
identify key navigational marks.
 Initial Harbor Approach/Departure: As a vessel begins its approach to a port or
departs from it, the Standard Display offers a good balance of detail without being
overwhelming, allowing the mariner to identify the main channel, major buoys, and
shorelines.
 Route Monitoring: During any phase of a voyage where a route has been planned, the
Standard Display is optimal for continuously monitoring the vessel's progress relative to
the planned track and major hazards.
 Watchkeeping in General: It provides the necessary information for a continuous and
effective navigational watch, minimizing clutter while retaining vital data.

Rationale: The Standard Display strikes an optimal balance between providing necessary
navigational details and avoiding excessive clutter. It is designed to be the primary display
mode for general watchkeeping, ensuring that mariners have the most relevant information at
their fingertips without cognitive overload.

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3. All Other Information (Full Display / Custom Display)

Definition: All Other Information includes the Standard Display plus all additional
supplementary information available within the ENC data. This allows the mariner to show
virtually every piece of charted data that the hydrographic office has provided in the ENC. It
includes items such as:

 Submarine cables and pipelines

 Various types of restricted areas and their specific regulations
 Detailed information on seabed composition
 Small, less significant buoys or marks
 Fairways and turning points beyond the immediate channel
 Place names
 Traffic density information (if available from AIS integration and displayed as a chart
layer)
 Fishing areas, marine protected areas, specific local regulations

When to Select (Appropriate Situations):

 Detailed Harbor Entry/Departure and Maneuvering in Confined Waters: When

navigating in very tight spaces, intricate channels, or when approaching a specific
berth. At these times, knowing the exact location of every cable, pipeline, specific
turning basin depths, or small local marks becomes critical.
 Anchoring Operations: To precisely select an anchorage, avoid cables/pipelines,
check seabed characteristics for holding, and verify swinging room.
 Pilotage: When a pilot is on board, they may request a specific level of detail to aid
their local knowledge and ensure precise maneuvering.
 Passage Planning (Detailed Review): During the initial, meticulous planning phase,
mariners might switch to "All Other Information" to ensure no detail, however small, is
overlooked during the hazard check.
 Fisheries or Specialized Operations: For vessels engaged in fishing, research, or
construction, displaying specific layers related to their operations (e.g., fishing zones,
survey areas, detailed bathymetry) is essential.
 Investigation of Local Features: When investigating specific features or areas on the
chart (e.g., researching a particular wreck, a submarine cable crossing).
 Adverse Weather or Reduced Visibility: In challenging conditions requiring extreme
precision, additional details might be temporarily brought up to confirm position or clear
dangers, though clutter must be managed carefully.

Limitations: Displaying "All Other Information" can lead to significant screen clutter,
especially in complex or busy areas. This can make it difficult to quickly discern critical
navigational data, potentially increasing cognitive load and the risk of misinterpretation or
missing essential information. It should be used judiciously and for specific tasks.

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Factors Influencing Layer Selection

The choice of display layer is dynamic and depends on several factors:

 Phase of Voyage: Open sea (less detail), coastal (more detail), port approach/confined
waters (most detail).
 Traffic Density: In high-traffic areas, excessive clutter can be distracting; a balanced
display is crucial.
 Visibility Conditions: In poor visibility, clear essential information is paramount.
 Complexity of the Area: Intricate channels or areas with numerous hazards demand
more detail.
 Specific Task: Anchoring, fishing, pilot boarding, or simply routine monitoring each
have different informational needs.
 Mariner's Preference and Experience: While IMO mandates a Standard Display
minimum, individual mariners may have preferences for supplementary information
once familiar with the system and area.

In practice, a competent mariner constantly evaluates the current situation and proactively
adjusts the ECDIS display layers to ensure that the most appropriate and relevant information
is clearly and unambiguously presented for safe navigation.

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REFERENCES:

https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/ECDIS.aspx

https://iho.int/en/about-ecdis

https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-57/S-57_3.1.pdf

https://iho.int/en/s-100-universal-hydrographic-data-model

https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-safety/types-of-electronic-charts-
used-in-ecdis/

https://www.nautinst.org/resource-library/mars.html

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