1(a) Amphibians and many reptiles have a three-chambered heart that allows mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood, which is tolerable because they are cold-blooded and have lower metabolic
demands than mammals. This mixing still supplies sufficient oxygen for their needs.
(b) Ventricles have thicker walls than auricles because they need to pump blood at a higher pressure —
the right ventricle to the lungs and the left ventricle to the entire body.
(c) Two nitrogen sources for plants:
Atmospheric nitrogen fixed by bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium)
Nitrates and ammonium ions present in the soil
2(a) Mechanism of gaseous exchange:
Oxygen from blood diffuses into tissues (where its concentration is lower), and carbon dioxide from tissues
diffuses into blood (where its concentration is lower), all by diffusion.
(b)
(i) Aquatic plants absorb dissolved CO₂ through diffusion from water.
(ii) Terrestrial plants absorb CO₂ from air through stomata.
3 If the bile duct is blocked, bile cannot reach the small intestine, impairing emulsification of fats. Fat
digestion would be incomplete, leading to digestive discomfort and fatty stools.
4 Gall bladder stores bile. After its removal, bile is released directly in smaller amounts from the liver, so
large fatty meals cannot be digested properly, hence less oily food is advised.
5 Stored carbohydrates like starch are converted into glucose by enzymatic action. This glucose is
transported via phloem to growing parts of the plant where it is used for energy and biosynthesis.
6
(i) Renal artery: Brings oxygenated blood with waste to kidneys.
(ii) Urethra: Expels urine from the bladder out of the body.
(iii) Glomerulus: Performs ultrafiltration of blood.
(iv) Tubular part of nephron: Reabsorbs essential substances and secretes waste.
7(a) Breathing is rhythmic (inhale and exhale), but gaseous exchange at alveoli and tissues is continuous
through diffusion.
(b) A leak in blood vessels would cause internal bleeding and loss of blood pressure. Avoided by clotting
mechanism and maintaining healthy vessels.
(c) Stomata open when guard cells become turgid due to water intake (photosynthesis time), and close
when guard cells lose water and become flaccid.
8(a) In Amoeba, food is ingested via phagocytosis, enclosed in food vacuole, digested enzymatically,
absorbed into cytoplasm, and waste is egested.
(b) Saliva contains amylase, which breaks down starch (in chapatti) into maltose, which tastes sweet.
9 (Flowchart not shown in the image; please upload the visual if you want it completed.)
10 (a) Carbon dioxide + Water — NOT formed if oxygen is unavailable. ✅
11
Correct row:
Anaerobic respiration in humans: Lactic acid,
In yeast: Alcohol + CO₂
12
Y > X — Fermentation (in yeast) produces more CO₂ per glucose.
Answer: (b) X is less than Y
13
Correct row:
(d) S
Oxygen: RBC → cells — diffusion
Carbon dioxide: cells → RBC — diffusion
14
Correct option:
(a) Lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body cells ✅
15
Correct answer:
(b) Transpiration: creates a suction force to pull water inside the plant.
16
Filtration: P (Glomerulus)
Selective Reabsorption: R (Tubular part)
Answer: (d)
17
Assertion is FALSE — aerobic respiration releases more energy.
Reason is TRUE — mitochondria is the powerhouse.
Correct answer: (d)
18
Both statements are TRUE but reason is not the explanation of assertion.
Correct answer: (b)
19
Assertion is FALSE — food is stored as glycogen, not starch.
Reason is TRUE.
Answer: (d)
20
(a) Kidneys perform filtration + reabsorption + secretion, while artificial kidney only filters blood.
(b) Ureter
(c) Artificial kidney is a machine used to remove nitrogenous waste (dialysis) in kidney failure.
(Or) Name of the process: Diffusion
21(a)
A = Pyruvate,
B = CO₂ + Water + Energy (ATP)
(b) Glycolysis is common in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
(c) Anaerobic respiration is less efficient as it does not completely oxidize glucose.
(d) Respiration releases energy by breaking glucose;
Photosynthesis stores energy by synthesizing glucose.
