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To Study the Integrated Yoga Therapy (IAYT) Effect on Quality of Life and
Positive and Negative Emotions in Tribal Adolescent Girls – A Single Group
and Pre-Post Design

Article in International Journal of Advanced Ayurveda Yoga Unani Siddha and Homeopathy · June 2018
DOI: 10.23953/cloud.ijaayush.356

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Cloud Publications
International Journal of Advanced Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy
2018, Volume 7, Issue 1, pp. 494-503
ISSN: 2320 – 0251, Crossref: 10.23953/cloud.ijaayush.356
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Research Article

To Study the Integrated Yoga Therapy (IAYT) Effect on Quality of

Life and Positive and Negative Emotions in Tribal Adolescent Girls
– A Single Group and Pre-Post Design
1 2 3
Prapti P. Dalwadi , Dr. Vijayakumar P.S. , Dr. Janardan B. Bhatt

1
M.Sc. (Aṣtānga Yoga), Lakulish Yoga University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
2
Assistant Professor, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bengaluru, India
3
Ex. Head of Department, Department of KC. & RVVV, J.S.A.M., Nadiad, Gujarat, India; Ex. Head of
Department, Department of RVVV, Shri Bala Hanuman Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Lodra, Gujarat, India;
Ex. Professor, PIA, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Publication Date: 2 June, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijaayush.356

Copyright © 2018. Prapti P. Dalwadi, Dr. Vijayakumar P.S., Dr. Janardan B. Bhatt. This is an open access article
distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract The tribal community faces problems by way of Poverty, Malnutrition, Low literacy, Lack of
Sanitation and Quality drinking water, Lack of basic health services, Social – Traditional belief and
customs etc., an overall environment will be resulted in to poor quality of life; leads to poor mental
health. This research study has planned to know the effect of short term integrated yoga module for
to know the effect of Quality of Life and Positive Negative Emotions of the Tribal Adolescent School
Girls; living in Chhatralaya. Tribal adolescent girls; aged 10 to 19, total 46 nos. of adolescent girls
were participated and attended yoga classes taught by trained yoga therapist for 15 days. The
module included loosening, Suryanamaskara, asanas, breathing exercises, Krida yoga, and
meditation and relaxation techniques. The assessment was carried out one prior intervention as wells
th
as on 15 day. All the participants were asked practice regularly. The Quality of Life was measured
by using Youth Quality of Life (YQOL-SF). This contains 15 perpetual items measuring the domain of
sense of self, social relationship, environment and general quality of life. The Positive Negative
Emotions were measured by using Positive Negative Affects Schedule (PANAS-SF). The PANAS is a
20 items self-report measure of positive and negative effects. This contains two 10 items mood scale
and was developed to provide brief measure of positive and negative effects. For the results,
normality test was carried out for consideration of parametric / non-parametric test. The data was
found that it was normally distributed; Shapiro Wilk test; paired ‘t’ test at 95% confidence interval level
was carried out for hypothesis testing to measure the effects after 15 days IAYT. Quality of Life
Results: The results showed significant improvement: t (34) = -2.202, P = 0.035. PANAS Results:
PANASSF Score: For Positive Affects Mean Scores = 33.3 (S.D. ± 7.2). The results showed that
there was no significant improvement (p = 0.187). The Mean Score and Standard Deviation before
and after IAYT: Before: M = 39.97 (S.D. ± 5.71), After: M = 41.285 (S.D. ± 6.355). For Negative
Affects: The Mean Scores according to PANAS-SF for NA is: M = 17.4 (S.D. ± 6.2). The results
showed that there was no significant improvement (p = 0.068). The Mean Score and Standard
Deviation before and after IAYT: Before: M=29.37 (S.D. ± 4.81), After: M = 26.91 (S.D. ± 6.96). For
Positive Affect (PA): Parameters Showed significant improvement: t (9) = -2.709, P = 0.024. For
Negative Affect (NA) Parameters Showed no significant improvement: t (9) = -2.022, P = 0.074.
Combine Effect of Quality of Life and Positive Negative Emotions: Increased effect on Positive Affects
 IJAAYUSH – An Open Access Journal (ISSN: 2320 – 0251)

leads to improvement in Quality of Life and decrease the Negative Affects. Improvement in Quality of
Life leads to increase in Positive Affects and decrease in Negative Affects. Thus, change in Quality of
Life impacts over Emotions and Change in Emotions impacts over Quality of Life. Conclusion: Study
shows the general dominants problems in tribal adolescent girls is due to their lower Quality of Life
and Emotional imbalances. These can be improved with the application of regular practice of IAYT
and for that awareness of about Yoga is essential for them. Finding shows that 15 days short duration
Yoga intervention has significant effect on Quality of Life and Positive Affect parameters; reduction in
Negative Affect found faster than Positive Affect. It is to be concluded that for overall improvement in
Quality of Life and Positive and Negative Emotions, long term IAYT would be required for better to
best.
Keywords Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy; Quality of Life; Positive – Negative Emotions;
Tribal Adolescent Girls

1. Introduction

Yoga; a way of life, practical science of human nature that enables us to realize our real selves. It
deals with philosophy, psychology and practicality of conscious evolution, enables us to search the
depths of the being theoretically, but first of all, experientially (Havanans, 2011).

The term ‘tribe’ is derived from the Latin word ‘tribus’. Tribal people in India are called Ādivāsi.

About 30% of India’s population belongs to the adolescent age group. Nearly 50% of adolescent girls
aged between 15-19 years are underweight in India (UNICEF, 2012). From the demographic data
(2011 Census) in Gujarat about 15% population can be considered for tribal population and the Tribal
adolescent girls population can be considered around 2-3% (Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe
Population of India, Census, 2011; Sanjay, 2014).

Adolescence (10-19 years) is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood. It is an

important physiological phase of life characterized by an exceptionally rapid rate of growth and
development both physical and psychological (Kumar et al., 2014). Nutritional needs are required for
efficient growth and development, the nutritional status of adolescent girls, the future mothers,
contributes significantly to the nutritional status of the community.

The position of tribal girls is dependent, facing number of problems related to social structure –
descent, succession and inheritance, economy problems & livelihood, motivation for education, food
habits, decreased physical activities etc. They are becoming susceptible to various metabolic risk
factors; related to their dietary profile and physical activity, Major physical and mental problems due
to lifestyle are Anemia, Malnutritional disorders, Lower BMI, Menstrual & pregnancy related problems,
Anxiety, Depression, Stress etc. and it is worth investigating the prevalence of life style disorders.
Thus, studies related to their mental – physical disorders among tribal girls needs immediate attention
(Kshatriya, 2014).

Quality of life is a uniquely personal perception, denote the way that individual feel about their
aspects of lives (Quality of Life measurement, Gill & Feinstein, JAMA Aug. 24/31, 1994, Vol 272
No.8).

Emotions can be defined as mental state of wellbeing consists of different feelings, thoughts, bodily
changes, expressive behaviors’, and inclinations to act. The precise combination of these elements
varies from emotion to emotion and may or may not be attended by overt behaviors’ [Emotions
(Social Psychology)].

International Journal of Advanced Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy 495
 IJAAYUSH – An Open Access Journal (ISSN: 2320 – 0251)

Positive Affects (PA) Frederickson (2009) identified ten most common positive emotions as,
Gratitude, Happiness, Interest, Calmness, Confidence, Pride, Enjoyment, Inspiration, Awe and Love.
High Positive Emotions is a state of high energy, full concentration, and pleasurable engagement.
Low Positive Emotions is characterized by sadness and lethargy (Watson and Clark, 1988; Watson,
D. and Tellegen, A. 1988).

Negative Affect (NA) is a general dimension of subjective distress and unpleasurable engagement
that subsumes a variety of aversive mood states, including anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and
tension, with low Negative Emotions being a state of calmness and serenity.

The aim and objectives of the study is to measure the effect of Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy
on Quality of Life and Positive and Negative Emotions in Tribal adolescent girls by creating
awareness about yoga and find out combine effect of QOL and PANAS. For above, following
hypothesis were tested:

IAYT will be effective on:

(1) Quality of Life

(2) Positive emotions
(3) Negative emotions
(4) Positive emotions parameters individually
(5) Negative emotions parameters individually and the Null hypothesis were in terms of “IAYT will
be not effective” for above 5 hypotheses.

2. Material and Methods

The Institutional Ethical Committee Approval (LAKULISH YOGA UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD) was
obtained before the starting of the study. The IAYT was done at Shree Santram Kanya Chhatralaya,
18, Shantikunj Society, VKV Nadiad, Gujarat. The heads of the charitable trust were explained the
details of the study and their written consent was taken. Each participant who participated in IAYT
was also explained in detail about the study.

Sample Size: 46 nos.

Inclusion Criteria

Those who were adolescents’ girls from tribal area and willing to participate in a 15 days IAYT
programme were selected.

Exclusion Criteria

Those who were Non-adolescent girls, non-tribal, suffering from any chronic conditions or disabilities,
not attended 15 days IAYT and not considered for Normality test during statistical analysis were
excluded.

Design

In this study, single group pre-post design was chosen as the researcher attempts to test the
effectiveness of the yoga.

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 IJAAYUSH – An Open Access Journal (ISSN: 2320 – 0251)

Methods

From the available 49 girls, the girls are selected as per selection criteria and accordingly 46 subjects
attended the 15 days yoga intervention programme given by yoga therapist. The intervention included
jogging, loosening, breathing exercises, dynamic Suryanamaskara, asana, pranayama, relaxation
th th st
techniques. Krida yoga on the first day, 8 day and 15 day. The assessment was done 1 day prior
th
to intervention and on 15 day after completion of IAYT class. Questionnaires of Quality of Life and
PANAS were translated in local language for participants.

Both, Youth Quality of Life Instrument – Short Form (YQOL-SF) Version 2.0 and Positive and
Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS – SF) were assessed before and after intervention. Vital
parameters included IN GENERAL how you feel about your life on 0-10 scale with Not

At all to Very Much and then transformed to 0-100 scale with a higher score representing a higher
quality of life. Mean is calculated. The PANAS consists two 10 items mood scales and was developed
to provide PA and NA. the Positive emotions such as, Interest, Excitement, Strong, Enthusiastic,
Proud, Alertness, inspired etc. and the Negative Emotions such as, Distressed, Upset, Guilty, Scared
etc. As per PANAS scale structure item nos.1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 16, 17 and 19 shows positive emotions
and remaining item no. shows Negative Emotions.

Intervention

Table 1 shows the IAYT module, developed by a researcher Yoga therapist in consultation with Guide
and approved by research guide. The intervention was given every day, one hour in the evening time.

Table 1: Intervention protocol

No. Types of Yoga Exercises Round Time (minutes)

>> Krida Yoga
1 Prayer 5
2 Loosening Exercise 5
#Slow jogging 3/5
#Neck movement # Wrist movement 3/5
#Shoulder movement # Waste rotation 3/5
#Bending:
> Forward, Backward, Side 3/5
# Knee rotation # Ankle rotation 3/5
3 Relaxation: IRT 1
4 Breathing Practice 5
#Hand stretch #Ankle Stretch #Tiger #Straight Leg Rise
5 Relaxation: Savassana - Deep Breathing 1
6 Surya Namaskar (Dynamic) 10 10
7 Relaxation: Savassana - QRT 3
8 Standing Assanas 2
#Tadasan # Vrukshana #Ardhchakrasana 1
#Pad hastasana #Trikonasana 1
9 Sitting Assanas 3
#Ushtrasanas #Gurulonashan 2
#Butterfly & Bhadrasan 2
#Vajrasana #Shashankasana 2
10 Prone Asanas 3
#Bhujangasana #Salabhasana 2

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11 Supine Assana 3
#Sarvangasna #Halasana 2
12 Relaxation: Savassana - DRT 7
13 Pranayama 5 10
#Kapalbhati #Nadishudhi #Sectional breathing #Bhramri
14 Aumkar Chanting 5 2
Total Time (minutes) 60

3. Results

Results for Quality of Life and Positive and Negative Emotions are summarize in Table 2.

Data was found normally distributed, Shapiro Wilk test was considered, ‘t’ test was carried out for
hypothesis testing at 95% interval level. For Quality of Life p = 0.035, which shows significant
improvement.

For Positive Affect, according to PANAS-SF scoring: Positive Affect Score: Mean Score = 33.3
(S.D.±7.2). For Negative Affect Sore: Mean Score = 17.4 (S.D. ± 6.2). Achieved result is: For Pre-
Positive: Mean Score = 39.9714 (S.D. ± 5.7111), for Post Positive: Mean Score = 41.2857 (S.D. ±
6.35504). The results show improvement is achieved. In respect of hypothesis testing, achieved p
value is 0.187, hence no significant improvement of Positive Affect.

For Pre-Negative: Mean Score = 29.3714 (S.D. ± 4.80861). For Pre-Negative: Mean Score = 26.9143
(S.D.± 6.9552) The results show improvement is achieved. In respect of hypothesis testing, achieved
p value is 0.068, hence no significant improvement of Negative Affect.

Positive Parameters and Negative Parameters were separately assessed for effect of IAYT on
Positive and Negative emotions. For Positive Parameters: Pre-Mean Value :141.9 (S.D. ± 9.445) and
Post Mean Value 151.4 (S.D. ± 8.383) which shows improvement. Hypothesis is tested and achieved
p value is 0.024, which shows significant improvement. For Negative Parameters: Pre-Mean Value:
100.1 (S.D. ± 14.03527) and Post Mean Value 90.8 (S.D. ± 11.00303) which shows improvement.
Hypothesis is tested and achieved p value is 0.074, which shows no significant improvement.

Table 2: Summary of results for quality of life and positive & negative emotions

Variables Mean Standard deviation df P-value

Quality of life Pre 131.6571 10.12551
Post 135.5143 6.76223
Paired ‘t’ test 3.85714 10.36153 34 0.035*
Positive effects Pre 39.9714 5.71111
Post 41.2857 6.35504
Paired ‘t’ test 1.31429 5.76894 34 0.187
Negative effects Pre 29.3714 4.80861
Post 26.9143 6.9552
Paired ‘t’ test 1.31429 5.76894 34 0.068
Positive parameters Pre 141.9 9.445
Post 151.4 8.383
Paired ‘t’ test 9.5 11.088 9 0.024*
Negative parameters Pre 100.1 14.03527
Post 90.8 11.00303
Paired ‘t’ test 9.3 14.54533 9 0.074

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4. Discussion

The study is assessed by reviewed the ancient literature and scientific literature. The ancient
literature review is based on various classical texts such as, Patanjali Yoga Sutra, Bhagvad Gita,
Upanishad, Hathyoga Texts, Ayurveda texts etc. Review providing knowledge about relationship
between yoga and mental health and good quality of life.

Earlier studies in scientific literature review shows that most of tribal girls are belong to low socio-
economic status, various physical and psychological problems were found to be significantly higher
(Swarnalata et al., 2016).

The yoga showed significant reduction in negative attitude and increase in positive attitude (Ashwini
HR et. al, 2015). Yoga plays protective or preventive role in maintaining mental health (Khalsa et al.,
2011) and also provides the lifelong behavioral skill, enhance self-efficacy and self-confidence.
(Büssing et al., 2012).

Yoga help children and young people with stress and thus contribute positively to balance in life, well-
being and mental health (Hagen et al., 2014). Majority of tribal adolescent were found to have poor
level of emotional intelligence (Nandwana and Joshi, 2010).

The Yoga practices are adopted to balance and harmonize the disturbances at each of the 5 koshas
and tackle the complex psychosomatic ailments. The IAYT module is based on classical Hathyoga
texts.

Effect of IAYT on Panch Kośa Level

Figure 1: PANCH KOŚA

The Figure 1 shows the Panch Kośa model. The disturbances in the Manomaya Kośa percolates into
the physical layer (Annamaya Kośa) through the Pranamaya Kośa. Hence in the treatment of the
psychosomatic ailments, it becomes mandatory to work at all these levels of our existence to bring
about the quickest results. The Integrated Approach thus consists in not only dealing with physical
sheath, relief of which could at best be temporary as is happening with the drugs used in the modern
medicine to treat diseases of the psychosomatic illnesses. It also includes using techniques to
operate on different sheath of our existence. The Figure 2 shows the pathophysiology of disease
manifestation stages according to modern science.

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Figure 2: Pathophysiology of manifestation of psychosomatic diseases (NCD) (Bhavanani, A.B.)

Effect of IAYT

Quality of Life includes social parameters and directly affect the life style of tribal adolescent girls.
poor life style, poor education, lack of healthy social interaction, etc. give rise to unhealthy
environment – poor life quality, ultimately effects the Samskara and these leads to Aadija – Vyadhi at
PANCH KOŚA level (Nagendra and Nagarathna, 2015: Integrated approach of yoga therapy for
positive health. Swami Vivekanand Yoga Prakashan, Bangalore).

According to Patanjali: In our original state we are totally stress free, we are blissful. The state devoid
of any tension and pressure. Thinking or feeling is the sense of all bliss, knowledge, creativity and
freedom, Patanjali call it ‘Self’ (PYS II / 20) (Nagendra and Nagarathna, 2015: New perspective in
stress management. Swami Vivekanand Yoga Prakashan, Bangalore).

२०

Emotional imbalances associated with mental and physical disturbances like feelings, thoughts,
behaviors etc. in the form of strong likes and dislikes bring about imbalances in prana (vital energy) in
the Pranamaya Kośa, which percolates to the Annamaya Kośa i.e. physical sheath (Nagendra and
Nagarathna, 2016: Yoga practice for anxiety, depression. Swami Vivekanand Yoga Prakashan,
Bangalore).

In PANAS emotions are grouped as Positive Affect and Negative Affect of different intensities. The
Negative Affect (NA) leads towards anxiety, depression and other psychosomatic illness, whereas
Positive Affect (PA) leads towards higher state of bliss, which brings lower down NA.

International Journal of Advanced Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy 500
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Table 3: Changes in positive parameters for effectiveness

% Changes in PA weightage (increased) % Changes in PA weightage (decreased)

Before After Before After
Interested 9.09 10.77 Enthusiastic 10.29 10.24
Excited 9.87 10.24 Proud 11.06 10.96
Strong 9.94 10.04 Alert 9.73 9.71
Active 9.23 9.45 Inspired 11.06 9.71
Total 38.13 40.49 Determined 10.08 9.58
Attentive 9.65 9.31
Total 61.87 59.51

Table 4: Changes in negative parameters for effectiveness

% Changes in NA weightage (increased) % Changes in NA weightage (decreased)

Before After Before After
Guilty 9.69 8.15 Distressed 11.69 11.78
Scared 12.19 10.02 Upset 9.29 11.45
Jittery 11.59 9.47 Hostile 8.39 9.80
Afraid 9.59 9.47 Irritable 9.29 9.69
Total 43.06 37.11 Ashamed 8.09 8.70
Nervous 10.19 11.45
Total 56.94 62.89

Based on Table 3 and 4, it is observed that 4 numbers of Positive Parameters are increased and
parallel 4 numbers of Negative Parameters are decreased. Thus, it can be said that increase –
decrease in Positive and Negative parameters are equally proportionate to each other.

Combine Effect of QOL AND PANAS

Based on the above discussion of results, it can be concluded that Quality of Life and Positive –
Negative Emotions are related with each other. The combine effect of Quality of Life and PANAS can
be summarized as under (Figure 3):

Figure 3: Model of combine effect of QOL + PANAS

International Journal of Advanced Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy 501
 IJAAYUSH – An Open Access Journal (ISSN: 2320 – 0251)

From the above; combined effect of Quality of Life and PANAS, it can be concluded that the IAYT is
effective on QOL and PANAS. Increased effect on Positive Affects through IAYT leads to
improvement in quality of Life and decrease the Negative Affects. Likewise, Improvement in Quality of
Life leads to increase the Positive Affects and thereby decrease in Negative Affect.

It can be concluded that any two factors i.e. Quality of Life + Increase in Positive Emotions will lead to
control another remaining factor.

5. Conclusion

Study shows the general dominants problems in tribal adolescent girls is due to their lower Quality of
Life and Emotional imbalances. These can be improved with the application of regular practice of
IAYT and for that awareness of about Yoga is essential for them. Finding shows that 15 days short
duration Yoga intervention has significant effect on Quality of Life and Positive Affect parameters;
reduction in Negative Affect found faster than Positive Affect. It is to be concluded that for overall
improvement in Quality of Life and Positive and Negative Emotions, long term IAYT would be
required for better to best.

Acknowledgement

The Authors are grateful to Lakulish Yoga University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

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