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االسراء اية 85
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 1
Level 2
Semester 3
Physiology 3
By
Dr. Abdelaziz M. Hussein
Prof of Medical Physiology
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 5
• Metabolism means a change which includes all the
biochemical and biophysical reactions concerned
with life.
Anabolic reactions
Catabolic reactions
All chemical reactions
All chemical reactions
involved in oxidation of
involved in synthesis of
food stuffs (CHO, fat &
new intracellular
proteins) to release
constituents
energy.
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 6
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 7
Def
• Is a state of balance ( ) energy input and
energy output
Stored energy
Energy in Work
Food Heat
Energy Energy
Input Output
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Energy
Energy Input
Output
Normal Energy State
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 9
Negative Energy State as Starvation,
malnutrition and cancer
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Positive Energy State as obesity and growth
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 11
Def
• Is the amount of heat released by oxidation of 1 gm
food
Types
Physical heat value Physiological heat
of food value of food
It is the amount of It is the amount of heat
Def heat liberated by liberated by oxidation
oxidation of food of food inside the
outside the body. body.
1 gm of CHO 4.1 C 4.1 C
Value 1 gm of fat 9.3 C 9.3 C
1 gm of protein 5.3 C 4.1 C
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 12
❑Physical & physiological heat values of
CHO & fat: are equal in vitro & in vivo because
they are completely oxidized to CO2 + H2O in
& out the body.
❑Proteins contain 16% N2: so
❑Outside the body : completely oxidized
❑Inside the body: if completely oxidized, its N2 is
oxidized into nitric acid→ fatal decrease in pH
❑ This N2 is transformed to urea by liver→ excreted
in urine (causing loss of part of energy of protein).
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 13
Def.
• It is the rate of energy expenditure in the
body / unit time
Measurement:
(1) Direct calorimetry
(2) Indirect calorimetry
MR = O2 consumption X O2 heat value.
Determination of O2 consumption:
• 1) Closed circuit method.
• 2) Open circuit method.
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Direct calorimetry
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Closed circuit method
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Open circuit method
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• It is the rate of energy output from the
body/unit time per m2 body surface area
under basal conditions.
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 18
• Basal Conditions:
1. Complete physical and mental rest.
2. The subject is in the post-absorptive state 12-
14 hours after the last meal
3. Comfortable external temp. (20- 25 oC) neither
shivering, nor sweating.
4. Person must be awake because sleep ↓es BMR.
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 19
Physiological Significance of
B.M.R
❑Represent MR of vital organs
such as brain, liver and heart
etc…..
❑So, B.M.R is the unavoidable cost
of life.
❑Compare activities between
individuals
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 20
• NB.
• Body surface is measured from Dubois charts
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 21
❑At birth: 25C/m2/hour
❑At 2 years: 60 C/ m2/hour
❑Adult male: 40 C/m/hour ± 15 %
❑Adult female: 36 C/m/hour
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 22
1.Physiological 2.
Chemical 3.Pathological
Some
Age, sex, diet, Thyroxin, diseases
exercise , sleep adrenaline, increase and
, lactation and ATP others
pregnancy decrease
BMR
23
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy
1) Thyroxin: stimulates BMR.
2) Adrenaline: is potent stimulant for BMR.
3) Alcohol: causes V.D. of skin blood vessels →↑
BMR.
4) Antithyroid agents: ↓es BMR because it ↓
thyroxin secretion
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 24
1) Age:
-New born infant → 25C/m2/hour.
-2-5 years infant →60 C/m2/hour.
-20 years → 40C/m2/hour.
-Then it ↓es, after this age every 10 years, the BMR
↓es by 1 c/m2/ hour.
2) Sex:
BMR of ♀ is less than that of ♂ by about 7% due to
excess fat tissue in ♀ which is less metabolic.
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 25
3) Physical habit:
• BMR in athletes is about 10%, higher than in people
living sedentary life.
• due to ↑es the skeletal ms bulk and ↓es the amount
of fatty tissue in the body.
4) Dietetic habit:
• Prolonged consumption of high protein diet→↑ BMR
5) Climate:
• BMR in people living in low temp. zone is about
10%higher than people living in tropical hot zones.
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 26
6) Race:
• Eskimo is about 30% above that of Chinese,
• Indian is about 10% less than white people.
• Dark color people are in general, less than white
people.
7) Pregnancy:
• BMR of pregnant mothers↑ due to added metabolism
of fetus.
8) In lactating, menstruating women the BMR ↑es
9) During sleep the BMR ↓es.
10) During Stress conditions the BMR ↑es
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•
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References
•
•
THANKS
Metabolism, DU Physical Therapy 31
