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Muscle - Notes

The document discusses various aspects of muscle physiology, including muscle contraction mechanisms, the structure of muscle fibers, and the role of neuromuscular junctions. It highlights the importance of calcium ions and ATP in muscle contraction, as well as the differences between slow and fast muscle fibers. Additionally, it addresses factors affecting muscle performance and the impact of aging on muscle composition.

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26 views15 pages

Muscle - Notes

The document discusses various aspects of muscle physiology, including muscle contraction mechanisms, the structure of muscle fibers, and the role of neuromuscular junctions. It highlights the importance of calcium ions and ATP in muscle contraction, as well as the differences between slow and fast muscle fibers. Additionally, it addresses factors affecting muscle performance and the impact of aging on muscle composition.

Uploaded by

prtotyo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Fbye is ysde of Peale! myohboils bebucen serosbabulap sytem. = Cach reyolibril contsins snteidigiteling thik 5 thi rdoFilaments Ut extend belacen 2 baverac plot sheets eilled ne isk). Z lines line ups attach all ragolibrile tn single muscle bre . Saramnere ebay Leal bend |e Dark hi Ban Only Lhincackix) Flaments| Creleivs | Thins ickeongosin) Bl DD Z tne dbf Lighber H gone (only myasi @ Sercobubulor syslon = Tansverse G5 ebuls 1 Sartplamt: melon SR, T kabales + Welwak of brensretse tubules at panclon of HBA bands Mt corltaints CC Plard aed DAP reeplea Cvallge sensce Fa A pobentes) Sabbepleomic relixdurt : Hehunk of membrertaus chanel bebeca Ti Gnd oF SR. feay bermnal eistowt CTC) ire clase conbect with Tbe. on either side of sarcomere. Cisbean conlares Ci ..s thal contains ("release chawmels and Peat process and Cs! AT Pee Cecialion of 7 potentials coupled to « rt releare af Ce tom TC. Ngosin » Aolivt and ceaAelitin. Ligosin filzrent is made oF 309 meleules faonoag 2 heavy chains 4 Nigh iis chairs. a les irnclude shelela} ~ HOA of body weight is sk. mas = The human body contains end cardive muscles, Wp cerdise and srath ms 2rourd 400) skeletal muscles leat finchions: ! Lecombion abeabhing 2 mrainlsis pasture and stabloge pomlt 4 heat predad Morphology Fal ie a ~ SRewscl is made of parallel bundles of reuscle Fibres Cresee cell) Gach hire has glycopba shealh Gsarcalentrs) cudssite the placa (re ynenband = Coch mitre ts made of pooled rayahibrils bebuton senaiadale yen. ~ Goch myehire contins inlerdgibsong Chek s hin yobilemends We extend belueen 2 lrartreae, ‘ple shocks called & lores (dick). Z tines loe yp.sablach all myohibrie ina single muck: hye. Samreombil gibdy bend : le Derk i bend Only Lhinlachis) Filements Thins thickeongash) Klement Dark Z bine Lighter A sere onl wg © S2rcotubular system sverse (h Audules s Sarcoplesmie releulion SRy [DT tubules : Vetwork of transrorse bubules ab pancion — Ut eelbins CC. Mad and DUP reegla Calegesenst Ba A potent. relicalion : Hébuetk of eee charotels belucca I hbdel WR. Ferre berminal ciskovn CTC) ive cse conic with Tada on either site of sarcomere. Cislean conbaies Ck thal contates Cat"release cheanoiels ed Peak process and GMAT Pie Gaoelion of Thubules by A.plentil s eooped to « ap reese of tm TC " Ayosit y Aelin end ocx A] Ayosin Filament 1s made of gop molecules feoning 2 heaug chains Hy light chains ~ Skeletal nes have | oredzies The 2 Heavy chains form a Helix , the berminal partions af, heavy chains vith the y light chave Form 2 globular Heads Heads conteia : Akin binding sites , and Glelybic site that hydrolyses ATP ie AT Pee are Famed oP protrudony heads and axms ve 2 Aexible hiages one with heed, He obber with bodl | Aobihilartent Lach has 3 pls ackin , Lepamyasin end Lroponi WOARLIG (backbone) us formed af 2 chains forming a helix Each molecule in the chrive has Fe maasin cross bridlges molecules form Filament located in the groove belucon 2 chairs af ecko covering (QOlive site of ack a ach Her filament contains 300-400 cackia mnaeciles. “0-4 Capompaandh each one ts Fearncd of @ and is lecated al intervals al Phieiblogie anatomy of neuromuscular junction 2 @ Wee Anon bermairels of Malphia motor neurone Fort end feed Gack sh ms Fibre receives only one axon beoairel containing Achebe vesicle. © Muscle Underneath n.¢ 1c 03 Shichened 5 called motor end plate (HEB which is rich i Ach recgptors and eobatns suncticnal Folds gan Bap eel is a extracellular space occupied by connective bute called (basal lantina, to which Baguette oF averls durng eure neurmmusulir Fanemision: & Reese eteve endings, wz. impulse increases membrane eon le @ enters ya volbs fed C2" channel, and “nygers the please of acelylcholne Irom ven SY exocytosis B Ah crasses, synaple cleft, ~ 4ch binds ¢5 recepla in MEP. These receplas conlain Ugend- gabe Ns Hondas ax H conduclariee Dopel: at TEP is called end. plabe potential EPP, 4- EPP ¢ graded, 220 Prpegated) acke as a chinulas that dy fpalereses the edyacent muscle menbane bo ik Firing level, Attn polabaly A polentisls are conducted anay Fron HEP ir half reclions of rusele fbr 5- Ach. 18 degraded rapidly Ach discocistes frm reaepber and is hydrolysed by ACHE ze bo prevent. raudliple muscle cotrachion kentizl : Hjeube dapdl. caused by spontenteour th vesicles al Alinialuce eed plate po rapture of ees Croperbies oF se, 1) Lricdirecty 2] Delay s uston evvles 3] Fatigue fA A) Effect of © of Ach , @ eelease of Ach Naber of Ach vesiche auplared 0. Ca" ie eae 5 ect of drugs : m4 @ Drugs that ston. WMT tikicholine extases ag necdymine, Phgecliprine and dissprye phlrephosshle 2 Drugs with OF Lhe actioteg rnethachdine,carbacol and NSD), 4 Drugs thet block WHT» beh sucelinir reppberr ab MEP 0g curate Mhasthenis givis : 5h. ms are weak s tired easily TES a Serious 5 wey be fatal (Fil wah, [Beers of cespiraleny ms Reuse Aulorvnmrite ditease . Aittbodies egeimst Aoh recep) Aik acely|cholne eskerase.eg neastiymite > v+ Ach + abrypi Changes Following shelebal meuscle stimulstion f dlclrieal 5 exerbilly , mechanical and metabelic cheyes © Electrica! changes ABP” ~ 390 mV Aipolentiel ~ lasks 2.4 meee conducled 5 m/s breceeds the contrachion by 2 msec © Geilability chonges > Like nerve fibre ¢ APP s PRP). | fe Aechersical changes : Lcleewler mechanirn of cont Exeibalion-cenbcelin Lb coplng fracess by which AP initiates conbachion 4 slens [q) Resse oF Cr" Prepagalion oF AP Proj HEP aleatg cercokme| Pita T babes opens Ci" charmele of berminal, enteen of SR SF tt GB" cone. 54 sercoplessn. LXARIO ARO Contraction response ie) feltvation of rrtitsele plas: C3" bude by C ameres axtoy bapomposr andurcovers bind; TS] Gorterstrinn of ‘perl of bapena ites tia actin. ng Gy sl wth active binding ber aback thin lements ven thich Flenenbe fat (cont) accurs by eres bridlge exe [P| Seeding, of eros: by welges oF a JP) Bending of 55 ys lig af The “ertagy needed la bods tty needed lea bewdy i | Both ATP molecule 8 41P S8e are : i FP cross bri Pts put in them pla available» Failure af Keleare of cross bridges toile on pryht position Gyelng continues at log as ts albedo bopsnin ATP rere Frove of sliding gare dit a ypeers y Sercomere gebs shelen SS atid WT reonsdatag OM Ie ( cess Mk occurs when Cy, Ff sarcopliom by (a SD or SR vrontane, pt fi —e Mepenin returns bo its arpipinal elale so Syponyesin te a fo cover myesin bindng sites on achin and cree: bray gehig hy 4B Aer nor lus 15 apphed bo a-srgh m Bre (1ob whale eg Gather the m fibre centracks maanttlly on loeseeh cond af aff provided all conditions remams the same tase bustch Ub stacks amsee after He stert of daha of the menbane , before rpolarization is compble ec ae Isometric. tsotonie nbn ut (CE) asd series basic Gceuenpmee GEO) mavaly ix the bende 5k ms conlzin conbscile elerter tonic contraction creased CONSTANT shortens ( greater sliding) SEC srtk greatly sbrleled beczuse oad i reoved performed 20 - 25, Less Mere Hebhed oF | Cleclroni: Tine baraducer | Hluscle Whe a levers dilence study | recads bensin genealed | indicates degre of shekening @)Gemple: | Coxbectin oFyuadhicens to | Conbacin of biteps to htten Sui knee of weight too | obyect heavy ba libh HB Weak z Kak = Weight i Kg x cliskence the weight is proned mele Aichi hs Aa ece He sh ior ee OM 5 TO) He of muscle bees Human sh rs conten newly 2 ra fibre bypest [Plus red Tibres Clyper fi pale Kibres ype ub Aiba) cam combat bath sametricly etd scbaeelly, Aleck contacts are ackally a mistare of the luc. e.g dusnn Petty, He contacts samelr-uhen the leg hit Te grat) and tsoenic when the eg 1: tilled Pom the ground Gey wher pour iP w hezmpeyht using the big the Gigi etek damercaly and « conphled iolnealy WH hesriee leds) the dustin of romebric cenbachon a hang « ard the rate and extent of vtusche shabeneg Factors abbecting bh m contraction ; ?ng Walenic coat tla Srmalf, eHbve inrerveled bg Small slow reeler os) Adapted by : Slow contesctife mechan Ayh resistance lo Pelyue Lechartiryas | 1 AYA copecty fr eeraby eleboliig| | > Mose: mitocheyrelris | Le rtere oxidative exon Be ie = ere iyoglobin cred) 2 how 47P ace activity $ hese exlersive ie. on. Frbres innerval contrac le chanting hess resistence bo fatigue re Less oxtelabjye © Less capriante ergy mes | 3 extensive —> slower release off Ca" veptd releare af ar ee Oo es | 4 Lore repre Co pie lore exlonsive in peel Maal loa tae ashore sols spectelied, thre 25 back rest sls meh 7 fecal pee Lee postive 25 book mas soleus ecu ord ws es are bee nad dein 9) Yokes Hak muscles contain both type tt ™-Fbres 09 gestae Anolher type of Frbres called type tha Fast onilelive red bbpeg which have @ mixture of type! bgpe Nb Fibres tb is rare in hy Clercise traning cant recall in alternation tt Fibres types “9 = Sprinkers powsess 0 high percent of Bast Fibres. = Cndurance exercise promeles Fask bo shoot shit ith ms Abrelype. Aging recalls’ a loos nt Fask Prbre 3 + vt slool Fibres, —_ muscle mags Bl Stonules Fockoas » Strength and Lreguen & Ghrenghh of slindus strength —p @peelaed Sb coer Hinal S. aliaes all bres 30 supretainal 5. 10 Bn regen b Frequency of muercle stimulation > Frepuoncy sccpferce of conb. im. —» progressive inercare in magnitude oF epanale twitches bo a plete value ceused b (by persistent nscale Swonalire of abortions lelonus 1 becborewith inca rally / s continuous contraction. Tenster develovedts 4 bameh = Conus tine Ee epersbe tuitches Co is re cd Fram SR cach line of shirt ap x free G2" above lee epuined ft fell acral conbredile proces —» coalsauous egclrag oF ens bier B) Aerglh = Tension relations + Crsomelric contraction) da Progressive increase in initial length oF muscle bg preload leeds Fo a Pragressive oxrease ra pzssive Lester (mesa i wxbimlile 8) b Frajressive nereace wt active bonsiat with lomils C Starting ted) fe the tension generated by cenbocle process 1 shinulaled maasle- © Tilal lension = Passive tension + alive lens — (@ re conb., Acbive bensien ts related ta nunber of cro dnidges, sarcomere longhh 2.244, there is aphinuon ovealp ob Uhh thal Filaments —,- raxial aber of ros: bryes —: macvital face = db szrcomere length » 2.214 + The oreslap bebescer Bich -s thirt Plament is decreed, clecmare fone - = At sarcomere tngth 6224 Lads of 2 actin hlaments oveiyp ——» decreased numberof eros bridges —p decnmased force. LB stechng lew farce of cont. vx sath Length oF rauscle yithire himl4 Labionship + (¢solenio. contraction: MAIO AR NA oF oF conlbaalon | Hv tnstial length of muscle | Velocity cx preload within font Me cloes:il wp ju) Velocity. oy Progptssive > in aMerlead regressive of shatening Aaxtmal velo Muscle baligue- : = Gubaclen + ~ Helaxation: incomplete ie cenbacture. Gases 1 erumalebion of melaboliles eg lack 2 Dipletion of muscle 4TP, glysoger and emabre phosphate 3 Inberruplion of bh Meas —, las oP nubients maids Op 4 Decreased At bestsrpisien due ba lylekoline © Aebabolie charges pee Derm st sh @ RAP Creegy sources and muscle metabolisan mas conseone energy fe b Muscle bene ¢ Sxrithests ‘of During contraction + Energy Corssonplion is ma GB) Ducneg recovery + ¢ Oo debt.) Anzerabicall q @ 410 5 100 cre» ADP «Hy « £ tees Gl ATP 13 enough for asin cenbaclion Br only 5.6 seam | QD ATP is rhrmed continunusly by theee melabole mechsnioase [ Phasphocrealine + ey ADP. creatine phosphate nore, aT Phasphogen system = ATP + OP provides energy fa tdSue Ik +15 barely enroughe For too nteler rut Host mule celle have 2-3 bines phosphocreatine as 4TP [A Glycogen Jacke acid system “Clycolybre syshem* Clucose + 2A TP av glycogen +1 ATP Artecrobic, 4 ATP alache acid) IE provides 30 Logo secored ir addibion bo 15.0c by phupoagensple. We gives ext gy during takers dhike rees a5 200 800m run ‘entoval oF lace aciel bakes an hour or more and ic acheived it 3 unmes? basaes Ss Aacke acid causes extreme Fabri + Some lacie acid — » pyruvte acid! « Aast. lackie acied - —» glucase 1” muscles olycogerta = Ib is used as a Fuel in the heart B) Aerehie_system Oxritalive phosphorylation + Ik means onidalion of glucae, fe and aa in mibochondhtts Glucose. + 24TPor glycogent s1ATP_O2 » 600, +6He0 +40,ATP Free Fatty acids 02, Cz. Hi0+ ATP Lk provides eneagy Per uovimiled time if Qo snerenios eal I is copred Pre prokraged athlelie activity ag marethen FEA is the maror substrates at rest and during recoveed « 2, all eneag veedel GY During miusculer exercise, up. bo a por €2/80/2L02 are met by acbic proceses. Then, A TPs forned by arracrabte p —+ teplelin of ATP, phasphoereatine s Op ix myoglobin. During recovery exta Oz 0 used bo restexe these energy soumes Q debt 02 consumed in excess of basal, cresting Os conumplion during recovery. Guuses 1 Belermalin of AIP, Pand glycogen. 2 Hehill myoglobin with 0, 3 Removal of lache acid. Sipatticence It aleus muscle to execcice with saubtaont Oy | Holer uni ee One ober neuren ibs axons m. ves spol by thax = te muscles which perfor fine, graded 5 prriip onterts eg hand's eculy rmtusles each usu cowtanes Poa €2 to) muscle Pye = In biy muscle which perfor S2ek each unit contaras | Cechevajoarschy : using « cathode ray eleclredec . 1 oe mack | wertlaseepe and melal dire a Aypodlesmic ere le| The record ablzined is Grading muscalir scbirly 4 Med elecbromayograma 1 iste the badd = There's tittle activity during rest. = breswsced valanlary fot is a tnerezted conbracting nub wnitsie reerubmental mae am ney ot inpuees bo He solr unit», bobo Asynchrmous respomes of clonic these contechons fo merge Lrereased tregu controling mabea unis alle cntcalh com Hlasculer jypertraphy with Cringe nal Ms caused by. t+ nusiber of gohbile ser cone Reaction of muscle lo denervatian awtr motor new 1 Paralysis acai 2 sMuscle atrophy re ~ sie oF muscle libres + ther rephecemeyl, 3 Huscle ae 7 oe oceues at He cf x fe coal . aaryag Ue bf day sponte 22 inpedis are dichapged lediy bo conbraclivres sabficront to be seer im He shir spre ‘meliT dal electrodes placed ot the shin oreliging the paral dae Huscle brillation + It occurs aber all nerves. are destra prtancous tmpalies Prove we Fibres due bo +p Ub is caused by 9 sensitivity t9 cireulating Ach. pe denervation Ayporsensitivily. Uk leads lo a veug weak conbractins rob secre 01 Ue shir + readied by hypodeonio needlee insealed in the muscle Reaction of degencrelioan refer to CNS Definitin Abpevnal reerse of resels lo elettcal ima mth I Cflecks —— Chronaxie ts prolonged nek 2 Cshetk duration) Mo response. 5 ‘nade closing contrackion > cathode cloang conde Peigor morkis = Debinition Ausele slitfress thal cccucssevease| houes afber deabh = Guse Stiffness 1s due to conbrackuure caused by loss oF ATP needed lo separate ackin and myosin during relaxatin Rigor disepveers ater 15-25 howcs due to destruction oF muscle proteins by bectertal pubribection ~ bepatence Hedivotgal to detoumine Che tyne of death.

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