__________

HIGHLIGHTS

REVISION NO. 26 Jun 01/01

Pages which have been revised are outlined below, together with the Highlights of the
Revision

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CH/SE/SU C REASON FOR CHANGE EFFECTIVITY
PAGES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER 09
__________

L.E.P. 1- 1 Revised to Reflect this revision indicating

new,revised, and/or deleted pages
09-22-00 Minor additions and amplification
1 REVISED PARA 4TAXIING USING BOTH ENGINES4.

09-HIGHLIGHTS
REVISION NO. 26
Page 1 of 1
FDX Jun 01/01
 CHAPTER 09
__________

TOWING & TAXIING

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES

_______________________
N, R or D indicates pages which are New, Revised or Deleted respectively
Remove and insert the affected pages and complete the Record of Revisions and
the Record of Temporary Revisions as necessary

CH/SE/SU C PAGE DATE CH/SE/SU C PAGE DATE CH/SE/SU C PAGE DATE

RECORD 09-11-00 33 Dec01/99

OF TEMP. 09-11-00 34 Dec01/99
REVISION 09-11-00 35 Dec01/99
09-11-00 36 Jun01/99
L.E.P. R 1- 1 Jun01/01
T. of C. 1 Jun01/98 09-21-00 1 Dec01/99
09-21-00 2 Sep01/93
09-00-00 1 Dec01/96 09-21-00 3 Mar01/96
09-00-00 2 Sep01/93 09-21-00 4 Mar01/96
09-21-00 5 Dec01/99
09-11-00 1 Dec01/98 09-21-00 6 Dec01/99
09-11-00 2 Jun01/99 09-21-00 7 Dec01/99
09-11-00 3 Sep01/96 09-21-00 8 Dec01/99
09-11-00 4 Sep01/96 09-21-00 9 Dec01/99
09-11-00 5 Jun01/96 09-21-00 10 Dec01/99
09-11-00 6 Mar01/96 09-21-00 11 Dec01/99
09-11-00 7 Jun01/99 09-21-00 12 Dec01/99
09-11-00 8 Jun01/99 09-21-00 13 Dec01/99
09-11-00 9 Dec01/97 09-21-00 14 Dec01/99
09-11-00 10 Jun01/96 09-21-00 15 Dec01/99
09-11-00 11 Jun01/96
09-11-00 12 Jun01/96 09-22-00 R 1 Jun01/01
09-11-00 13 Dec01/00 09-22-00 2 Sep01/93
09-11-00 14 Dec01/97
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09-11-00 18 Jun01/96
09-11-00 19 Jun01/96
09-11-00 20 Dec01/99
09-11-00 21 Dec01/99
09-11-00 22 Jun01/99
09-11-00 23 Jun01/99
09-11-00 24 Dec01/99
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09-11-00 26 Dec01/98
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09-L.E.P.
Page 1
FDX Jun 01/01
 CHAPTER 09
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TOWING & TAXIING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
_________________

_______
SUBJECT ________
CH/SE/SU C ____
_ PAGE ________
EFFECTIVITY
TOWING AND TAXIING GENERAL
__________________________ 09-00-00
General 1 ALL
TOWING 09-11-00
Towing by the Nose Gear 1 ALL
General 1 ALL
Towing by the Nose Gear with 20 ALL
Towbarless Tractor
TAXIING 09-21-00

TAXIING OR TOWING WITH TIRES DEFLATED 09-22-00

General 1 ALL

09-CONTENTS
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 TOWING AND TAXIING GENERAL
__________________________

1. _______
General
CAUTION : DO NOT TOW AIRCRAFT WHENEVER DIMENSION 4H4 EXCEEDS 300 MM
_______
(11.811 IN.) IN ORDER TO AVOID DETERIORATION OF NOSE WHELL
CENTERING CAMS.
(Ref. Fig. 001)

A. Equipment and Materials

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM DESIGNATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Referenced Procedures
- 05-57-00, P. Block 1 Aircraft Stability
- 09-22-00, P. Block 1 Taxiing or Towing with Tires Deflated
- 10-21-00, P. Block 1 Mooring

B. Towing the Aircraft

The aircraft may be towed by either the nose or the main landing gear.
- By the nose gear : normal towing on flat, hard ground.
- By the main gear : on soft, muddy ground.
The 4taxiing4 section deals essentially with the danger areas forward and
aft of the engines.
Towing or taxiing with deflated tires. (Ref. 09-22-00, P. Block 1)
CAUTION : TOWING OR TAXIING THE AIRCRAFT WITH ENGINE COWLINGS
_______
OPEN IS SPECIFICALLY FORBIDEN DUE TO POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE TO
COWLS AND NACELLE STRUCTURE.
ALL COWLS (FAN, REVERSER AND CORE) MUST BE CLOSED AND LATCHED,
PRIOR TO : TOWING OR TAXIING.

R C. Towing the Aircraft with one or Both Engines Removed

R The Aircraft may be towed with one or both engines removed but some
precautions must be taken :
R
- before towing the aircraft, check the aircraft stability
(Ref. 05-57-00, P. Block 1)
- for external storage, it is necessary to moor by the nose landing gear
(Ref. 10-21-00, P. Block 1)
- it is possible to tow the aircraft with engine cowlings on, if all of
them are closed and latched.

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 Maximum Extension Of Nose
Gear Shock Absorber During Towing
Figure 001

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 ______
TOWING

1. Towing
_______________________
by the Nose Gear (Ref. Fig. 001)
WARNING : MAKE SURE THAT DURING THE TOWING OPERATION, NO PERSONS GO WHERE THE
_______
AIRCRAFT CAN CAUSE THEM INJURY.

A. General
Two tow fittings are provided on the nose landing gear.
The front fitting is used for rearward pushing or forward pulling with
the tractor placed in front of the aircraft.
NOTE : Towing by the nose gear is permitted with the engines at idle
____
(ground idle).
(Ref. Fig. 002)

**ON A/C 650-651,

(1)Equipment and Materials

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM DESIGNATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)C22783 Ground Safety Pin MLG
(2)C23157-0-1 Ground Safety Pin NLG
(3) Special tractor
(4) Bar-Towing, Nose Gear Forward Fitting
(5)C22646 Safety Pin
Referenced Procedures
- 05-57-00, P. Block 1 Aircraft Stability
- 32-00-00, P. Block 301 Landing Gear - General
- 24-23-00, P. Block 301 Auxiliary AC Generation
- 24-41-00, P. Block 301 AC External Power Control
R - 29-23-00, P. Block 301 Yellow Auxiliary Power (Power Transfer Unit)
R - 80-00-00, P. Block 301 Starting - General

(2)Towing forces (Ref. Fig. 003)

To push the aircraft rearwards with the engines at idle the engine thrust
must be added.

**ON A/C ALL

Post SB 32-6040 For A/C 650-651,

(1)Equipment and Materials

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM DESIGNATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)C22783 Ground Safety Pin MLG
(2)C23157 100-1 Ground Safety Pin NLG
(3) Special tractor
(4) Bar-Towing, Nose Gear Forward Fitting
(5)C22646 Safety Pin
Referenced Procedures

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 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM DESIGNATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 05-57-00, P. Block 1 Aircraft Stability
- 32-00-00, P. Block 301 Landing Gear - General
- 24-23-00, P. Block 301 Auxiliary AC Generation
- 24-41-00, P. Block 301 AC External Power Control
- 29-23-00, P. Block 301 Yellow Auxiliary Power (Power Transfer Unit)
- 80-00-00, P. Block 301 Starting - General

(2)Towing forces (Ref. Fig. 003)

To push the aircraft rearwards with the engines at idle the engine thrust
must be added.

**ON A/C ALL

B. Precautions
WARNING : DURING AIRCRAFT TOWING OR AIRPLANE MOVEMENT MAKE SURE THAT :
_______
- THE PATH OF THE AIRCRAFT IS CLEAR
- NO PERSONS USE THE TUG AS TRANSPORTATION DURING TOWING.
WARNING : BEFORE POSITIONING THE NOSE GEAR ON THE TRACTOR, THE NOSE
_______
WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM MUST BE DEACTIVATED BY USING SAFETY PIN
C22646.
WARNING : BEFORE POSITIONING THE LOCKING DEVICES, MAKE CERTAIN THAT THE
_______
LANDING GEAR IS DOWNLOCKED (REF. 32-00-00, P. BLOCK 301).
R WARNING : DURING TOWING/TAXIING OPERATIONS (LOW-SPEED OPERATIONS
_______
R INCLUDED), EACH PERSON IN THE AIRCRAFT MUST BE IN A SEAT AND THE
R SEAT BELT MUST BE FASTENED.
R IF THE SEAT BELT IS NOT FASTENED, THERE IS A RISK OF INJURY IF
R THE AIRCRAFT STOPS SUDDENLY.
CAUTION : THE LANDING GEAR BRACE STRUT LOCKING DEVICES MUST ALWAYS BE
_______
FITTED WHEN THE AIRCRAFT IS ON THE GROUND OR BEING TOWED.
USE ONLY TOWING EQUIPMENT DESIGNED OR APPROVED BY THE AIRCRAFT
MANUFACTURER.
CAUTION : TOWING THE AIRCRAFT WITH ENGINE COWLINGS OPEN IS SPECIFICALLY
_______
FORBIDDEN DUE TO POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE TO COWLS AND NACELLE
STRUCTURE. ALL COWLS (FAN, REVERSER AND CORE) MUST BE CLOSED AND
LATCHED, PRIOR TO TOWING.

C. Towing Preparation
(1)Landing gear safety pins

**ON A/C 650-651,

(Ref. Fig. 004)

**ON A/C ALL

Post SB 32-6040 For A/C 650-651,

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 Towing by the Nose Gear
Figure 001

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 Nose Gear Tow Fittings
Figure 002

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 Towing Forces
Figure 003

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 Nose and Main Landing Gear Safety Pins
Figure 004

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 (Ref. Fig. 005)

**ON A/C ALL

(Ref. Fig. 006)

The landing gear must be mechanically secured in downlocked position

during towing operation by inserting ground safety pins.
WARNING : WHENEVER THE GROUND SAFETY PIN IS INSTALLED ON THE NOSE GEAR
_______
TELESCOPIC STRUT ALWAYS VISUALLY CHECK THAT :
- IT HAS COMPLETELY AND EASILY ROTATED THE FORK-TYPE LEVER
OF THE GROUND LOCKING SYSTEM.
- ITS STOP FLANGE ABUTS AGAINST THE HOUSING OF THE TELESCOPIC
STRUT LOCKING SYSTEM (FULL INSERTION).
WARNING : WHEN THE GROUND SAFETY PIN IS REMOVED, VISUALLY CHECK THE DOWN
_______
POSITION OF THE FORK-TYPE LEVER ON THE TELESCOPIC STRUT GROUND
LOCKING SYSTEM.
NOTE : It is optional to install the landing gear safety devices when you
____
tow or push the aircraft during flight operations. (To put the
aircraft in position for the flight crew at arrival or departure).
(2)Make sure that the aircraft is stable (Ref. 05-57-00, P. Block 1).
(3)Ground crew interphone box (Ref. Fig. 007)
For towing purposes the nose wheel steering system must be deactivated.
This is carried out by a two position towing lever which must be set
in the towing position and locked by a safety pin.
(4)Towing angles
CAUTION : IF THE AIRCRAFT WEIGHT EXCEEDS 164 T, STEERING ANGLE IS LIMITED
_______
TO 65•.
- The maximum angle allowed on each side of the aircraft center line is
95• whatever towing arrangement is used (Ref. Fig. 008).
- Four fixed indicators are located on the nose landing gear. The center
position is indicated by a forward and a rear slot.
Red marks indicate the 95• maximum steering angle (Ref. Fig. 008).
- This angle is restricted to 40 deg. in case of rearward pulling using
rear fitting, with tractor under fuselage, and engines idling. This is
to reduce possibility of fan ingestion (Ref. Fig. 009).
(5)Towing loads
- Towing load applied to nose gear must not exceed 18210 daN
(40936 lbf.).
- Ultimate shear strength of safety pins on towing bar is
1750 [Link] (12907.33 [Link].).
(6)Energize the aircraft electrical network
During towing operations several aircraft systems have to be electrically
supplied.
Before supplying the aircraft electrical network, the Cockpit Safety
check must be performed.
(a)With the tractor (if the tractor is equipped with a GPU)
(Ref. Fig. 010)
- open access door 121BL

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 Nose and Main Landing Gear Safety Pins
Figure 005

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 Towing - Hazard Areas
Figure 006

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 Interphone Box
Figure 007

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 Towing Angles
Figure 008

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 Aircraft Rearward Pulling - Tractor Under Fuselage
Aft of Nose Gear
Figure 009

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 - connect a ground power unit provided on the tractor to a ground power
receptacle located underneath the fuselage aft of the nose gear well
- energize the aircraft electrical network (Ref. 24-41-00,
P. Block 301).
(b)Or with the APU
- energize the aircraft electrical network (Ref. 24-23-00,
P. Block 301).
(c)Or with the engine
- start engine 2 (Ref. 80-00-00, P. Block 301).
(7)Lighting System (Ref. Fig. 011)
If necessary, the cockpit DOME lights must be switched ON.
At night, if the anti-collision lighting is required by local airport
regulations or by airlines procedures the BEACON/STROBE lighting must be
turned ON.
(8)Landing gear and brake system (Ref. Fig. 012)
- During towing maneuvers, one person shall be in the flight compartment
in order to operate the brakes, if required.
- Before the breakaway, release the brakes and make sure that on the
panel 4VU, the pressure indication on the yellow brake pressure triple
indicator is correct (3000 psi (206 bars)). The pointer must be in the
green zone.
The 3000 psi (206 bars) pressure permits seven brake applications.
- If necessary, pressurize the yellow hydraulic system (Ref. 29-23-00,
P. Block 301).
- Pressurize the yellow hydraulic system during towing operations
(Ref. 29-23-00, P. Block 301).
NOTE : If you energized the aircraft electrical network with the engine,
____
do not pressurize the yellow hydraulic system.
(9)Communication systems
(a)VHF system
If communication between the aircraft and the control tower is
necessary, the VHF communication system No.1 must be activated.
(Ref. Fig. 013)
(Ref. Fig. 014)
(b)Flight interphone system (Ref. Fig. 015)
During the towing operation, the flight interphone system must be used
providing communication between the flight compartment and the ground
crew.
The ground crew boomset connection is located in the electric ground
power receptacle aft of the nose landing gear well.

D. Towing Operation
Normal towing operation should only be carried out on suitable ground
surfaces.
The conventional tow bar is equipped with one calibrated shear pin and two
calibrated turn shear pins for gear protection against accessive loads.
R NOTE : We recommend that you use a towbar that has a damping system.
____
Shock absorber reaction tends to induce a rocking movement after the
aircraft is stopped. Consequently sufficient spare must be left around the
aircraft for all nose gear towing maneuvers. Towing should be carried out
slowly and smoothly.

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 Electrical Supply
Figure 010

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 Lighting Control Panel
Figure 011

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 Landing Gear and Brake System
Figure 012

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 VHF System
Figure 013

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 VHF System Controls
Figure 014

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 Flight Interphone System
Figure 015

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R Speed limits :
R - Doors closed and locked or removed, for a tractor with a tow bar,
R a maximum speed of 25 km/h (15.5 mph) is permitted.
R - Passenger/crew doors fully open and locked and/or cargo doors open in
R vertical position, a maximum speed of 10 km/h (6.21 mph) is permitted.
On interphone box 3WC, position towing control lever in 4towing4 position
and lock lever by installing safety pin C22646 (Ref. Fig. 007).

E. Tow Bar Disconnection (Ref. Fig. 016)

After 4Pushback4 (hydraulic pressure available) the tow-bar must be
disconnected from the nose gear fittings before removing the tow lever
safety pin.
In the case of nose wheel deflection this is to avoid pressurization of the
steering actuators so that the wheels align before the disconnection of the
tow-bar.

F. Close-up
(1)De-energize the aircraft electrical network
(a)If you energized with the tractor (Ref. Fig. 010)
- de-energize the aircraft electrical network (Ref. 24-41-00,
P. Block 301)
- disconnect ground power unit provided on the tractor from ground
power receptacle located underneath the fuselage aft of the nose gear
well
- close access door 121BL.
(b)If you energized with the APU
- de-energize the aircraft electrical network (Ref. 24-23-00,
P. Block 301).
(c)If you energized with the engine
- stop engine 2 (Ref. 80-00-00, P. Block 301).
(2)Position wheel chocks.
(3)Apply parking brake.

2. Towing
_______________________________________________
by the Nose Gear with Towbarless Tractor (Ref. Fig. 017)
WARNING : MAKE SURE THAT DURING THE TOWING OPERATION, NO PERSONS GO WHERE THE
_______
AIRCRAFT CAN CAUSE THEM INJURY.

A. General
When this towing procedure is applied, the aircraft is towed by the nose
gear, without towbar.
The nose gear is jacked up and positioned at the appropriate location
on the tractor. It is held in place by means of a hydraulic system.
(1)Equipment and Materials
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM DESIGNATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)C22783 Ground Safety Pin MLG
(2)C23157-0-1 Ground Safety Pin NLG
(3) Special Tractor
(4)C22646 Safety Pin
Referenced Procedures
- 05-51-22, P. Block 1 Inspection after NLG Towing Overload or Overrun

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 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM DESIGNATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 05-57-00, P. Block 1 Aircraft Stability
- 24-23-00, P. Block 301 Auxiliary AC Generation
- 24-41-00, P. Block 301 AC External Power Control
- 29-23-00, P. Block 301 Yellow Auxiliary Power (Power Transfer Unit)
- 32-00-00, P. Block 301 Landing Gear - General
- 80-00-00, P. Block 301 Starting - General

(2)Qualification of the tractor

NOTE : Towbarless tractors are subject to specific qualification proce-
____
dure. Before towing be sure that the tractor is qualified for
towbarless towing for this A/C.

B. Precautions
WARNING : DURING AIRCRAFT TOWING OR AIRPLANE MOVEMENT, MAKE SURE THAT :
_______
- THE PATH OF THE AIRCRAFT IS CLEAR
- NO PERSONS USE THE TUG AS TRANSPORTATION DURING TOWING.
WARNING : BEFORE POSITIONING THE NOSE GEAR ON THE TRACTOR, THE NOSE WHEEL
_______
STEERING SYSTEM MUST BE DEACTIVATED BY USING SAFETY PIN C22646.
WARNING : BEFORE POSITIONING THE LOCKING DEVICES, MAKE CERTAIN THAT THE
_______
LANDING GEAR IS DOWNLOCKED (REF. 32-00-00, P. BLOCK 301).
WARNING : DURING TOWING/TAXIING OPERATIONS (LOW-SPEED OPERATIONS
_______
INCLUDED), EACH PERSON IN THE AIRCRAFT MUST BE IN A SEAT AND THE
SEAT BELT MUST BE FASTENED.
IF THE SEAT BELT IS NOT FASTENED, THERE IS A RISK OF INJURY IF
THE AIRCRAFT STOPS SUDDENLY.
CAUTION : THE LANDING GEAR BRACE STRUT LOCKING DEVICES MUST ALWAYS BE
_______
FITTED WHEN THE AIRCRAFT IS ON THE GROUND OR BEING TOWED.
USE ONLY TOWING EQUIPMENT DESIGNED OR APPROVED BY THE AIRCRAFT
MANUFACTURER.
CAUTION : TOWING THE AIRCRAFT WITH ENGINE COWLINGS OPEN IS SPECIFICALLY
_______
FORBIDDEN DUE TO POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE TO COWLS AND NACELLE
STRUCTURE. ALL COWLS (FAN, REVERSER AND CORE) MUST BE CLOSED AND
LATCHED, PRIOR TO TOWING.

C. Towing Preparation

**ON A/C 650-651,

(1)Landing gear safety pins (Ref. Fig. 004)

**ON A/C ALL

Post SB 32-6040 For A/C 650-651,

(1)Landing gear safety pins (Ref. Fig. 005)

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 Tow Bar Disconnection
Figure 016

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 Towing by the Nose Gear
Figure 017

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 **ON A/C ALL

The landing gear must be mechanically secured in downlocked position

during towing operation by inserting ground safety pins.
WARNING : WHENEVER THE GROUND SAFETY PIN IS INSTALLED ON THE NOSE GEAR
_______
TELESCOPIC STRUT ALWAYS VISUALLY CHECK THAT :
- IT HAS COMPLETELY AND EASILY ROTATED THE FORK-TYPE LEVER OF
THE GROUND LOCKING SYSTEM.
- ITS STOP FLANGE ABUTS AGAINST THE HOUSING OF THE TELESCOPIC
STRUT LOCKING SYSTEM (FULL INSERTION).
WARNING : WHEN THE GROUND SAFETY PIN IS REMOVED, VISUALLY CHECK THE DOWN
_______
POSITION OF THE FORK-TYPE LEVER ON THE TELESCOPIC STRUT GROUND
LOCKING SYSTEM.
NOTE : It is optional to install the landing gear safety devices when you
____
tow or push the aircraft during flight operations. (To put the
aircraft in position for the flight crew at arrival or departure).
(2)Make sure that the aircraft is stable (Ref. 05-57-00, P. Block 1).
(3)Ground crew interphone box (Ref. Fig. 018)
For towing purposes the nose wheel steering system must be set in the
towing position and locked by a safety pin.
(4)Towing angles
WARNING : IF THE AIRCRAFT WEIGHT EXCEEDS 164T, STEERING ANGLE IS LIMITED
_______
TO 65•.
The maximum angle allowed on each side of the aircraft center line is
95• whatever the towing arrangment used (Ref. Fig. 019).
(5)Towing loads
- Towing load applied to nose gear must not exceed 18210 daN (40936 lbf).
- Torque applied to nose gear must not exceed 1750 daN (12900 [Link]).
(6)Energize the aircraft electrical network
During towing operations several aircraft systems have to be electrically
supplied.
Before supplying the aircraft electrical network, the cockpit safety
check must be performed.
(a)With the tractor (if the tractor is equipped with a GPU)
(Ref. Fig. 020)
- open access door 121BL
- connect a ground power unit provided on the tractor to a ground power
receptacle located underneath the fuselage aft of the nose gear well
- energize the aircraft electrical network (Ref. 24-41-00,
P. Block 301).
(b)Or with the APU
- energize the aircraft electrical network (Ref. 24-23-00,
P. Block 301).
(c)Or with the engine
- start engine 2 (Ref. 80-00-00, P. Block 301).
(7)Lighting system
If necessary, the cockpit DOME lights must be switched ON.
At night, if the anti-collision lighting is required by local airport
regulations or by airlines procedures the BEACON/STROBE lighting must be
turned ON.

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 Flight Interphone System
Figure 018

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 Towing Angles
Figure 019

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 Electrical Supply
Figure 020

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 (8)Landing gear and brake system (Ref. Fig. 021)
WARNING : A/C BRAKING SHALL BE APPLIED DURING TOWING ONLY IN CASE OF
_______
EMERGENCY. IN CASE OF A/C BRAKE APPLICATION DURING TOWING AND
INSPECTION OF NLG AND ATTACHMENT STRUCTURE WILL BE REQUIRED
(REF. AMM CHAPTER 05-51-22).
- During towing maneuvers, one person shall be in the flight compartment
in order to operate the brakes, if required.
- Before the breakaway, release the brakes and make sure that on the
panel 4VU, the pressure indication on the yellow brake pressure triple
indicator is correct (3000 psi (206 bars)). The pointer must be in
the green zone.
The 3000 psi (206 bars) pressure permits seven brake applications.
- If necessary, pressurize the yellow hydraulic system (Ref. 29-23-00,
P. Block 301).
- Pressurize the yellow hydraulic system during towing operations
(Ref. 29-23-00, P. Block 301).
NOTE : If you energized the aircraft electrical network with the engine,
____
do not pressurize the yellow hydraulic system.
(9)Communication systems
(a)VHF system
If communication between the aircraft and the control tower is neces-
sary, the VHF communication system No. 1 must be deactivated.
(Ref. Fig. 022)
(Ref. Fig. 023)
(b)Flight interphone system (Ref. Fig. 018)
During the towing operation, the flight interphone system must be used
to establish communication between the flight compartment and the
ground crew.
The ground crew boomset connection is located in the electric ground
power receptacle aft of the nose landing gear well.

D. Towing Operation
(1)Select the A/C type on the towbarless tractor, if necessary.
(2)Load NLG on the towbarless tractor
CAUTION : MAKE SURE THAT THE NLG IS PROPERLY CENTERED ON THE TRACTOR
_______
PLATFORM.
WARNING : MAKE SURE THAT NLG CANNOT BE DISENGAGED FROM THE TRACTOR.
_______
(3)Towing
Normal towing operation should only be carried out on suitable ground
surfaces.
Shock absorber reaction tends to induce a rocking movement after the
aircraft is stopped. Consequently sufficient space must be left around
the aircraft for all nose gear towing maneuvers. Towing should be carried
out slowly and smoothly.
R Speed limits :
R - Doors closed and locked or removed, for a tractor without a tow bar,
R a maximum speed of 32 km/h (19.8 mph) is permitted.
R - Passenger/crew doors fully open and locked and/or cargo doors open in
R vertical position, a maximum speed of 10 km/h (6.21 mph) is permitted.
On interphone box 3WC, position towing control lever in 4towing4 position
and lock lever by installing safety pin C22646 (Ref. Fig. 024)

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 Landing Gear and Brake System
Figure 021

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 VHF System
Figure 022

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 VHF System Controls
Figure 023

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 Interphone Box
Figure 024

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 E. Close-up
NOTE : It is advisable to stop with the nose wheels in the aircraft
____
centerline.
(1)De-energize the aircraft electrical network
(a)If you energized with the tractor (Ref. Fig. 020)
- de-energize the aircraft electrical network (Ref. 24-41-00,
P. Block 301)
- disconnect ground power unit provided on the tractor from ground
power receptacle located underneath the fuselage aft of the nose gear
well
- close access door 121BL.
(b)If you energized with the APU
- de-energize the aircraft electrical network (Ref. 24-23-00,
P. Block 301).
(c)If you energized with the engine
- stop engine 2 (Ref. 80-00-00, P. Block 301).
(2)Position wheel shocks
(3)Apply parking
(4)Unload the NLG from the towbarless tractor.
(5)Remove safety pin and ensure that control lever is in 4normal4 position.

3. Towing
_______________________________
by the Main Landing Gear
WARNING : MAKE SURE THAT DURING THE TOWING OPERATION, NO PERSONS GO WHERE THE
_______
AIRCRAFT CAN CAUSE THEM INJURY.
WARNING : DURING TOWING/TAXIING OPERATIONS (LOW-SPEED OPERATIONS
_______
INCLUDED), EACH PERSON IN THE AIRCRAFT MUST BE IN A SEAT AND THE
SEAT BELT MUST BE FASTENED.
IF THE SEAT BELT IS NOT FASTENED, THERE IS A RISK OF INJURY IF
THE AIRCRAFT STOPS SUDDENLY.
NOTE : Towing by the main landing gear is performed either forward or
____
rearwards on soft and muddy ground.
Use only towing equipment designed or approved by the aircraft manufacturer.
The landing gear must be downlocked and secured by means of the ground
safety pins.
Equipmemt and Materials
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM DESIGNATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)98A09003000000 Bar-Steering-Nose Wheel
R (2)98A09001002000 Cable-Towing, Main Landing Gear
R or
R (2)98A09003500000 Cable-Towing, Main Landing Gear
(3)D22800000 MLG Towing Lifting and Debogging Fittings
Referenced Procedure
- 05-57-00, P. Block 1 Aircraft Stability

CAUTION : TAKE CARE NOT TO DAMAGE THE PITCH DAMPER FLUID LEVEL INDICATOR
_______
(IF INSTALLED) WHEN INSTALLING THE TOW FITTINGS.

A. Towing Limitations (Ref. Fig. 025)

(1)Towing operations should only be carried out on suitable ground. If

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 necessary the ground should be laid out with corresponding equipment
such as movable taxiway plates, etc.
Turn should not be attempted unless the ground conditions permit.
(2)Make sure that the aircraft is stable (Ref. 05-57-00, P. Block 1).

B. Towing Operations (Ref. Fig. 026)

During towing maneuvers, one person shall be in the flight compartment and
two other persons shall watch the wing tips. The nose wheel steering system
must be deactivated, steering operation is carried out manually by using
the tow bar.
Towing shall be progressive, without jerks. The towing angle in the
horizontal plane is limited by the nose landing gear.
The tractor should be in line with the aircraft center line. However the
maximum lateral position on each side is given by the track of the landing
gear.
Two tow fork fittings are attached to lugs provided at each end of the
bogie beams. The tow fittings are equipped with one calibrated shear pin
for gear protection.

C. Close-up
(1)Position wheel chocks.
(2)Apply parking brake.
(3)Remove safety pin and make certain that control lever is in Normal
position.

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 Towing Limitations
Figure 025

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 Main Landing Gear Towing, Lifting and Debogging Fittings
Figure 026

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 _______
TAXIING

1. _______
Taxiing
WARNING : WHEN THE AIRCRAFT IS TAXIING, IT IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE THAT
_______
PERSONNEL KEEP AT DISTANCES SUCH THAT ANY RISK OF ACCIDENT
IS AVOIDED
CARE MUST ALSO BE EXERCISED TO CLEAR AWAY ANY OBJECTS LIABLE TO BE
BLOWN AWAY OR SUCKED IN BY THE ENGINE
WARNING : DURING TOWING/TAXIING OPERATIONS (LOW-SPEED OPERATIONS INCLUDED),
_______
EACH PERSON IN THE AIRCRAFT MUST BE IN A SEAT AND THE SEAT BELT
MUST BE FASTENED.
IF THE SEAT BELT IS NOT FASTENED, THERE IS A RISK OF INJURY IF THE
AIRCRAFT STOPS SUDDENLY.
CAUTION : TAXIING THE AIRCRAFT WITH ENGINE COWLINGS OPEN IS SPECIFICALLY
_______
FORBIDDEN DUE TO POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE TO COWLS AND NACELLE
STRUCTURE.
ALL COWLS (FAN, REVERSER AND CORE) MUST BE CLOSED AND LATCHED,
PRIOR TO TAXIING.
(Ref. Fig. 001)

2. _______________
Dangerous Areas

A. Engine exhaust and exhaust temperature areas depending on aircraft

configuration
(Ref. Fig. 002, 003, 004)
(Ref. Fig. 006, 007, 005)

B. Engine danger areas : exhaust and suction (Ref. Fig. 008, 009)

C. Zones Requiring Use of Ear-Protection Headsets

(Ref. Fig. 010)

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 INTENTIONALLY BLANK

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 Minimum Turning Radii
Figure 001

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 Jet Engine Exhaust Temperature Ground Idle Power
Figure 002

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 Jet Wake Diagram - Ground Idle Power
Figure 003

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 Jet Engine Exhaust Temperature Breakaway
Figure 004

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 Jet Wake Diagram Breakaway (Sheet 1/3)
Figure 005

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 Jet Wake Diagram Breakaway (Sheet 2/3)
Figure 005

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 Jet Wake Diagram Breakaway (Sheet 3/3)
Figure 005

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 Jet Engine Exhaust Temperature Take-Off Power
Figure 006

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 Jet Wake Diagram Take-Off Power
Figure 007

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 Engine Danger Areas (Take-Off Thrust)
Figure 008

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 Engine Danger Areas (Ground Idle)
Figure 009

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 Acoustic Protection Areas
Figure 010

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 TAXIING OR TOWING WITH TIRES DEFLATED
_____________________________________

1. _______
General
Movement of the aircraft with one or several tires deflated on one or more
landing gears imposes limitations on taxiing speed and nose wheel steering.
Two methods are considered :
- taxiing using both engines
- conventional towing.

2. Taxiing
__________________________
Using Both Engines
(Ref. Fig. 001)

R A. Maximum of two tires are deflated on each main gear (one per axle) and/or
R one tire is deflated on the nose landing gear :
R (1)If the nose gear steering angle is less than 20•, the aircraft speed must
R not be more than 20 Kt.
R (2)If the nose gear steering angle is 20• or more, the aircraft speed must
R not be more than 10 Kt.

R B. Three tires are deflated on the same main gear :

R (1)Nose gear steering angle is limited to ± 50•.
R (2)Aircraft speed must not be more than 10 Kt.

R C. All four tires are deflated on the same main gear

Nose wheel steering is not permitted.

3. Towing
______

A. Any one tire deflated on one or more gears (a maximum of three deflated
tires).
Towing by nose gear.
(1)Both nose gear tires inflated
Maximum deflection of towbar ± 40•
(2)One nose gear tire deflated
Maximum deflection of towbar ± 10•

B. Two or more tires deflated on the same main gear.

In such case the aircraft shall be towed by the main gears and steered by
the nose gear using the towbar or normal steering control.
(1)Three tires deflated on the same gear
Maximum nose gear steering angle ± 50•
(2)All four tires deflated on the same main gear
No deflection whatsoever of the towbar is permitted.

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 Maximum Permissible Nose Wheel Steering Angle Versus
Aircraft Speed
Figure 001

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