Department of EEE

GE3271 – ENGINEERING PRACTICES

LAB
MANUAL
2021 – REGULATION

GE3271 ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY LTPC

0 04 2

OBJECTIVES:
The main learning objective of this course is to provide hands on training to the students in:

​ Wiring various electrical joints in common household electrical wire work.

​ Soldering and testing simple electronic circuits; Assembling and testing simple
electronic
components on PCB.

GROUP – A (CIVIL & ELECTRICAL)

PART II ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICES

15

a)​ Introduction to switches, fuses, indicators and lamps - Basic switch board wiring with
lamp, fan and three pin socket
b)​ Staircase wiring
c)​ Fluorescent Lamp wiring with introduction to CFL and LED types.
d)​ Energy meter wiring and related calculations/ calibration
e)​ Study of Iron Box wiring and assembly
f)​ Study of Fan Regulator (Resistor type and Electronic type using Diac/Triac/quadrac)
g)​ Study of emergency lamp wiring/Water heater

GROUP – B (MECHANICAL AND ELECTRONICS)

PART IV ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING PRACTICES

15

SOLDERING WORK:
a) Soldering simple electronic circuits and checking continuity.

ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY AND TESTING WORK:

a) Assembling and testing electronic components on a small PCB.

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STUDY:

a) Study an elements of smart phone.
b) Assembly and dismantle of LED TV.
c) Assembly and dismantle of computer/ laptop

OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to:
​ Wire various electrical joints in common household electrical wire work.

​ Solder and test simple electronic circuits; Assemble and test simple electronic
components on PCB.
ELECTRICAL
EXP NO. 1
Introduction
to switches,
fuses,
indicators
and lamps -
Basic switch
board

wiring with
lamp, fan
and three
pin socket

Aim:
To prepare
basic switch
board wiring
using Fuses,
Switches,
Indicators,
Lamps, fan
and three pin
socket for
residential
wiring.
Apparatus
Required:
Theory

​ A fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide over current protection of
an electrical circuit.
​ Indicator lights reveal the status (ON or OFF) of an electrical apparatus in
switchboards.
​ A lamp is a device that makes light and heat. Lamps usually work with electricity,
using a lightbulb.
​ Switchboard is an apparatus consisting of a panel on which are mounted electric
switches so arranged that a number of circuits may be connected, combined, and
controlled.
​ 3 pin socket plugs are designed so that mains electricity can be supplied to electrical
appliances safely. A 3 pin plug consists of three pins (hence the name). Each pin must
be correctly connected to the three wires in the electrical cable. Each wire has its own
specified colour so as it can be easily identified.

Conductors, switches and other accessories should be of proper capable of carrying

the maximum current which will flow through them. Conductors should be of copper or
aluminum. In power circuit, wiring should be designed for the load which it is supposed
to carry. Wiring should be done on the distribution system with main and branch
distribution boards at convenient centers. Wiring should be neat with good appearance.
Wires should pass through a pipe or box and should not twist or cross. The conductor is
carried in a rigid steel conduit conforming to standards or in a porcelain tube.

Viva questions with answers

1.​ What do the three holes in a socket represent?
 The upper big hole is for earthing, the hole on the right is for the live wire connection
(phase) and the hole on the left is for the neutral wire connection.
2. What is the difference between earth and neutral?
Neutral is the return path for an AC circuit that carries current in normal condition.
Earth, also known as a ground, is used for safety concerns against leakage or residual currents
in the system.
3. What type of supply is given to houses?
​ The power supply to your house is either single-phase, i.e. 2-wire with phase and
neutral or 4-wire with 3 phase and neutral.
4. What is meant by earthing?
Earthing is a process with which we send the electricity into the earth. This is done
with the help of earth wire. It avoids risk of electric shock. For earthing a wire is connected to
the cover of vessel on one side and to the earth point is buries deep in the earth. Earth wire is
usually green or green - yellow coloured.
5. Why is conduit wiring used in homes?
The electrical conduit provides an enclosure to avoid damages in wiring due to
external factors. The conductors of the electrical network are tubed using conduit for a
long-lasting, protective operation. The conduits that are used in conduit wiring may be
metallic and non-metallic.

Procedure:
1. Study the given wiring diagram.
2. Make the location points for energy meter, fuse, indicator, main switch box, switch board,
lamp and ceiling rose.
3. Draw the lines for wiring on the wooden board.
4. Place the wires along with the line and fix.
5. Fix the lamp holder, switches, ceiling rose and socket in marked positions on the wooden
board.
6. Connect the energy meter and main switch box in marked positions on the wooden board.
7. Give supply to the wired circuit.
8. Test the working of light and socket.

Result:
Thus the switch board wiring using Fuses, Switches, Indicators, Lamps, fan and three
pin socket for residential wiring is implemented and tested for its operation.

EXP NO: 2 ​ ​ ​ STAIR CASE WIRING

Aim:
To wire for a stair case arrangement using a two-way switch.
Tool Required:
1. Screw driver ​ 2.Hammer ​ 3.Pliers ​ 4.Line tester
Components Required:
1. Two-way switches
2. Bulb holders
3. Bulbs
4. Joint clips
5. Wires
6. Screws
7. Ceiling rose and
8. Switch board
Procedure:
1. Mark switch and bulb location points and draw lines for wiring on the wooden
Board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the two-way switches and bulb holder in the marked position on the wooden
Board.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the bulbs by giving electric supply to the circuit.
Theory:
A two switch is installed near the first step of the stairs. The other two way switch is
installed at the upper part where the stair ends. The light point is provided between first and
last stair at an adequate location and height if the lower switch switches on the light. The
switch at the top or vice versa can switch it off. Two number of two way switches are used
for the purpose. The supply is given to the switch at the short circuited terminals. The
connection to the light point is taken from the similar short circuited terminal of the second
switch; other two independent terminals of each circuit are connected through cables.
Result:
The staircase wiring is completed and tested.
Viva Questions with answers

1.​ What is the purpose of staircase wiring?

A Staircase wiring makes the feasibility for the user to turn ON and OFF the
load from two switches placed apart from each other.

2.​ Which type of switch is used in staircase wiring?

Single pole, two-way switch: This is a three-terminal device capable of

making or breaking two connections from a single position. These switches are used
in staircase lighting where one lamp is controlled from two different places.

3.​ What is the main precaution for staircase wiring?

When wiring, please be sure to turn off the power. Also, while the power is on,
please keep the cover closed and do not touch the terminal. Please apply the correct
voltage to the input terminal. If the correct voltage is not applied, regular functions
may not run, and this may lead to damage or fire to the product.

4.​ Where do staircase wiring are being used?

Staircase Wiring Generally use in stairs you can operate it from ground floor
and first floor, from both the places.

5.​ What are the advantages of staircase wiring?

●​ Affordability
●​ Simplicity
●​ Uninterrupted ViewFlexibility
●​ Safety
●​ Ease of Construction
EXP NO. 3 Fluorescent Lamp wiring with introduction to CFL and LED types

Aim:
To prepare wiring for a fluorescent tube light with switch control and to know CFL
and LED types.

Tools Required:
1. Screw driver ​ 2. Hammer ​ 3. Pliers ​ 4. Line tester

Components Required:
1. Switch ​ 2. Tube light with fitting ​ 3. Joint clips ​ ​
4. Wires ​ ​ 5. Screws ​ 6. Switch board

Fluorescent Tube Light:

The fluorescent lamp circuit consists of a choke, a starter, a fluorescent tube and a
frame. The length of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 100 cm; its power rating is 40 W
and 230V. The tube is filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the supply is switched
on, the current heats the filaments and initiates emission of electrons. After one or two
seconds, the starter circuit opens and makes the choke to induce a momentary high voltage
surge across the two filaments. Ionization takes place through argon and produces bright
light.

CFL Bulb Construction

The basic construction of a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) consists of a fluorescent
glass tube that is curved or spiraled, and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.

A CFL uses a vacuum glass tube which is very similar to the strip lamps (commonly
known as Tube light). The tube has two electrodes on both ends which are treated
with Barium.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - TUBE LIGHT

 CFL​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ LED Lamp

How does a CFL Bulb Glow?

The CFL Bulbs consist of a switched-mode converter (Electronic Ballast) that

functions on a very high frequency and acts as a replacement of the Electrical Choke, and
Starter assembly.

When this high-frequency electricity is passed through a filament (usually made of

tungsten) of electrodes, temperature becomes about 900º C. A beam of electrons generates
which is further accelerated by the potential difference between electrodes.
These accelerated electrons strike Mercury and Argon atoms which arise of low-temperature
plasma. In this process generates the radiation of Mercury in Ultra Violate (UV) form.
Then the UV light hits the phosphor coating on the inside of the fluorescent tube, it is
to convert UV light into visible light, the whole process is done in a sealed vacuum tube.
To complete this entire process typically takes 30 seconds to 3 minutes. Once the lamp starts
operating, a much lower voltage can be maintained the current and light output.

LED​
The LED has various advantages as compared to incandescent and fluorescent lamp.
Like it consumes less power and has a long life. Also, it does not contain any harmful gases
which affect the environment. The LED produces more Lumens for the same watt as that of
the other lamp. The destruction of LED can easily be done because it is free from the
toxic substance. The frequently switching also didn’t affect their life span.

LEDs work on the principle of Electroluminescence. On passing a current through the

diode, minority charge carriers and majority charge carriers recombine at the junction. On
recombination, energy is released in the form of photons.

Procedure:
1. Mark the switch and tube light location points and draw lines for wiring on the
wooden board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the tube light by giving electric supply to the Circuit.

Result
Thus wiring for a fluorescent tube light has been prepared with switch control and
CFL and LED types were studied.
Viva questions with answers

1.​ What does CFL stand for?

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL bulbs) first emerged on the lighting market
as a more energy-efficient alternative to the incandescent light bulb.
2.​ What are the advantages of CFL?
The advantages of compact fluorescents are they are energy efficient, compact
in size, have good lumen maintenance, long life, endless shapes and sizes, dimmable,
easy retrofit, low operating cost, and radiate less heat. Compact Fluorescent bulbs are
about 4 times as efficient as incandescent bulbs.
3.​ What is the voltage required to start a fluorescent lamp?
When you turn on a fluorescent tube, the starter is a closed switch. The
filaments at the ends of the tube are heated by electricity, and they create a cloud of
electrons inside the tube. The fluorescent starter is a time-delay switch that opens after
a second or two. When it opens, the voltage across the tube allows a stream of
electrons to flow across the tube and ionize the mercury vapor.
 Fluorescent starter: Fluorescent starters are a timed switch and it provides
ignition voltage to the fluorescent lamp. The ignition voltage is as high as 1000 V to
initiate a discharge in the argon gas lying between electrodes.

4.​ Can a fluorescent lamp work without a starter?

Some modern fluorescent lights do work without a starter because they come
pre-equipped with a ballast that has extra windings. It constantly supplies a small
amount of voltage to give heat to the filaments.

5.​ Why choke is used in tube light?

The purpose of the choke is to provide a very high voltage initially between
the filaments (across the two ends of the tube light). Again once the gas in the tube is
ionized the choke provides a low voltage. A choke is a coil of wire. Fluorescent
tubes/lamps are filled with mercury vapor.

Expt No 4 Energy meter wiring and related calculations/ calibration

Aim:
To measure Energy consumed in a single phase circuit using Energy meter.

Apparatus required:
SL.NO. Components Range Type Quantity
Required
1 Ammeter (0-10) MI 1
2 Load ------ Resistive --
3 Volt meter (0-300) MI 1
4 Energy Meter 1 Ph,300V, 10A -- 1
5 Autotransformer 1KVA 1PH
230/(0-240) V
Formula used:
1200 Rev = 1kwhr
1Rev =1x1000x3600/1200 = 3000(Watt-sec)
For N Rev Indicated energy (Ei) = N x 3000 (Watt-sec)
% Error = (E i -E a) x100/Ei
Calculated energy Ea = (VL x IL) x T (Watt-sec)
Where
VL –Load voltage
IL-Load current
Energy meter constant = ---------------- (Rev/sec)

Working Principle of Energy Meter

The basic working of Single phase induction type Energy Meter is only focused on
two mechanisms: Mechanism of rotation of an aluminum disc which is made to rotate at
a speed proportional to the power. Mechanism of counting and displaying the amount of
energy transferred.
ENERGY METER INTERNAL CONNECTION

TABULATION:
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2. Supply is switched on and load is applied and Ammeter, Voltmeter readings and
Time taken by the discs for particular number of revolution are noted using stop
Watch.
3. Step 2 is repeated for various load conditions.
4. % Error is calculated

RESULT:
Thus energy consumed in a single phase circuit is measured.
VIVA QUESTIONS with Answers
1. What is Energy Meter?
The energy meter is an electrical measuring device, which is used to record
Electrical Energy Consumed over a specified period of time in terms of units.
2. How energy is measured using energy meter?
Your electric meter records electricity usage in kilowatt-hours. In simple terms, 1
kilowatt hour = 1,000 watt-hours. For example, if you turn on a 100-watt light bulb for 10
hours, the energy usage is calculated as 100 watts x 10 = 1,000 watts (or 1 kilowatt hour).
3. What is your understanding of error in energy meter.
Errors in Induction Type Energy Meter with their Compensation:
1) Error due to friction: This error can be compensated by the additional shading band
provided on the shunt electromagnet.
2) Phase or low p.f. error:To overcome this error the shading band is provided on the
central limb of the shunt electromagnet.
3) Error due to temperature variation: The effects of temperature changes on the driving
and braking system tend to balance each other, hence no need of compensation.
4) Error due to variation of frequency: The frequency should be kept constant.
5) Creeping error: This error can be compensated by providing two small holes on the
disc diametrically opposite side. When the hole comes under the pole of a shunt
magnet,the disc stops running.
6) Error in Registration: This error can be compensated by adjusting the braking magnet
or changing registering system.
7) Speed error: This error can be compensated by readjusting the compensating
mechanism.
8) Overload error: This error can be compensated by providing a ‘flux diverter’ to the
current magnet.
4. What is the purpose of energy meter in our homes?
The electric meter installed in your home is the device that allows the utility
department to charge you monthly on the amount of energy you have consumed. The
electric meter measures the current flow through the service entrance and into your
personal electrical service panel.

5. What is energy meter calibration?

“Calibration is a process of elimination of errors by configuring an instrument to
provide a result within an acceptable range.” Now calibration of energy meter means
configuring your meter to read accurately well within the standard described limits of
accuracy.

Expt No 5 Study of Iron box wiring and Assembly

AIM
 To find the fault of iron box (ordinary and automatic) and study about them and
prepare the maintenance chart of the possible faults and their remedies.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:-
Iron box, Test lamp, Wires

TOOLS REQUIRED:-
Tester, Pliers, Stripper etc.,
THEORY:-
ELECTRIC IRON BOX
An electric iron box is used to iron the cloths. Electric iron box can be classified into
two types as below
❖​ Ordinary Electric Iron Box

❖​ Automatic Electric Iron Box

ORDINARY ELECTRIC IRON BOX
It consists of Chromium plated base plate, Heating element, Pressure plate and Iron
case with Handle.
Sole Plate
It is made up of Cast iron and its bolts is Nickel plated with very shining like glasses.

Heating Element
It is made up of flat Nichrom wire and wound on a Mica sheet. Its wattage varies 450,
500, 1000 etc.,

Pressure Plate
It is made up of Cast iron. Its shape as heating element. It sets and presses the heating
element on sole plate with the help of two machine screws and nuts.

Iron Case
It is used for covering the all above parts. In which an insulator terminal and handle is
provided. It is make up of iron sheet with Nickel plating.

Wooden or Ebonite Handle

It is used for holding the bar terminal with stand washers.
Porcelain Sheet
Nut, Bolt and Washers are used to tighten the weight plate and iron case should be
insulated by insulating materials like Porcelain sheet, Mica sheet, Ebonite sheet
AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC IRON BOX
In addition to the above mentioned iron box, the automatic iron box has a thermostat
which is connected in series with the element. This thermostat controls the temperature.
Prevent over heating of iron and thus avoids damage to the heating element. The required
temperature can be obtained with the help of thermostat.
Principle of Operation
An electric iron box works on the principle that when an AC current passed through a
resistive wire the electrical energy is transferred to heat energy. The Nichrome wire is heated
up to a certain temperature and gets a bright orange- red colour. The wire used in heating
element generally made by Nichrome wire which is a combination of 15% Chromium 20%
Iron and remains Nickel.

Testing
1.​ By connecting the two ends of connecting lamp leads to the
terminals of iron box
​ If lamp glows dimly it means that element is in
working order
​ If the lamp does not glow it means that the
breaking in the heating element
​ If the lamp glows brightly the both sides of the
element touching the sole plate
2.​ The earth testing by connecting one lead to one terminal of electric iron and other lead to
metal parts of the element if the lamp give full light or dim light, there is a leakage in the
iron. If the lamp does not glow , the iron is good
POSSIBLE FAULTS AND REMEDIES:-
DEFECT CAUSES REMEDIS
1.The iron box does not get Power failure Check the supply
started Loose connection Check the connection
Replace the heating element

Break on heating element

2.Touching give shock Live part is touching on body Insulate live part

3.Slow heating Lack of rated voltage Improve the voltage

4.In an automatic iron box The thermostat is not Replace the thermostat
power does not break working by new one
which maintaining the
required temperature

RESULT:-
Studied the methods to find out the fault of a ordinary and automatic iron box and
prepared the maintenance chart.
VIVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is the use of thermostat in Iron box?

It is the “thermostat” inside the iron that silently tracks the temperature and can turn
the power on and off with the help of other electric components. It is probably the most
important component in the iron, as it helps to regulate the temperature.

2. What are the elements used for to make the iron box handle?
Handels of electrical irons are made of plastics or bakelite because plastics like
bakelite are poor conductors of both heat and electricity. Therefore, they can be used for
insulation from heat and electricity.

3. What is the heating element of iron box?

The heating element in an electric iron is an alloy consisting of 80% of Nickel and
20% of Chromium. The melting point of Nichrome is 1400º C with high resistance which
makes this element best for use as a heating element.

4. List out the different components of iron box.

Porcelain Sheet
Sole Plate
 Heating Element
Pressure Plate
Iron Case
Wooden or Ebonite Handle

5. Name the components used to make the electric heaters?

Nichrome: Most resistance wire heating elements usually use nichrome 80/20 (80%
Nickel, 20% Chromium) wire, ribbon, or strip.

EXPT NO 6 STUDY OF FAN REGULATOR (RESISTOR TYPE AND ELECTRONIC

TYPE USING DIAC/TRIAC/QUADRAC)
AIM
To study the function of fan regulator with resistor type and electronic type using
DIAC/TRIAC and QUADRAC.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
​ Resistor R1 – 10 KΩ

​ Variable resistance or potentiometer R2 – 100 KΩ

​ Polyester capacitor C1 – 0.1 μ F (For operating range of up to 400 V)

​ DIAC, D1 – DB3

​ TRIAC, T1 – BT136

​ A single phase ceiling fan or AC motor – 220 V, 50 Hz (range below 200

Watts)
Theory
Fan regulator is a very much usable electrical or electronic device. We are all using
the fan regulator in our house with Fan. Fan Regulator is a device by which we can control
the speed of rotation of the fan.

How Conventional Fan Regulator works?

This is Old Fan Regulator. As you see in the below figure, the construction of a
conventional fan regulator is very simple. There is some series connected resistance that can
be adjusted by rotating the knob of the regulator. This conventional fan regulator is to be
connected in series with the fan and power supply. By moving the knob we can increase or
decrease the resistance value. If we increase the value of resistance the voltage drop across
the resistor will be increased so the voltage across the fan motor will be decreased and
ultimately the speed of the fan will be decreased and Vice-versa.

How does Electronic Fan regulator Work?

To reduce power loss nowadays electronic fan regulator is mostly used. Electronic
fan regulator uses semiconductor devices.
The disadvantage of Conventional Fan Regulator is that it causes a huge amount
of heat loss or I2R loss because there are a number of resistors and that causes heat loss across
the resistors and eventually this reduces the life of this regulator and also it affects your
electricity bills.​
An electronic fan regulator has the following parts,​

1.​ TRIAC
2.​ DIAC
3.​ Capacitor
4.​ Fixed resistor
5.​ Variable resistor or Potentiometer
 ​

Internal Circuit of Fan regulator:

 As you see in the figure the TRIAC is connected in series with the Fan and the supply.
The TRIAC can conduct AC current when a pulse signal is given to the gate terminal of the
TRIAC. Here the DIAC is used to trigger the TRIAC. First, the capacitor will be charged
through the fixed and variable resistor resistors. When the capacitor is fully charged it starts
discharging through the DIAC. Now the TRIAC will be triggered and it starts conducts,
therefore, the current will flow from the supply through the TRIAC and the fan.
Actually, the TRIAC remain ON for short time duration and remain OFF for a short
time duration according to the charging and discharging of the Capacitor. This process causes
reduce the value of the average voltage across the Fan and ultimately the speed of the fan will
be decreased.
The variable resistor or potentiometer is used to change the time constant of the
capacitor. That means when we increase the resistance by moving the potentiometer knob the
charging time of the capacitor will be increased and this causes the TRIAC to remain OFF for
more time. This process causes to more decrease the value of the average voltage across the
fan and the speed of the fan also more decreased.
​
The fixed resistor is used to protect the capacitor from the full voltage. That means if we did
not use the fixed resistor the full voltage will appear across the capacitor if we decrease the
variable resistance to zero that may damage the capacitor.

The Quadrac
The Quadrac is basically a Diac and Triac fabricated together within a single
semiconductor package and as such are also known as “internally triggered triacs”. This all in
one bi-directional device is gate controlled using either polarity of the main terminal voltage
which means it can be used in full-wave phase-control applications such as heater controls,
lamp dimmers, and AC motor speed control, etc.
Like the triac, quadracs are a three-terminal semiconductor switching device
labelled MT2 for main terminal one (usually the anode), MT1 for main terminal two (usually
the cathode) and G for the gate terminal.

The quadrac is available in a variety of package types depending upon their voltage and
current switching requirements with the TO-220 package being the most common. The
quadrac is designed to be an exact replacement for most triac devices.
Advantages of Simple Fan Regulator Circuit:
​ Continuous and step less control of the fan speed is possible

​ Power saving is achieved at all the speeds by minimizing the energy losses

​ Simple circuit which requires less number of components

​ Efficient as compared with resistive type due to lower power consumption

 ​ Cost-effective

RESULT: Thus the operations of fan regulator with various types are studied.

VIVA QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1.​ What is the purpose of regulator circuit?

A Fan Regulator, as the name suggests, regulates or controls the speed of the fan
motor.

2.​ List out the types of fan regulators.

There are 3 types of regulators available in the market today: Electric Regulator, Step
Type Electronic Regulator and Movable Electronic Regulator.

3.​ What are the applications of DIAC and TRIAC?

The applications of DIAC mainly include different circuits like lamp dimmer, heater
control, universal motor speed control, etc. The applications of TRIAC mainly include
control circuits, fans controlling, AC phase control, switching of high-power lamps, and
controlling AC power.

4.​ What are the components of fan regulator?

​ Resistor R1 – 10 KΩ

​ Variable resistance or potentiometer R2 – 100 KΩ

​ Polyester capacitor C1 – 0.1 µ F (For operating range of up to 400 V)

​ DIAC, D1 – DB3.

​ TRIAC, T1 – BT136.

5.​ Outline the applications of simple fan regulator.

Simple Electronic Voltage Regulator is an energy saving device which uses TRIAC,
DIAC and potentiometric resistance. This method provides the step less control of the
fan speed by deriving the required amount of power from the main supply at a given
instant.
Expt No 7 STUDY OF EMERGENCY LAMP WIRING/WATER HEATER

AIM
To study about the working principle and operation of emergency lamp wiring and
water heater.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Emergency lamp wiring/Water Heater 1 Nos

THEORY:
Emergency lighting is used in an urgent situation like when the main supply is
disconnected or regular electrical light fails. So the sudden electricity loss could result in a
fire otherwise a power cut. This lighting system is used in buildings and it includes a battery
to activate the light automatically once the power failure occurs. In the emergency situation,
these lights play a key role to provide safety for residents. If the power failure occurs, an
emergency light can activate with the help of batteries to visually show the route safely for
residents to leave from the building.
How do Emergency Lights Appear?
There are some common emergency lighting systems used in buildings are
​ Exit Lights

​ Batten Lights

​ Oyster Lights

​ Spot fire Lights

How to Make an Emergency Light / DIY Emergency Light
The DIY emergency light can be designed in a step by step process like the following.
The required components of the 12v emergency light circuit diagram mainly include LDR,
50K VR, 10K Resistor, BD139 & BD140 transistor, 33ohm resistor, and white LED and 12V
battery.

Connect the circuit on the breadboard as per the diagram shown below using the
above components. In this circuit, the LDR based light will activate a high watt white LED
once there is dark in the room. It can be used as a simple lamp in the children’s room to keep
away from the panic condition once the power gets fail. This circuit gives sufficient light in
the room.
The design of this circuit is very easy so that it can be arranged in a little box. As a
power source, a 12 V small battery is used to provide the supply to the circuit. The transistors
like T1 & T2 are used as electronic switches for switching ON/OFF the white LEDs.

When there is enough light within the room, then LDR activates so that the base
terminal of the T1 transistor will become high. The remaining transistor-like T2 also Turns
off as its base terminal is grounded. In this condition, the white LED will turn off. Once the
light dropping over the LDR decreases, then the T1 transistor in forwarding bias will provide
base current to transistor ‘T2’. This ‘T2’ transistor will turn on to make the white LED ON.
Here, the LED is 1 watt high bright Luxeon diode. It uses approximately 300 mA current. So
it is better to turn off the lamp to save the power in a battery after a few minutes

12v emergency light circuit diagram

Circuit diagram for water heater:

WATER HEATER:
Water heating is a heat transfer process that uses an energy source to heat water
above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning,
bathing, and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.
Domestically, water is traditionally heated in vessels known as water heaters, kettles,
cauldrons, pots, or coppers. These metal vessels that heat a batch of water do not produce a
continual supply of heated water at a preset temperature. Rarely, hot water occurs naturally,
usually from natural hot springs. The temperature varies with the consumption rate, becoming
cooler as flow increases.
Inside a Water Heater

 Tank - The inner shell of a water heater is a heavy metal tank containing a water
protective liner that holds 40 to 60 gallons (151 to 227 liters) of hot water at around 50 to 100
pounds per square inch (PSI), within the pressure range of a typical residential water system.
The exterior of the tank is covered in an insulating material like polyurethane foam. Over
that, there's a decorative outer shell and possibly an additional insulating blanket
 Dip tube - Water enters the water heater through the dip tube at the top of the tank and
travels to the tank bottom where it's then heated.
 Shut-off valve -The shut-off valve stops water flow into the water heater. It's a separate
component from the heater located outside and above the unit.
 Heat-out pipe -Suspended toward the top of the tank's interior, the heat-out pipe allows
the hot water to exit the water heater.
 Thermostat - This is a thermometer- and temperature-control device. Some electric water
heaters have a separate thermostat for each element.
 Heating mechanism - Electric water heaters have heating elements inside the tank to
heat the water. Gas water heaters use a burner and chimney system instead.
 Drain valve - Located near the bottom of the exterior housing, the drain valve makes it
easy to empty the tank to replace the elements, remove sediment or move the tank to another
location.
 Pressure relief valve - This safety device keeps the pressure inside the water heater
within safe limits.
 Sacrificial anode rod - Made of magnesium or aluminum with a steel core, the sacrificial
anode rod is suspended in the water heater tank to help retard corrosion

RESULT:

Thus the operation of emergency lamp and water heater was studied.
VIVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. How does an emergency lamp working?

The Powerjack LED bulb functions with the help of an internal battery, charging
itself when switched on during the availability of power supply. As soon as the electricity
is disconnected, this bulb backed with wide voltage springs into action and brightens up the
spaces.

2. Where do we using emergency lighting?

Emergency lights are used where the light turns on automatically when the power
supply gets off. These are used as emergency lamps in buildings, homes, workplaces, study
roomsin order to keep away from unexpected power failures.

3. Are electric water heaters good?

Electric water healthier are extremely popular in part because of their low upfront
cost. However, they’ve got a fairly slow heating time and higher operating costs than a gas
water heater
4.Can a homeowner install a water heater themselves?
Most ordinances or codes grant homeowners the authority to install their own water
heater, provided they have an inspection done after.

5. Which is better: a regular water heater or a tankless water heater?

The market is moving more towards tankless water heaters due to their small size,
energy savings, and long lifespan. While regular water heaters have a lifespan of about ten
years, tankless versions can last more than 20.
 ELECTRONICS

Expt No 1 SOLDERING SIMPLE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND CHECKING

CONTINUITY

AIM
To practice soldering and desoldering for the electronic circuit by assembling and
disassembling the resistor R1 and R2 and capacitor C1 in the given Printed Circuit Board
(PCB) and checking continuity.

COMPONENT REQUIRED
THEORY:
SOLDERING:
Soldering is a process in which two or more items (usually metal) are joined together
by melting and putting a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower
melting point than the adjoining metal. Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does
not involve melting the work pieces. In brazing, the filler metal melts at a higher temperature,
but the work piece metal does not melt. In the past, nearly all solders contained lead, but
environmental and health concerns have increasingly dictated use of lead-free alloys for
electronics and plumbing purposes.

DESOLDERING:
Desoldering is the removal of solder and components from a circuit board for
troubleshooting, repair, replacement, and salvage.

PROCEDURE
Soldering
1. Study the given electronic circuit.
1. Clean the given PCB board.
2. Clean the tip of the soldering iron before heating and also the resistor, capacitor which are
to be soldered.
3. Heat the soldering iron and apply solder to the tip as soon as it is hot to melt on it.
4. Bend the resistor (R1) leads to fit into the holes on the board. Insert the resistor, R1 as per
the circuit shown in the figure and bend the leads.
5. Apply the hot tips to the joints and apply the solder.
6. Remove the soldering tip and hold the resistor tightly until the solder has cooled and set.
7. Trim excess component lead with side cutter.
8. Repeat the above steps to fix the resistor R2 and capacitor, C1 as shown.

De-soldering
1. Hold the resistor R1 to be unsoldered by the nose plier.
2. Place the tip of the soldering iron on the joint until the solder is melt.
3. When the solder is melted, remove the resistor R1 a tweezen and trash away the molten
solder.
4. Repeat the above steps to remove resistor R2 and capacitor C1.
5. Clean the resistors and capacitors, so that they can be used to make other circuits.

Continuity Test
●​ A continuity test tells us whether two things are electrically connected: if something is
continuous, an electric current can flow freely from one end to the other.
●​ If there's no continuity, it means there is a break somewhere in the circuit. This could
indicate anything from a blown fuse or bad solder joint to an incorrectly wired circuit.

●​ Continuity is one of the most useful tests for electronics repair

●​ Switch on your multimeter, and set the dial to continuity mode (indicated by an icon that
looks like a sound wave).
●​ To complete your continuity test, place one probe at each end of the circuit or component
you want to test.
●​ As before, if your circuit is continuous, the screen displays a value of zero (or near zero),
and the multimeter beeps.
●​ If the screen displays 1 or OL (open loop), there's no continuity—that is, there's no path
for electric current to flow from one probe to the other.

RESULT

Thus the soldering and de-soldering practice was done for the given electronic circuit.

Circuit diagram
Apparatus Diagram

Viva questions with answers

1.​ What is soldering?
Soldering is a process in which two or more items are joined together by melting and
putting a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the
adjoining metal.

2. What is desoldering?
The reverse process of soldering is desoldering. It is a process of removal of solder
and components mounted on circuit boards. The soldered joint is removed by the process of
desoldering. For this purpose a small vacuum pump is used to remove solder from the plated
through holes.

3. What are the materials required for soldering?

Soldering Iron. Solder Flux. Soldering Paste. The PCB.

4. What is a PCB?
A printed circuit board, or PC board, or PCB, is a non-conductive material with
conductive lines printed or etched. Electronic components are mounted on the board and
the traces connect the components together to form a working circuit or assembly.

5. What are the types of soldering?

In short, there are 3 types of solders – lead-free or without lead, lead-based, and
flux. Lead-based solders are the most reliable and preferred in critical applications like
medical electronics or aerospace.

Expt No 2 Assembling and testing electronic components on a small PCB

AIM
To assemble and testing the small electronic components such as transistors, resistors,
capacitors and diodes by using printed circuit board.
COMPONENT REQUIRED

THEORY:
The PCB is something that is usually green in color and is a rigid body that holds
various electronic components on it. These components are soldered upon the PCBs in the
process called “PCB Assembly” or PCBA. The PCB is composed of a substrate that is made
of fiber glass, the components, the copper layer that makes the traces, holes in which
components are fitted and layers that can be inner layer and outer layers. At RayPCB we can
deliver up to 1-36 layers for multilayer PCB prototypes and 1-10 layers for multilayer PCBs
for mass production. For single sided PCB and double sided PCBs, the outer layers present
but no inner layer.
The PCB substrate and components are insulated with solder mask and held together
with epoxy resin. This solder mask can be green, blue or red in color as commonly found in
PCB colors. The solder mask will allow the components to avoid short circuit with tracks or
other components.
The copper traces are used to carry electronic signals from one point to the other on
the PCB. These signals can be high speed digital signals or discrete analog signals. These
traces can be made thick to carry power / electricity to power up components.
In most of the PCBs which are made to supply high voltage or current, there is a separate
plane of ground connection. The electronic components on top layer are connected to inner
GND plane or inner signals layer by means of “Vias”.
The components are assembled on the PCB to allow the PCB to function as it is designed.
The most important thing is the PCB functionality. The PCB may not work even if a tiny
SMT resistor is not properly placed or even if a small track is cut from the PCB. So it is very
important the components are assembled in proper way. The PCB when components are
assembled is called PCBA or Assembled PCB. The functionality of PCBs can be complex or
simple depending on the specifications described by the client or user. The PCB sizes are also
different depends upon requirements. The PCB assembly process has automated and manual
process which we will discuss.
Astable Mutivibrator circuit diagram

PCB Machine Design for the circuit

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Solder Paste Stenciling. The
first step of PCB assembly is applying a
solder paste to the board.
Step 2: Pick and Place.
Step 3: Reflow Soldering.
Step 4: Inspection and Quality Control.
Step 5: Final Inspection and Functional Test.

RESULT

Thus the assembling and testing of electronic components on a small PCB has been
done.

Viva questions and answers

1.​Why assembling and testing are required for electronic circuits?

Electronic components must be tested before they make their way into a finished
product. However, millions of electronic components are available on the market and
are in active production at any time, and millions of units are produced per year.
2.​ Which software is used for PCB?
Altium Designer Altium Designer is the most famous PCB design tool in the market.
You can simulate your circuit with Altium PCB software (IHRE SCHALTUNG
SIMULIEREN MIT PCB-SOFTWARE VON ALTIUM).

3.​ What are the precautions needed while soldering?

●​ Never touch the element of the soldering iron.... 400°C!
●​ Hold wires to be heated with tweezers or clamps.
●​ Keep the cleaning sponge wet during use.
●​ Always return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use. Never put it down
on the workbench.
●​ Turn unit off and unplug when not in use.

4. What are the different types of PCB?

●​ Single-Sided PCBs.
●​ Double-Sided PCBs.
●​ Multilayer PCBs.
●​ Rigid PCBs.
●​ Flex PCBs.
●​ Rigid-Flex PCBs.

5. How to choose PCB (Printed Circuit Board) material?

PCB material has to be selected totally based on the balance between design demand,
volume production and cost. Design demand involves electrical elements that should be
taken into serious consideration during high-speed PCB design.
Expt No 3 STUDY ELEMENTS OF SMART PHONE

AIM
To study about the various hardware and software elements of modern smart phone.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Smart phone 1Nos

THEORY: Mobile Phone Parts Name List and their Function

1. Antenna
Antenna is used to receive and transmit radio frequency. It is inbuilt in the cabinet of
the mobile phone. These are called inbuilt antenna.

2. Battery
The battery is the only source of power supply to a mobile phone. Three types of
battery are mostly used in mobile cell phones and Tablets.
▪​ Nickel – Cadmium (Ni-CD)
▪​ Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni – MH)
▪​ Lithium-Ion (Li – Ion).

3. Battery Charger
Several types of Chargers are used to recharge the battery of a mobile cell phone.
These include normal battery chargers, Travel Adaptor (TA), Cigar Lighter Adaptor (CLA)
etc.

4. Switch or Key Tip - These tiny switches are used for the key pad.

5. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is the Main Control Section of a mobile phone, Android Smartphone and
Apple iPhone. It controls all the function and does all the processing work.

6. RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM is an erasable memory where older data and information can be erased and new data
and information can be stored.

7. ROM (Read Only Memory)

A memory that can only be read. It cannot be erased. Programmable ROM (PROM)
and Erasable ROM (EROM) are some other types of ROM Memory that can be erased.

8. Visual Display
This part of the mobile phone generates light to display all information. Display of a cell
phone can be classified as follows:
▪​ LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
▪​ VFD (Vacuum Fluorescent Display)
▪​ TFT (Thin Film Transistor Display).

9. Antenna Switch
It does the function of receiving, transmitting and switching of different frequencies
like GSM, DCS and PCS.

10. IF IC
This IC is also called Hager IC, MJOLNER IC and RF IC. It performs the function of
amplification of receiving signal, mixing and demodulation.

11. VCO (Voltage Control Oscillator) - Controls frequency.

12. Audio IC
The main function of this IC is to handle and control audio frequency and produce
sound.
13. UEM IC (Universal Energy Module)
It performs several functions like power supply, charging, audio processing, ringer,
vibrator etc.

14. LED (Light Emitting Diode) - It is used to produce light on keyboard and display.

15. RF Crystal
This is the main and very important crystal in any mobile phone. Crystals of mainly
13 MHz, 26 MHz, 19.2 MHz or 36.4 MHz are used in cell phones. The phone becomes dead
if this crystal is faulty.

16. Ear Speaker

This Ear Speaker is mounted on the top side of the mobile phone. It helps to listen
sound during incoming calls.

17. Microphone
It converts voice signal to electric signal or tone signal during transmission. This
signal is then sent to the Audio IC.

18. Vibrator Motor

It Provides vibration alert during incoming calls or messages in silent mode or when
the option is On.

19. SIM card

 SIM stands for Subscriber Identity Module. It is used in GSM Mobile phones. There
is a micro chip in this card in which all data and information related to the USER is stored.
Without a SIM Card, a GSM phone is of no good use.
20. SIM card Socket - Holds the SIM card and acts like a SIM reader or SIM writer.

21. Memory Card

External memory storage card used to store data such as photos, videos, audio etc. SD
card, Mini SD Card and Micro SD cards are used as external memory.

22. RETU IC- This module performs several important functions.

23. TAHVO IC- This module also performs several important functions.

24. OMAP Module

Performs the function of processing application software and control UI software.
25. Hands free Connector
Helps to carry on conversation without holding the Phone in hand using Head Phone
or Ear Phone.

26. Flash IC- This memory inside the phone is used to store programs and non volatile data.

27. RAP 3G IC
This IC has been used as core with non Flash and SD RAM memory module in
modem section. RAP3G module works as cellular protocol with WCDMA and GSM.

28. USB Connector- This connector is used to download data and for charging the Phone.,

39. Software Connector Parts

Used for flashing of Software or Operating System. The Phone may be connected to a
Computer through this connector to solve software related problems.

30. Connector Tip- Used to interface Speaker, Ringer, Vibrator and Antenna.

31. Testing Points

Output of various types of signals are checked from these tips with the help of CRO.
32. LTR- This regulator is used to regulate the voltage.

33. AVILMA IC, BETTY IC, UIM Card

A typical smart phone contains a number of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS)
integrated circuit (IC) chips, which in turn contain billions of tiny MOS field-effect
transistors (MOSFETs). A typical smart phone contains the following MOS IC chips.
RESULT: Thus the hardware and software components of smart phone studied.
Viva questions and answers

1.​ What are the latest features of smartphones?

​ Dual Sim, 3G, 4G, VoLTE, Wi-Fi.

​ Snapdragon 665, Octa Core, 2 GHz Processor.

​ 4 GB RAM, 64 GB inbuilt.

​ 5000 mAh Battery.

​ 6.52 inches, 720 x 1600 px Display with Water Drop Notch.

​ 12 MP Quad Rear & 8 MP Front Camera.

​ Memory Card Supported, upto 256 GB.

​ Android v9.0 (Pie)

2.​ What is the role of Android?

Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel
and other open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablets.

3.​ Name of the hardware parts of smart phone

Typically hardware components of a mobile phone include display (LCD, touch
screen), keypad, microphone, speaker, SIM card, battery, USB port, antenna, memory
unit(RAM,ROM), camera, CODEC, RF part, DAC/ADC, baseband part (L1/Layer1/physical
layer) running on DSP.

4.​ Give the application of GUI.

GUI is a Graphical Interface that is a visual representation of communication
presented to the user for easy interaction with the machine. GUI means Graphical User
Interface. It is the common user Interface that includes Graphical representation like buttons
and icons, and communication can be performed by interacting with these icons rather than
the usual text-based or command-based communication.

5.​ List the various familiar softwares used in smart phones.

The most well-known mobile OSs are Android, iOS, Windows phone OS, and
Symbian.
EXPT No 4 Assembly and dismantle of LED TV

Aim
To study about the Assembly and dismantle of LED TV
Theory
DBEF- Dual Brightness Enhancement Film
Main sections of LED TV
Power supply section:-
Power supply gives 12volt or 5 volt DC output. This 12/5 volt is given to 3.3 volt
regulator IC which gives 3.3 volt DC . This 3.3 volt is given to mother board main ic , bios
IC , reset button and IR sendser. This 3.3 volt supply is known as 3.3 v SB (stand by). Power
supply also gives 24 volt DC for inverter board in LED TV.
Mother board:-
It consists of main microcontroller IC, bios ROM, flash IC RAM. A crystal of 24
MHz is used to generate clock pulses. Main IC receives audio video signals from A/V input,
HDMI input, RF Signal from tuner and MPEG files from USB. Input signal is selected by
mother board through signal switching circuit. This signal is processed and sound signal is
separated, amplified and sent to speaker. Video signal is sent to analog to digital converter. It
gives out red, blue, green, sync and clock signals in the form of LVDS (low voltage
differential signal) signal. LVDS signal is sent to timing controller IC (Tcon IC) on Tcon
board through LVDS cable. Mother board sents Back light on/off control signal is to back
light inverter/driver board.
Tcon board:-
It has normally four section
1) DC to DC IC :- Tcon board receives vcc supply generally 12 volts from LVDS connector
is given to this Ic . It produces 3.3 volt supply which is given to Tcon IC. A 1.2 volt regulator
is also used to supply core voltage to Tcon IC. One more regulator IC is used to supply
3.5/1.8/1.5/1.2 volt to RAM depending on version of RAM (DDR1 3.5 volt, DDR2 1.8 volt,
DDR3 1.5volt, DDR4 1.2 volt). When Tcon IC receives all input voltages and signals, it starts
working and gives an enable signal to DC to DC IC. After receiving enable signal DC to DC
IC start producing AVDD, HVDD, VGH and VGL voltages. In some cases enable signal is
directly given to DC to DC ic. HVDD and VDD voltages are also given to gama IC.

2) Tcon IC :- It receives working voltage VDD 3.3 volt, 1.2 volt for core and 1.8 volt for
RAM. It receives Signal 0-, 0+ (red color signal data), 1-,1+ (green color signal data),
2-,2+(blue color signal and horizontal and vertical sync signal data), 3-,3+(clk+, clk-),
4-,4+(RGB signal data) from LVDS connector. This IC process all signals and gives output as
mini LVDS 0-, 0+, 1-,1+, 2-,2+, clk-,clk+, 3-,3+, to panel through COF flex strip and EN,
CPV1 CPV2, STV signal to scan driver ic.

3) Scan driver or level shifter:- It receives 3.3 volt, VGH, VGL from DC to DC IC and ,
CPV1, CPV2, STV, and EN (enable signals) from Tcon IC. It gives CKV1, CKV2 for scan
clk odd and CKVB1, CKVB2 for scan clk even to panel source COF.​
​
4) Gama IC :- HVDD voltage are given to this IC. With the help of voltage divider circuit
Vref and Vcom voltage is produced. And all gama voltages are produced with the help of
voltages divider circuit. Some programmed IC are also uses in which voltage divider circuit
is not used. Gama voltage start from 1.5 volt to AVDD voltage with increasing gradually in
steps. Gama voltages are given through source COF for gama correction.
Chip on flex IC (COF):-
This IC receives all voltage through flex strip and produces driving signal voltage to
drive all TFT in the panel. Main voltages received by COF IC are VDD 3.3 volt, AVDD (16
volt), HVDD (8volt), VGH (27 volt), VGL (-8 to -10volt), CKV1, CKV2, CKVB1, CKVB2,
VCOM and Gama voltages and all signal voltages from Tcon through mini LVDS.​
​
Panel or screen:-
All working voltage to panel is received through COF connector flexible strip cable.
The light for screen working is given by back light ccfl/led. Main part of panel are​
1) light source
2) horizontal poloizor
3) TFT screen:- Thin film transistorscreen:- complete screen is filled with matrix of TFT.
each pixel need three TFT. Each transtor three points are connected to source, common and
gate circuit of panel and controlled separately by multiplexing mathod.
4) vertical polorizor

Back light:- cold cathode florocent light (CCFL) are used in LCD panel for back light. LED
Strips are used in Led TV panel. In LCD TV back light is given supply with a inverter board,
where as in led TV led drivers are used to give supply to led strips. Back light on/off signal is
received from mother board.
​
Control button panel:- all control button are placed in this panel to control TV locally.
Otherwise remote control is used in which all control signals are received by IR senser and
sent to mother board.
Viva questions and answers
1.​ What are the features of LED TV?
They are slimmer (especially edge-LED lighting systems). LEDs are long-lasting
products. LEDs are more energy efficient than their CCFL counterparts, and better than
plasma TVs and much better than CRTs. LED TVs consumevery low power.

2.​ What the difference between led tv and lcd?

The difference is in the backlights. While a standard LCD monitor uses fluorescent
backlights, an LED monitor uses light-emitting diodes for backlights. LED monitors
usually have superior picture quality, but they come in varying backlight configurations.

3.​ What is meant by DEBF

(Dual Brightness Enhancement Film) A film from 3M that increases the brightness of
LCD screens. The film recycles most of the light that is normally lost in the rear polarizer.

4.​ What is the full form of LED

A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows
through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in
the form of photons.

5.​ Name the hardware components of LED TV

The composition of LCD/LED TV is generally LCD screen, chassis, motherboard, power
board, remote receiving board, keypad, horn, 120Hz transfer board, backlight board (high
pressure board) remote control, all connection lines.
Expt. No: 5 Assembly and dismantle of computer

AIM: To assemble and disassemble the computer

Components Required: Cabinet, Mother board, Processor, SMPS, Hard Disk, Keyboard,
Mouse,
Screw Driver, Needle nose pliers, Anti-static Wrist Strap etc

Theory:-
The first step to building a computer is acquiring the parts. These parts include the
internal components such as Power Supply Unit(SMPS), Motherboard, CPU, RAM, Hard
Disk Drives, Optical Drives, and sometimes a Graphics Card. We also need external
components such as Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor and sometimes other peripherals such as
Printer, Scanner etc. A computer is made up of a case, also called a chassis, which houses
several internal components, and the external components, including peripherals.

Safety precautions
1. Static electricity is the biggest danger to the expensive parts of PC that we are about to
assemble, even a tiny shock, much too small for us to feel, can damage the delicate Electronic
traces, many times smaller than a human hair, that make up CPU, RAM and other chips. Its
important to use an anti-static wrist strap. Once we have the power supply installed in the
case, clip the end of the wrist strap to the outside of the power supply. (Never plug your
computer in while you are connected to it by a wrist strap.) This will ensure that you, the case
and the power supply are all connected to a common ground, in other words there will be no
inequality of charge that will allow a spark to jump from you to the case. It’s also helpful to
have an antistatic mat to set the case and other components on.

2. Turn off your computer and unplug your Power Supply before installing or removing any
components—if power is flowing to components as they are installed or removed, they can
be seriously damaged.

3. Never cut the grounding pin off your power cord. This “safety ground” Stands between
you and potentially lethal voltages inside the power supply.

4. Be careful of sharp edges! Many lower-end PC cases have sharp, unfinished edges. This is
especially so on interior surfaces, and where the case has been cut or punched-out. Use care
and take your time to avoid cutting our hands. If your case has this problem, a little time with
some sandpaper before you begin construction can spare you a lot of pain

6. Dismantling discrete electronic components such as your Power Supply or Monitor is

dangerous. They contain high voltage capacitors, which can cause a severe electric shock if
we touch them. These hold a charge even when the unit is not plugged in and are capable of
delivering a fatal shock.
Assembly Procedures
I. Motherboard Installation
A. Installing the CPU and Heatsink
Step 1. Take the new Motherboard out of the antistatic bag it was supplied and place it on the
bag or the antistatic mat, if you have one.
Step 2. Install the processor. First, find pin 1 on the processor which is usually denoted by a
corner of the chip, marked by a dot or bevel. Next find the corresponding pin 1 of the CPU
Socket in the Motherboard. Insert the CPU into the Socket by lifting the release lever until it
is vertical.
Step 3. Attach the heat sink.
This process may be different for different types of Active Heat Sinks. Most Heat sinks clip
to the socket with one or more retainer clips.

B. Installing Memory Modules.

Step1. Ensure that the ejector tabs are flipped down on the memory socket. DIMMs are keyed
by notches along the bottom connector edges that are offset from the centre so they can be
inserted in only one direction.
Step 2. Push down on the DIMM until the ejector tabs lock into place in the notch on the side
of the module.

C. Mounting the Motherboard in the Case

Step1. Remove the I/O Shield from the back of the case where the ports on the back of the
motherboard will fit, and put in the I/O Shield that came with your motherboard.
Step 2. Find the holes in the new Motherboard for the standoffs. Install Standoffs in the case
wherever there is a matching screw hole in the Motherboard. The screw holes typically have
a ring of solder around them, which acts as a grounding point.
Step 3. Screw any Standoffs into the new case in the proper positions to align with the screw
holes in the Motherboard.
Step 4. Install the new motherboard into the case or motherboard tray and screw the
motherboard into the case using the screws supplied with the new motherboard.

II. Connecting the Power Supply

The Power Supply attaches to the chassis with four screws. Plug the main power connector (
ATX 20 pin or ATX12V 24 pin ) to the Motherboard.

III. Connecting I/O and other Cables to the Motherboard

Step 1. Connect the floppy cable between the floppy drives and the 34-pin floppy controller
Connector on the Motherboard.
Step 2. Connect the Serial ATA and Parallel ATA cables to the drives and host adapter ports
on the Motherboard.
Step 3. Attach the front-panel switch, LED, internal speaker wires, and front-mounted ports
such as USB from the case front panel to the motherboard.
IV. Installing the Drives
Install Hard Drive, floppy drive and optical drive using the following steps.
Step 1. Remove the Drive bay plates.
Step 2. To install optical drives, simply slide the drive into chassis.
Step 3. Connect the PATA or SATA Cable to the rear of the drive.
Step 4. After the drive is in the bay, line up the drive-mounting screw holes on the drive with
the holes in the case chassis. Secure the drive with four screws.
Step 5. To install the floppy and hard drive, slide the drives into the drive cage and secure
them with four screws and connect the Cables to the rear of the drives.
Step 6. Connect the drive cables to the appropriate locations on the motherboard.
Step 7. Connect the Peripheral Power from PSU connectors to the drives. Connect Floppy
Power Connector to Floppy Drive. For SATA HDDs, connect SATA Power connector from
PSU.

V. Installing Additional Expansion Cards

Step 1. Insert each card by holding it carefully by the edges. Be careful not to touch the chips
and the circuitry. Put the bottom-edge finger connector into the appropriate open slot (usually
PCI or PCI Express). Firmly press down on the top of the card, exerting even pressure, until it
snaps into place.
Step 2. Secure each card bracket with a screw.
Step 3. Attach any internal cable that the card requires.

VI. Installing the Cover Assembly and connecting external devices.

Install the cover assembly and connect external devices such as keyboard, Mouse, Monitor,
Speakers and network cables.

VII. Switching ON the System and Running CMOS Setup Utility.

Switch on the System and check for the display. If we get display, run CMOS Setup Utility
and ensure the drives are detected properly.

The dismantle of computer is reverse of the Assembly process

Result: Thus a Desktop PC has been assembled and dismantled.

Viva Questions with answers:

1) Define assembling of a system?

Computer assembly is a process in which all the internal components of the computer
system are fitted to make the computer functional.

2) Explain the steps involved in the installation of the mother board?

1. Line up the patch on the motherboard ( ps/l, USB, etc ) with the appropriate holes
in the block panel I/O shield of the case.
2. Check the points where you and to install
3. Install them and make the mother board sit on them and fix screws if required.

3) What is the use of pin 1 indicated on the processor?

After you have the old processor out of the socket, you can install the new processor
by first finding out where Pin 1 is on the processor chip. Pin 1 is located in one of the corners
of the chip and is usually indicated with a gold line marked on the bottom of the chip that
contains the pins.

4) What is the use of locking level at the processor slot?

Function. A CPU socket is made of plastic, and comes with a lever or latch, and with
metal contacts for each of the pins or lands on the CPU. Many packages are keyed to ensure
the proper insertion of the CPU. CPUs with a PGA (pin grid array) package are inserted into
the socket and the latch is closed

5) Define a port?
A port is the jack or receptacle for some other peripheral device to plug into. These
are standardized for each purpose. Some common ports are Universal Serial Bus ports,
USB-C ports, Ethernet ports or Display Ports.
Expt No 6