Fluid Dynamics
Chapter 6
Tazeen Afrin
Assistant Professor
ME Department
MIST
Problem 1: Water flows in a circular pipe. At one section the diameter is 0.3 m, the
static pressure is 260 kPa gauge, the velocity is 3 m/s and the elevation is 10 m above
ground level. The elevation at a section downstream is 0 m, and the pipe diameter is
0.15 m. Find out the gauge pressure at the downstream section. Frictional effects may
be neglected. Assume density of water to be 999 kg/m3 .
6.6
Problem 2: The closed tank of a fire engine is partly filled with water, the air space
above being under pressure. A 6 cm bore connected to the tank discharges on the
roof of a building 2.5 m above the level of water in the tank. The friction losses are 45
cm of water. Determine the air pressure which must be maintained in the tank to
deliver 20 litres/sec. on the roof.
6.18
Problem 3: A pump is 2.2 m above the water level in the sump and has a pressure of –
20 cm of mercury at the suction side. The suction pipe is of 20 cm diameter and the
delivery pipe is short 25 cm diameter pipe ending in a nozzle of 8 cm diameter. If the
nozzle is directed vertically upwards at an elevation of 4.2 m above the water sump
level, determine: (i) The discharge. (ii) The power input into the flow by the pump. (iii)
The elevation, above the water sump level, to which the jet would reach. Neglect all
losses.
6.26
Problem 4: In Fig. 4, a turbine is shown with inlet pipe and a draft tube. If the
efficiency of turbine is 80 percent and discharge is 1000 litres/s, find:
(i) The power developed by the turbine, and
(ii) The reading of the gauge G.
6.23
Fig. 4
Flow Measuring Devices
• Venturi-meter
• Orifice Meter
• Pitot tube
Venturimeter
A venturimeter is one of the most important practical applications of
Bernoulli’s theorem. It is an instrument used to measure the rate of
discharge in a pipeline and is often fixed permanently at different
sections of the pipeline to know the discharges there.
Fig: Venturimeter
Venturimeter
The divergent part is 2-3 times the convergent part, so that
1. The pressure increases from throat to the divergent part.
2. The loss of energy is less.
Types of Venturimeters
1. Horizontal Venturimeters
2. Vertical Venturimeters
3. Inclined Venturimeters
Cavitation
Hydrodynamic cavitation
It is a process of vaporisation, bubble generation and bubble implosion
which occurs in a flowing liquid as a result of a decrease and
subsequent increase in local pressure. Cavitation will only occur if the
local pressure declines below the saturated vapor pressure of the
liquid.
Cavitation
• Variation of Boiling Point of water with pressure
Cavitation
Fig: Cavitation in Venturimeter
Cavitation
Effect of Cavitation
Although the collapse of a small cavity is a relatively low-
energy event, highly localized collapses can erode metals,
such as steel, over time. The pitting caused by the collapse of
cavities produces great wear on components and can
dramatically shorten the components lifetime.
Orifice Meter
• An orifice plate or orifice meter is a device used for measuring flow
rate.
• An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in it, which is usually placed
in a pipe.
• When a fluid (whether liquid or gaseous) passes through the orifice,
its pressure builds up slightly upstream of the orifice but as the fluid
is forced to converge to pass through the hole, the velocity increases
and the fluid pressure decreases.
Orifice Meter
• The venturi meter described earlier is a reliable flow measuring
device.
• Furthermore, it causes little pressure loss.
• For these reasons it is widely used, particularly for large-volume
liquid and gas flows.
• However this meter is relatively complex to construct and hence
expensive.
• Especially for small pipelines, its cost seems prohibitive, so simpler
devices such as orifice meters are used.
Orifice Meter
Fig: Orifice meter
Orifice Meter
• Orifice meter is a cheaper device compared to venturimeter.
• The diameter of the orifice is usually 0.5 times the diameter of the pipe (D),
although it may vary from 0.4 to 0.8 times the pipe diameter.
• The coefficient of discharge of orifice meter varies from 0.60-0.65.
• Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the
stream is the least, and fluid velocity is at its maximum, such as in the case
of a stream issuing out of an orifice.
• A little downstream of the orifice the flow reaches its point of maximum
convergence, the vena contracta where the velocity reaches its maximum
and the pressure reaches its minimum. Beyond that, the flow expands, the
velocity falls and the pressure increases.
Orifice Meter
Hydraulic Coefficient
Hydraulic Coefficient
Hydraulic Coefficient
Advantages
➢Simple Structure
➢Relatively cheap
➢Occupies less space
➢Installation is easy
Disadvantages
• Value of coefficient of discharge is less. It ranges from 0.60 to
0.65
• It maximizes form friction (Friction within the layers of fluid)
Application
• Orifice plates are most commonly used to measure flow rates in
pipes, when the fluid is single-phase (rather than being a mixture of
gases and liquids, or of liquids and solids) and well-mixed, the flow is
continuous rather than pulsating.
• Under these circumstances and when the orifice plate is constructed
and installed according to appropriate standards, the flow rate can
easily be determined using published formulae based on substantial
research and published in industry, national and international
standards.
Flow Through an Orifice meter
Pitot Tube
Pitot tube is one of the most accurate devices for velocity measurement. It works
on the principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero, the pressure
there is increased due to conversion of kinetic energy into pressure.
Fig: Pitot tube
Problem 5: A venturimeter with a 90mm throat is installed vertically in a 180mm
diameter pipeline. A certain oil of specific gravity 0.84 flows at the rate of 0.05 m3/s in
the upward direction. Find the difference of pressure between the inlet and throat. If
a manometer is connected at the inlet and throat, find the deflection of mercury in
the manometer. Take Cd = 0.97 for the venturimeter.
Problem 6:
The following data relate to an orificemeter:
Diameter of the pipe = 240 mm
Diameter of the orifice = 120 mm
Sp. gravity of oil = 0.88
Reading of differential manometer = 400 mm of mercury
Co-efficient of discharge of the meter = 0.65
Co-efficient of contraction = 0.65.
Determine the rate of flow of oil.
Vortex Motion
Forced Vortex Flow
Free Vortex Flow
