1.

List of examples for APA format

Text Reference type Reference list examples

types
Book One author Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New
York: Harper Perennial
Two to six Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: The real difference
authors between men and women. London: Mandarin.
Six or more Johnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G., Morgan, B. et al.
authors (2005). How far is far? London: McMillan.

When a work has more than six authors cite the surnames followed by et al.
and year for the first and all other citations &initials of the first six authors
then follow with the abbreviation et al (followed by a full-stop)
No author The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North Ryde,
NSW: CCH Australia.
Multiple works Wilmot, W.F. (2004). Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of
by the same Southern Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of
author Australia, Queensland Division.
Wilmot, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of
Central Queensland (2nd Ed.). Brisbane: Geological Society of
Australia, Queensland Division.

Order chronologically from earliest in the reference list

Multiple works Dawkins, R. (1996a). Climbing mount improbable. London: Viking.
by the same Dawkins, R. (1996b). River out of Eden. London: Phoenix.
author, published
in the same year Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list.
Different Editions DeHart, G. B., Alan Sroufe, L., & Cooper, R. G. (1995). Child development:
Its nature and course (4th Ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
The edition statement is placed after the title of the work. This is not necessary
for a first edition.
Edited Edited book Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across
book the life span: Emerging methods and concepts. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Chapter in an Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A.
edited book C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington
DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Journal Journal article – Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences.
article one author Psychological Bulletin, 50(2), 49-52.
Two authors Chafer, J.L. & Kang, J. (2008). Average causal effects from nonrandomized
studies: A practical guide and simulated example. Psychological
Methods, 13, 279-313.
Three to six Skenderian, J, Siegel, J. T., Crano, W.D., Alvaro, E.E. & Lac, A. (2008).
author Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana.
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563-569.
More than six Galea, L.A., Uban, K. A., Epp, J.R., Brummelte, S., Barha, C.K., Wilson, W.
authors L. et al. (2008). Endocrine regulation of cognition and neuroplasticity:
Our pursuit to unveil the complex interaction between hormones, the
brain, and behaviour. Canadian Journal of Experimental
Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale, 62, 247-
 260.

List the first six authors then use et al.

Electronic article Fletcher, David & Wagstaff, Christopher R. D. (2009). Organizational
– with DOI psychology in elite sport: Its emergence, application and future.
number Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(4), 427-434.
doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.03.009

The volume number is in italics. Remove any URL field Information. .Add the
DOI number to the “DOI” field.
Electronic article Shu-Cheng, Steve, Chi - Friedman, Raymond A. & Yang, Mei-Yu. (2009). Are
– without DOI supervisors fair mediators? The effects of personality traits and age
number difference on expected mediation fairness. Social Behavior and
Personality, 37(1), 59-118.
Retrieved from http://www.swetswise.com/titleBank/
getAtoZList.do?title=187408

Use the URL field and enter either the URL of the journal's website (for
subscription journals), or the full URL of the article (for articles available free
on the web)

Note: APA or MLA formats are subject to change over time.

2. The use of tenses (Introduction/ Literature review)

A research proposal is structured as follows:

Title (page)

Introduction

Literature review

Research Methodology / Design [Methods]

Expected outcomes

Research procedure (timeline)

References
 3. Components [Details] of a final paper/ assignment/ research plan/ proposal

Quantitative Qualitative
Numerical data Textual/image-based
data
1. Title (statement of a topic) Effects/ impact (s) Perceptions/ beliefs/
attitudes
Table of contents
2. Introduction
Rationale/ Context for the study (statement of
research topic; statement of research problem and
summary of prior literature
Research aims / purpose
Research questions
Research hypotheses (if quantitative study is
conducted)
Significance of the study
3. Literature review
Theoretical (conceptual) framework/ foundations
Definitions of key terms
Related studies
4. Research methodology/ design
Research design Survey, A case study
(the why of how you will collect the data) Correlational study Action research
Experimental study Grounded theory
Quasi-experiment study
Participants A large number small
Participants for questionnaires (Rationale)
Participants for interviews
(Rationale)
Participants for observations
(Rationale)
Participants for tests
(Rationale)
Instruments [Methods] [Tools] Mixed-methods approach Mixed-methods approach
(the how)
Questionnaires (Rationale)
Interviews (Rationale)
What type (unstructured-; structured-; semi-
structured-)?
Tests (Rationale)
Classroom Observations (Rationale)
What type (participant-; non-participant)?
Procedure (s)
Pilot study (Qs/ Ins/Tests) (Rationale)
Administering Qs/ Ins/Tests
(Proposed) Timeline/ Time schedule
 (Option 1)
Data analysis SPSS Thematic analysis
Patterns (Categories)
NVivo
Timeline/ Time schedule (Option 2) Time frame, Activities
usually in a relatively short usually in a lengthy time;
time much time interacting,
iterations
5. Expected results/ outcomes
References (e.g., APA)
Appendices (Include the Questionnaire-
Vietnamese & English version; interview
questions/ test (s)
Clusters/ Sections/ Parts