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Data Analysis, Usage of Mean, Median, Mode, graph, Pie-chart

Data Analysis : Data Analysis is the process of inspecting,

cleansing, transforming and modelling data with the goal of

discovering useful information, drawing conclusions and supporting

decision-making. In modern world, data is generated at an

unprecedented rate, and the ability to analyse this dat5a effectively

is crucial across various fields such as business, health care,

education, social sciences and more.

Among the foundational tools of data analysis are measures of

central tendency - Mean, Median and Mode - as well as graphical

representation like bar graphs, Line graphs and Pie-charts. These

tools help summarize large data sets, reveal patterns and

communicate findings clearly and effectively.

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Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of central tendency are statistical metrics that

describe the centre or typical value of a data set. They provide a

single value that represents the entire distribution, making it easier

to understand and compare data.

1. Mean (Arithmetic Average)

Definition : the mean is the sum of all data points divided by

the number of data points. It is the most commonly used

measure of central tendency.

Sum of the terms

Example :

(1) Consider the data set representing the scores of 5

students in a test : 70, 75, 80, 85, 90

Mean = (70 + 75 + 80 + 85 + 90) ̸ 5 = 400/5 = 80

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(2) Finding a Missing number using Mean

The mean of five numbers is 20. Four of the numbers are

18, 22, 19 and 24. Find the fifth number.

Let the fifth number be ‘x’

Mean = (sum of all numbers) ÷ 5

20 = (18 + 22 + 19 + 24 + x) ÷ 5

100 = 83 + x

X = 100 – 83 = 17

The fifth number is 17

(3) The mean of 10 numbers is 15 and the mean of another

15 numbers is 20. Find the mean of all 25 numbers

combined.

Sum of first group = 10 x 15 = 150

Sum of second group = 15 x 20 = 300

Total sum = 250 + 300 = 450

Total numbers = 10 + 15 = 25

Mean of all numbers = 450 ̸ 25 = 18

The mean of 25 numbers is 18

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4) Effect of Mean when a number is added

The mean of 8 numbers is 12. If a number is added to the

group, what is the new mean.

Sum of 8 numbers = 8 x 12 = 96

New sum = 96 + 20 = 116

New number of values = 8+1=9

New mean = 116/9 = 12.89

The new mean is approximately 12.89

5) Mean from Frequency distribution

Find the mean of the following data :

Value (x) Frequency (f)

5 3
7 4
10 2
12 1

Calculate FxX

 5x3 = 15

 7x4 = 28

 10 x 2 = 20

 12 x 1 = 12

Sum of F x X = 15 + 28 + 20 + 12 = 75!

Total frequency = 3 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 10

Mean = 75/10 = 7.5

The mean is 7.5 (Contd...5)

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Median

The median is the middle value when the data points are

arranged in ascending or descending order. If there is an even

number of data points, the median is the average of the two

middle values.

Examples

1) Ungrouped Data (odd number of observations)

n + 1 th

Formula : Median = term

Steps:

1. Arrange data in ascending order

2. Identify the middle term using the formula above

Example

For the data set ( 29, 33, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42) with n = 7

7+1
Median term = 4th term = 38
2

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2) Ungrouped Data (Even number of observations)

Formula :
n th
n th

Median = term + +1 term

Steps

1. Arrange data is ascending order

2. Average the two middle numbers.

Example

For the data set (73, 80, 85, 88, 91, 92, 94, 97) with n = 8

4th term + 5th term 88 + 91

3) Grouped Data (Frequency Distribution)

Formula:

𝑛
- cf
2
Median = l + xh
f

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Variables:

 L = Lower limit of the Median class

 N = Total frequency

 Cf = Cumulative frequency of the class

 F = Frequency of the median class

 h = class width

Steps :

1. Identify the median class (Where the cumulative

2. Apply the formula

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Example :

For the frequency distribution below:

Class Interval Frequency Cumulative Frequency

39.5 – 44.5 1 1

44.5 – 49.5 5 6

49.5 – 54.5 9 15

54.5 – 59.5 12 27

59.5 – 64.5 7 34

64.5 – 69.5 2 36

Here N = 36, So N/2 =18

The Median class is 54.5 – 59.5 (Cumulative frequency 27)

18 - 15
Median = 54.5 x 5 = 54.5 + 1.25 = 55.75
12

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4) If the data set is 70, 75, 80, 85, 90

The median is 80 (the middle value)

If the data set is 70, 75, 80,85 (even number of points)

Median = (75 + 80)/2 = 77.5

5) The runs scored by 11 players in a cricket match

are : 7, 16, 121, 51, 101, 81, 1, 16, 9, 11, 16

Find the median of the data

Arrange the data in ascending order :

1, 7, 9, 11, 16, 16, 16, 51, 81, 101, 121

Since there are 11 observations (odd), the Median is the

sixth term. Therefore, the median of the given data is 16

6) The weight of 8 students in Kgs are 54, 49, 51, 58, 61, 52,

54, 60. Find the median weight .

Arrange the data in ascending order:

49, 51, 52, 54, 54, 58, 60, 61

The middle two terms are 54 and 54

Hence Median = (54 + 54)/2 = 108/2 = 54

Therefore, the Median weight is 54 KG.

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Mode

Mode is the value that appears most frequently in a

data set. It is a measure of central tendency, indicating

the most common value. A data set can have one Mode

(unimodal), more than one mode (bimodal or multimodal),

or no mode if no value repeats.

Formulas for Mode Calculations

1. Mode for ungrouped data

The mode is simply the value with the highest

frequency. No complex formula is needed. Just

identify the most frequent value.

Mode = Value with highest frequency

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2. Mode for grouped data

When data is grouped into class intervals, mode is

estimated using the formula

fm - f1
Mode = L + x h
fm –f1 + fm – f2

Variables

 L = Lower limit of the modal class (class with

highest frequency)

 h = class width (Upper limit – lower limit)

 fm = frequency of the modal class

 f1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal

class

 f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the

modal class

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Examples

1) Mode of ungrouped data

Data : 2, 4, 5, 5, 67

Mode is 5 (appears twice more than others)

2) Mode of ungrouped Data (car colours)

Colour Red Blue Silver Black Yellow

Count 10 12 20 15 11

Mode is 20 (Silver car sold most)

3) Mode of grouped data

Age group 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 – 50 50 -60

Frequency 30 55 44 25

 Model class - 30 -40 (frequency 55)

 L = 30, h = 10, fm = 55, f1 = 30, f2 = 44

55 – 30 25
 Mode = 30 x 10 = x 10 =
(55 – 30) + 55 – 44 25 + 11

30 + 6.94 = 36.94

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4) Find Mode using Empirical Relation

Given mean = 45.5, Median = 43, find Mode using:

Mode = 3 x Median – 2 x mean

Mode = 3 x 43 – 2 x 45.5 = 129 -91 = 38

Graph & Pie Charts

In data analysis, graphs and pie charts are

essential tools for visualizing data to reveal patterns,

trends and relationships.

Usage of Graphs

 Line Graphs : Track changes overtime and

compare multiple groups Eg. Sales rates of

different products over months.

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 Bar Charts : Compare quantities across categories,

useful for showing sales by region or product type.

 Scatter Plots : Show relationship between two

variables and highlight outliers, such as customer

satisfaction versus response time.

 Bubble Charts : Similar to scatter plots but add a

third variable via Bubble size, useful for multi

dimensional data like sales by month, location

product category.

 Waterfall Charts : Illustrate how an initial value

changes through intermediate positive and

negative values. Eg. Revenue changes due to

different departments.

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Pie Charts

Advantages of Pie charts

 Simple and easy to understand visually

 Effective for showing proportional relationship

quickly

 Useful for audience unfamiliar with detailed

data analysis.

Design Best Practices

 Limit the number of categories to avoid clutter

 Order slices by size for clarity

 Ensure slices sum 100%

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Examples of Pie chart usage

 Showing customer roles in a company Eg.

Individual contributors making up over 50% of

customers.

 Company market share of products or brands

Eg. Web server market share like Apache

44.46%, Microsoft 30.1% etc.

 Visualising monthly expenditure of a family or

types of houses people own.

 Representing sales distribution by product

types or store locations

 Displaying student performance percentages

in different subjects.

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In summary, graphs like line and scatter

plots are excellent for showing trends and

relationships, while Pie charts are ideal for

illustrating parts of a whole in categorical data,

making both vital for effective date analysis and

communication.