LESSON 4.

3
TRAFFIC SIGNAL
LIGHTS

GROUP 2 REPORT
 REPORTERS

Omamalin Montefalcon Villarin Abubacar

 SCOPE OF REPORT
D. Problems Concerning Traffic LIghts
Concept of Traffic Signal Lights E. Classification of Traffic Signal Lights
A. Historical Background 1. Traffic Control Signal
1.The Colors 2. Special Pedestrian Signals
2. Red for "Stop" 3. Train Approach and Gates Signals
3. White for "Go" 4. Other Traffic Signals
4. Orange for "Caution" F. Traffic Signal System
5. Green for "Go" 1. The Fixed System
B. From Rail to Road 2. Progressive System
C. Rationale 3. Computerized Control of
SignalNetworks
 SCOPE OF REPORT
G. Specific Meaning Of traffic Lights
1. Steady Ready
2. Steady Green
3. Steady Green Arrow
4. Steady Yellow
5. Flashing Red
6. Flashing Yellow
7. Steady Green and Steady Left/Right
Arrow
 TRAFFIC Lights
this refers to any power
CONCEPT

operated traffic control device

by which traffic is warned or
directed to take some specific
actions.
The colors of
traffic lights are
chronologically
arranged to give
motorist better
view of signal
lights.
A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Traffic lights were first introduced on
railways (American railroads). Their
application on the road came only later.
The choice of their colors, internationally
adopted, was not arbitrary. It was the
result of traditions, careful considerations
and experience.
THE COLORS
Today, traffic lights are taken for
granted. Few realize the amount of
deliberation and the various factors
that lead to their selection. To
begin with, fundamental conditions
had to be met:
RED FOR "STOP"

WHITE FOR "GO" (Originally)

ORANGE FOR "CAUTION"

GREEN FOR "Go"

 B. FROM RAIL TO ROAD TRAFFIC
The increase of road traffic in cities necessitated its
regulation. Policemen on point duty did a good job, but
soon were outnumbered by intersections demanding
attention. It became clear that only mechanical aids
could solve the problem. The traffic authorities did not
have to go far in their search. They simply adopted and
adopted - though very gradually dna even before their
final standardization the ready-made and Well-tried
system of railroad signals.
One of the worlds first electric traffic lights was
developed in 1912 in Salt Lake City, UTAH, USA.
By Lester Wire
Cleveland, Ohio adopted a more elaborate
electric signal in 1914, which become the
prototype of all modern system.
In 1918, New York City put up the first automatic
(three colored lights).
Britain followed suit as late as 1926 with still
manually operated set in the West end of London.
C. RATIONALE
Regulating traffic flow at intersection and road
crossing is just a matter of alternating the GO and
STOP signal so that every driver gets his "fair share".
As a result of this, traffic lights were invented to
relieve the traffic policeman of the mechanical duties
of alternating traffic to make everybody happy.
During instances wherein traffic officers are directing
traffic at a crossing or intersection equipped with
traffic lights, the INSTRUCTION OF THE POLICE
OFFICER TAKE PRECEDENCE over the traffic lights.
D. PROBLEMs
Concerning
traffic lights
1. Failure to respect traffic
laws and regulations
particularly in the absence
of traffic law enforcers. In
the Philippine setting,
respect to laws (not
neccesary traffic laws)
needs improvement.
2. When a traffic light
suddenly becomes
inoperative, very seldom do
order and a sense of
discipline prevail. It always
ends up as a massive free for
all.
3. Even pedestrian are
guilty of disobeying
traffic lights by
crossing on DON'T
WALK signs. This
usually halts traffic.
4. Many times,
presence of traffic law
enforcers does not
deter pedestrians from
disobeying traffic laws,
rules and regulations.
F. Traffic Signal
Systems
1. The Fixed-time System
A traffic control a signal by
which traffic is alternately
commanded to stop and
permitted to proceed in
accordance with
predetermined time
schedule.
2. Progressive System
This are use in major arteries of a
number of cities. Signals at
successive intersection along the
artery are timed to change from
Red to Green at staggered
intervals, permitting a vehicle that
maintains a constant speed to
proceed without interruption
under normal circumstances.
3. Computerized Control of Signal
Network
Signal changes are ordered by the
demands of traffic and are
directed by computers that
operate on the basis of traffic
information relayed from vehicle
sensors on the street.
g. specific
meaning of
traffic lights
1. Steady Red
a). STOP at the designated line.
b). Vehicles will be crossing from the
"other side".
c). Expect pedestrians to cross at the
pedestrian lane.
d). Unless specified, you can TURN
RIGHT after a FULL STOP to clear
traffic coming from the left.
2. Steady Green

a). GO
b). It is the turn of the vehicle on the other
side to STOP.
c). Pedestrians are not allowed to cross the
pedestrian lane in front of you.
d). Unless specified, you can move up to the
middle, section of the intersection and make
a left turn when clear.
e). Vehicles GOING STRAIGHT have the
right of way.
f). DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN LIGHT.
3. Steady Green Arrow
a). GO
b). Vehicles turning left
can do so.
c). On coming straight traffic is
still RED to give way for the
vehicles turning left.
d). DO NOT ANTICIPATE A
GREEN ARROW.
4. Steady Yellow.

a). PREPARE TO STOP

b). It is the turn of the vehicles
on the other side and will be
given the GO signal shortly.
c). DO NOT BEAT A
YELLOW LIGHT.
5. Flashing Red

a). This is the same as a STOP

SIGN.
b). STOP at the designated line.
c). Vehicles will be crossing form
the "other side".
d). Expect pedestrian to cross at the
pedestrian' lane.
e). PROCEED WHEN CLEAR.
6. Flashing Yellow.

a). This is the same as a YIELD

SIGN.
b). Proceed through the intersection
with CAUTION.
c). You have the right of way over a
flashing RED LIGHT.
d). Vehicles on the other side will
proceed after coming to a FULL
STOP.
7. Steady Green and Steady Left/Right
Arrow.

a). Vehicles can go straight or vehicles

on the left lane can make a left turn.
b). Vehicles can go straight or vehicles
on the right lane can make a right turn.
c). The RIGHT GREEN signal might
or might NOT have a road sign
disallowing a right turn while the RED
light is ON.
ACTIVITY!
ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
LESSON 4.4

PAVEMENT MARKINGS
AND MARKERS

P 2
OU
GR
Pavement Markings and
Marker
The pavements of all main
highways have certain markings
to help you drive safely. Those
include the center lane lines,
barrier lines, and directional
arrows, depending upon the type
of highway and the need for such
markings to make the road safe
under varying conditions.
A. PAVEMENT MARKINGS DEFINED
These pertain to all lines,
patterns, words, colors, or
other gadgets except signs set
into the surface or applied
upon or attached to the
pavement or curbing or to
objects within or adjacent to
the roadway, officially placed
for the purpose of regulating,
warning or guiding traffic.
B. TYPES OF PAVEMENT
MARKINGS AND
MARKERS
Pavement markings
and markers are further
classified into the
following depending on
their purposes and
location of placement:
1. Pavement and Curb Markings
This are the lines usually white and yellow or a
combination of yellow and white. Oficially set
on the roadway as separation for motor
vehicles travelling in the opposite direction or
the same direction in case of two-lane one-way
street, two-lane two-way street or four-lane
two-way street.
a. Longitudinal Lines
These are markings laid on road
pavement in the direction of travel
which include Center Line
(Separation/Barrier Line); Lane Line; No
Trespassing Zone; Zone Markings;
Pavement Edge Line; Continuity Lines;
and Transition Line.
1). Center Line or Separation Lines (a.k.a barrier line)
This is used to separate opposite
traffic movements of an
undivided roadway and is
generally placed centrally on all
roads and bridges 6.0m or more
in width.
a). Single White Dotted Line
This pavement marking indicates the following:
on two-lane road, it separates traffic moving in opposite
directions.

on a one-way street, separates traffic moving in one

direction
overtaking is possible when the other lane is clear of
incoming possible.
Single White Dotted Line
b). Single White Continuous Line in a Two-lane Traffic
Way.
This pavement marking indicates the following:

separates traffic moving in oppposite sides

could be found in road sections that are dangerous.

passing and overtaking can be made but ONLY under

circumstances when there is no oncoming traffic.
Single White Continues Line in a Two-lane Traffic Way.
c). Single Continous Line on a Four-lane Road.
This pavement marking indicates the following:

when there are slow and fast lanes, NEVER overtake by

passing over the solid white line.

lines 1 & 4 (outer lanes or rights lanes) for slow moving

vehicles.
lanes 2 &3 (inner lanes or left lanes) are usually for faster
moving vehicles.
 1

Single Continous Line on a Four-lane Road.

d). Double Yellow Line
This pavement marking indicates the following:

ABSOLUTELY NO OVERTAKING

overtaking is extremly dangerous

stay in your lane until you pass the end of the solid lines.
Double Yellow or White Dotted Yellow/Line in between
e). Single Yellow/White Line.
This pavement marking indicates the following:

you cannot overtake if the solid line is on your side.

if you overtake, return to your lane BEFORE the solid line.

Single Yellow or White Line with Dotted Yellow Line
f). Yellow Continuous Line on the Road Provided with a
Passing Line.
This pavement marking indicates the following:
this are common on mountain roads.
slow moving vehicles such as buses and heavy trucks
should always use the outer lane (lane 3).
inner lane (lane 2) is for vehicles to pass without having the
use the other lane (lane 1) for vehicles coming from opposite
direction.
vehicles coming from opposite direction (lane 1) should not
use the inner lane (lane 2) at the other side of overtaking.
Yellow Continous Line with Passing Lane
2). Lane Line
A lane line is used to separate
adjacent lanes of traffic moving in
the same direction.
Lane
Line

Lane Line
3). "No Passing Zone" Zone Markings
pertains to areas on the road that prohibit
passing or overtaking another motor vehicle
because the driver vision is obstructed such
as in blind curves and uphill road portions
marked by continous line with a broken line or
if passing is extremly hazardous, the area is
delineated with double solid (continous)
lines.
"No Passing Zone" Zone Markings
passing for downhill passing for downhill
vihecles maybe vihecles maybe
allowed allowed

V
V
V V

no passing for uphill no passing for uphill

vihecles vihecles

"No Passing Zone" Zone Markings

4). Pavement Edge Line or Edge Line or Curb Line
This line is used to delineate or demarcate the
roadway or carriageway and the shoulder.
This is made of solid white or yellow line. The
presence of edge or curb line also prohibits
parking on both sides of the road way. While
absence of curb line or edge line allows
parking either on one side or both sides of the
roadway.
 1

Solid edge lines prohibit parking on both sides

 1

absence of edge lines allows parking

5). Continuity Lines
This are lines indicating which lane
should be followed by motorist. This
are usually marked on approaching
narrow portions of the carriageway
or on uphill approach where passing
lanes are provided.
Continuity Lines
6). Transition Lines
These are used to guide traffic safely
past obstructions or roadways such as
islands, median strips, bridge piers or
indicate changes in the width of
traveled portion of the roadway and
and increase or reduction in traffic
lanes.
 Barrel
Lines

Barrel Lines
7). Transverse Lines
These markings refer to the "Series of
marked (either flat or raised) transverse bars
placed across the road in the direction of
traffic flow which are used to raise driver
awareness of risk through perceptual optical
effects, thus encouraging drivers to reduce
their speed in anticipation of an upcoming
hazard.
1. Stop Lines
These are painted across
pavement lanes at
traffic sign or signals
 Stop
Line

Stop Lines
2. Give Way Line
holding lines are markings consisting of
two adjacent white lines across the
carriageways at which driver must give
way to all traffic in accordance with the
standard sign R1-12 of the Philippines
Road Sign and Pavement Markings
Manual.
Give Way Line
3. Crosswalk or Pedestrian Line
stop for pedestrian on an intersection with
no traffic light
DO NOT STOP on pedestrian lane specially
to load or unlaod passengers.
pedestrian should ALWAYS cross a street
on a crosswalk.
 Pedestrian

Crosswalk or Pedestrian Line

4. Roundabout Holding Lines
Motor vehicles on a roundabout
shall be given the right of way to
move out. Hence, vehicles which are
about to enter shall yield.
Roundabout Holding Lines
C. Other LInes
These are road markings painted on the
road pavement delineating restrictions and
regulations and additional guidance to road
users. These are Turn Lines, Parking Bay
Lines, Painted Median, Bus and PUJ Lane
Line, Loading and Unloading Bay Lane Line,
and Do not Block Intersection Lines.
1. Turn Lines
used to guide vehicles through
a turning movement at
intersections.
Turn Lines
2. Parking Bay Lines
refers to lines where parkings is
permitted.
 Parallel

Diagonal Angle

Parking Bay Lines

3. Painted Median
this are used in wide roads
where light traffic volume
cannot justify the installation
of solid curbed median island.
Painted Median
4. Bus and PUJ Line
this line is unbroken yellow line used to separate other
vehicles from buses tand PUJ's.
5. Loading & Unloading Bay Lane Lines
these are unbroken white line used to
indicate the proper location of loading and
unloading zone for public utility vehicles.
Loading and Unloading Bay Lane Lines
6. Do Not Block
Intersection
Lines
consist of
yellow box
within the
intersection
and yellow
diagonals lines
forming X
inside the box.
D. Other Markings
 Approach Marking on an Island
This lines are diagonal markings on approaches to obstruction
and median islands and located on the rights side or both sides of
the approach end of the obstruction.
Chevron Markings
These are often
used to guide
traffic into the
right turning
lanes separated
by an island.
Diagonal Markings
These are placed on
sealed shoulders
portion of the road
where traffic is not
desired.
Rumble Strips
It is a type of
thermoplastic lane
marking designed
to aid and provide
motorist with
visual, audio and
motion warnings
Markings on Exit and Entrance Ramps of Expressways

EntranceRamp Marking

Exit Ramp Marking

Curb Markings for Parking and Loading/Unloading
Restriction
These markings are usually
covers the face of the curbs.
Approach to Railroad
Crossing
This markings is
placed before
railroads
crossings.
 Messages and Symbols

Messages - this are Symbol - supplement

white markings other road signs, basic
limited to three word symbols are also
or less and shall only painted on the
be used to carriageway to guide
supplement other and inform motorist of
oncoming road or
traffic control
traffic condition ahead.
devices.
 Symbol
Message
Pavement Arrows or Directional Arrows:

Combined Arrow
Through Arrow Turn Arrow
2. Object Markings
This are markings placed on
the objects on the road or
beside the road that are
hazardous objects on the side
of the roud.
a. Objects within the roadway
Obstruction in the roadway
are marked with reflectorized
hazard markers if they are not
illuminated.
Examples:
b. Marking on Curbs
These are made of reflectorized yellow and are use in
curbs of all islands located in the line of traffic flows,
especially on curbs directly ahead of traffic at "t" and
offset intersections.
c. Object Adjacent to the Roadway
Hazard markers either as signs or
painted markings are to be used on
objects so close to the edge of the
roadway as to constitute define hazard.
3. Reflectorized Markings
These are markings or gadgets designed
to reflect and become luminous when hit
by vehicles headlight. These are placed or
installed in the middle of road way to
supplement separation lines or on object
at the side of the roadway which are too
near or within the road pavement itself.
a. Raised Pavement Markers
This are small devices which are
fixed to the concrete pavement
surface to stimulate or
supplement painted pavement
markings.
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
b. Hazard
Markers
These are
markers
placed on the
face of traffic
obstructions.
c. Delineators
This are small
reflective panels or
buttons mounted on
guide post or guard
fence as an effective
aid to delineate the
roadway for night time
driving.
C. SPECIFIC MEANING
OF PAVEMENT
MARKINGS
Pavement markings
very depending on the
traffic regulations in its
location or depending
on the road traffic
condition.
THANK YOU!
SUMMARY: Types of Pavement Markings
1.Pavemental And Curb Lines
a. Longitudinal
b. Transverse
c. Other Lines
d. Other Markings
2.Object Markings
a. Objects within Roadways
b. Markings on Curbs
c. Object Adjacent to the Roadway
3.Reflectorized Markings
a. Raised Pavement Markers
b. Hazard Markers
c. Delineators