Common Questions

Python
Python OOPS

Java
Java Collections

Java OOPS

DBMS
Operating Systems
Data Structures
Basic programming

Computer Networking

Software Engineering
Front end Development

Dynamic programming

C++

Project

Machine Learning

JavaScript
React

Cloud Computing
Software Development LifeCycle
Explain MVC architecture with an example
What are the AI Tools that you use and how does it simplify your daily life?
What are the typical prompts you give to chatgpt?
What are the GIT commands that you have used?Explain each one of them

What is the difference between GIT & GITHub?

What is the difference between monolithic architecture vs micro services architecture?
What is an API?
What is the difference between SOAP UI and REST?

What is meant by static and dynamic typing?

What is the difference between interpreter and compiler? Explain which type python belongs to
Explain mutable and immutable data types in python
What is the difference between set and dictionary?
What is the difference between a list and tuple?
What is list comprehension? Give an example
What happens when you assign list2 = list1?
Explain slicing function in python
Wha tis the dfiference between a list and a dictionary
What is the use of pass statement in python. Give an example
How is exception handling done in python
What is a lambda function? Give an example
How are arguments passed to functions - by value or by reference in Python?
Can we pass a function as an argument in python? Give an example
Explain try except block in python with an example
What are the difference variable scopes in python
What is a DocString in python
what are itertools?
Explain three python collections functions
What is range and xrange function?
What is dictionary comprehension? Give an example?
Give an example of nested dictionary and its usage
What is a keyError in python? How do you handle it?
What is Garbage collection in python?
What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy
What is the difference between sort and sorted methods?
What are decorators?
What are iterators and generators in python?
Explain the memory management process in python
What is a namespace in python?
What is meant by pickling and unpickling?
What are membership operators in python
What is meant by python GIL?
What are function anotations in Python?
What are exception groups in Python?
What is the base class of all exceptions in python?
What is a walrus operator? Give an example
Explain lambda function in python
Explain map and filter functions in python with an example
What is meant by monkey patching in python
What is the use of with keyword in python
What are metaclasses in python? How do they differ from regular classes?
What is meant by a Thead? How do you create a new Thread in Java? How do you start a thread?
Which of these are thread safe? List, tuple, dictionary
What is lock and Rlock in python?

Difference between an object and a class?

What are class and instance variables?
What is self?
What is a constructor? How do you define it?
What does __init__ mean?
What is super keyword used for
What is __str__ method used for?
What are the access specifiers in python?
What are public members, private & protected members in python?
How do you declare a python private variable?
Explain inheritance in python
Is multiple inheritance supported in python? Explain
Types of inheritance supported in python
Explain compile time and run time polymorphism in python with an example
What is the use of __gt__(), __lt__(), __ne__() methods? What is compareTo used for?
What is partial and full abstraction in python?
What are magic methods in python?
What is object relationship mapping in python?
Explain is-a vs has-a relationship with an example

Which company owns Java now and what is the latest version?
What are the 2 steps in Java compilation. Explain the 2 steps
Explain the difference between Java compiler & Interpreter
Is JVM platform independent?
How does java ensure portability
Explain JVM, JRE, JDK
What is a class loader? What is its purpose?
Explain each word public static void main(String[] args)
What happens if change String[ ] to int[ ] ??
What is meant by a package in Java?
When an object is created, is the memory allocated in stack or heap?
What is Java String pool?
Explain the difference between string builder and string buffer
What is wrapper class? What is auto boxing?
Explain the different access modifiers
What is garbage collector? How do you invoke it?
What is the use of final keyword?
Explain try, catch finally
What is Throwable?
What is the difference between final, finally, finalize
Explain checked and unchecked exception with examples
What is meant by generics? What are the type parameters?
Give an example of lambda function
What is meant by stream in Java? Explain map and filter functions
Can static methods be overloaded? Can they be overriden?
What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy
When does a java garbage collector clean up an object?
What is a thread? How do you create a thread in Java?
What is the meaning of synchronized keyword in Java
What is synchronization
What is serialization

When do you use arraylist and when do you vector?

What is the difference between Hashmap, LinkedHashMap, TreeMap
Which collections are thread safe?

During collections call (Say arralist.get()) is it call by value or call by reference. Explain with an example
What is a set used for?
Explain comparable and comparator
What Is an iterator, explain with an example
Write a code to retrieve elements from a HashMap and display
Explain few methods part of the collections level? Example: collections.sort(), collections.rotate()
What do you know about java.util.concurrent package?

What is the difference between object and class

What is a constructor
What are the types of constructor
What is the difference between shallow copy & deep copy in constructors?
What is the practical use of a constructor
What is constructor chaining
What is the use of this & super keyword
Write a program for encapsulation and explain with an example
Write a program for inheritance and explain with an example
Can you override a private method in java?
Can you override a static method in java?
What is single, multiple, multi-level inheritance?
Can abstract class have constructors? What is the limitation?
What is a mixin class?
What is virtual class in c++?
What is polymorphism? Write a program for compile time polymorphism?
What is run time polymorphism? Explain with an example. Why is it called run time polymorphism?
What is early binding and late binding?
What is method overloading and method overriding
Explain SOLID principles
What are design patterns? Explain 3 design patterns?
What is the difference between abtract class and interfaces? Write code to explain both
What is a diamond problem? How do you avoid it using interfaces?
Explain is-a vs has-a relationship with an example
What is meant by dependency injection in SQL?
What is the difference between a file and a table?
What does SQL stand for?
What is meant by ACID property?
What is meant by CRUD operation?
What is a master slave database model?
What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING clause?
What is UNIQUE constraint used for?
Explain first normal form, second normal form, third normal form and BCNF
Find the second max value of a column (without using limit and offset)
Explain primary key, foreign key with an example. Draw a table and explain it
Difference between primary key and unique key
What is a composite key?
What is access share lock and exclusive lock?
What is hashing vs indexing?
What is an index? Explain its types
What is cluster and non-cluster index?
What is the difference btwn views and materialized views?
What are the pros & cons of indices?
What is the internal data structure used in INDICES
What is a view? How do you create a queue? What is it used for?
What is the GROUP BY clause used for?
What is meant by sharading? What is the advantage and dis-advantage of sharading?
What is meant by a deadlock in a database? When does it occur?
What is the difference between OLTP and OLAP?
What are Entities and Relationships?
What is one-one relationship and many-one relationship?
What is the difference between delete, truncate and drop table commands
What are DDL, DML and TCL commands? Give examples
What is the use of % wildcard. Explain with an example
What is the use of BLOB data type
What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR data types
Explain FULL JOIN, CROSS JOIN, LEFT INNER JOIN and LEFT OUTER JOIN with example
What is the main difference between ‘BETWEEN’ and ‘IN’ condition operators
How can you select unique records from a table?
Explain COMMIT and ROLLBACK commands
What is RAID and what are the RAID levels? What does even level stand for?
What are triggers? When is it used?
What is a stored procedure? Why is it required?
What is a savepoint?

What is the difference between Monolithic vs Micro Kernel?

What is meant by multi level page table? How does it work?
What is a hashed page table? What is its advantage?
What is the role of an OS?
Explain text segment, data segment (initialized & Uninitialized, stack and heap segments)
What is micro kernel?
What is clustering in OS?
What are the different components of an OS?
What is a semaphore?
What is meant by starvation? When does it occur? How do you solve it?
Wha tis a system call? Name some linux system calls that you are aware
What is meant by user mode and kernel modee?
Explain binary and counting semphore?
What is meant by fragmentation? What is internal and external fragmentation? What is meant by
buddy algorithm? How does it help?
What is a critical section? What is a deadlock? How do you avoid deadlock?
What is banker's algorithm and what is it used for?
Explain how resource allocation is done in Banker's algorithm
What is the difference between normal OS and RTOS?
What is CPU Scheduling? Explain 3 scheudling algorithms?
What is pre-emption?
What is context switch?
What is the difference between a thread and a process?
What is a PCB?
How does memory management do virtual address to physical address mapping?
What are the different states of a process?
How does swapping and paging work? What is demand paging?
What is the difference between segmentation & paging?
What is meant by a race condition? Give an example
What is the difference between mutex lock and sem lock?
When does page fault occur?
What is IPC? Explain different mechanism with which you can achieve IPC?
What is the use of the following linux commands ls, pwd, cp, ps, cat, head, tail, mv, rm, find
What is re-entrant code mean?
What is L1/L2/L3 Cache? What is meant by cache coherancy? How do you avoid it?
What is fork and exec system commands used for in unix?
What is a zombie state?
Explain the following linux commands - ls, cd, pwd, ps, chmod, find, grep, cat, head, tail, redirection (>,
>>) and pipe (|)

What is meant by internal and external sorting?

Explain selection sort, quick sort, merge sort
Time complexity (Best case, worst case & average case) of merge sort, quick sort, selection sort
What is the difference between Trees & Graphs? What is the difference between Binary Search Tree &
Binary Tree?
What is a stack? What is queue?
What is hashing? How do you resolve collision? What is separate chaining, linear probing and
quadratic probing?
How do you find the middle element of a list while parsing a node only once
Explain Red Black Tree insertion constraints and when you would do the left rotate of a Red Black
Tree. Why do you do the left rotate?
What is the difference between Red black tree and AVL Tree? What is common?
What is min and max heap? Explain how you would construct it, in Java/Python
Explain how stack is used for in-fix/pre-fix and post fix conversion
How do you do infix to postfix conversion
Given a BST in in-order traversal, how do you construct a binary search tree. Write code
How do you calculate the height of a binary search tree?
What is the problem with shortest job first algorithm?
How do you find if 2 BSTs trees have a common anchestor?
What is hash table? Can it have NULL values?
What is the difference between a tree and a graph?
Explain BFS with an example. What is the data structure used to perform BFS
Graph adjacency matrix time complexity?
Explain DFS with an example. What is the data structure used to perform DFS
Explain the terms - connected components, topological sort purpose, degree of a graph, undirected
graph, directed graph, cycle in a graph
How do you find the length of a circular linked list?

Explain compilation process pre-processor, compiler, assembler, linker and loader. What happens in
each step during C program compilation
Explain call by value and call by reference in C
What is the difference between while & do-while loop?
When is if better and when is swich statement better?
How do you swap 2 variables without using a third variable
How do you swap 2 variables without using third variable & arithmetic operators
How do you print a string n times without using a loop
What is the use of static variable in C. Explain with an example
Where do different variables get allocated? (Text, Data, Stack and heap)
What is meant by pre-increment and post increment. Explain j = i++ and j = ++i

What are the OSI 7 layers

Explain the functionality of each of the OSI 7 layers
Give a protocol for each of the 7 layers
What is the difference between TCP & UDP
What is connection oriented protocol vs connection less protoco
What is the size of IPV4 and IPV6 address
What is CLASS A, B and C IP address
What is DNS
What is NAT?
What is port address translation?
What is Proxy & Reverse Proxy?
What is DHCP
What is ping
Explain ARP and RARP protocol and its purpose
What is tracert
What is MAC address? Is it a physical or logical address? What is the size of MAC Address
What are the network topologies you are aware of
What is TTL? What is latency?
What is the difference between ipconfig and ifconfig?
What is encryption? Explain a couple of encryption algorithms
What is the difference between Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway
What is subnet mask?
What is a loopback address?
What is Network address translation in a model - public IP, Private IP

What is the difference between Agile and Waterfall Model?

What is the difference between functional and non functional testing?
What is the difference between black box and white box testing?
what is meant by configuration management tool?
What is meant by checkin and checkout
Name some configuration management tool
What is meant by continuous integration and continuous deployment?

What is HTML injection?

What is class Vs ID in cSS?
What are CSS selectors? Give an example
What is the difference between inline styling and external styling?
What is meant by a REST endpoint?
What is meant by SQL injection?
What are the key features of HTML5 & CSS3
What is the difference between Tailwind CSS and traditional CSS?

Difference between memoization and tabulation

Solve Matrix Chain Multiplication
<<Students should always explain brute force approach, when brute force fails and then how the
optimized code works>>

What is a friend function?

What is a virtual class?

Explain the functionalities in your project?

What is your role in this project
Draw the ER diagram for your project
What are the queries used in your project?
What are the different types of tests that you did your project? How did you test your project?
Why did you MongoDB instead of MySQL? When do you use what?
What is the difference between mongo & mysql?
What were the challenges faced by you in your project?
How do you think your project can be made scalable?
What were the major decisions you had to take while designing your project?
How did you manage states in your project?
For Django project - Explain Django architecture, Django cache
What is the difference between SOAP and REST?

What is supervised and unsupervised learning?

Explain linear regression algorithm & logistic regression algorithm?
What is training data and test data?
Explain gradient descent algorithm
Explain loss ratio
Confusion Matrix
Overfitting and underfitting
What is meant by PCA - explain covariance matrix, eigen values, eigen vector & relevance to PCA
Explain clustering using K-means algorithm

Difference between == and === operators

Implicit type coersion in javascript
Is Javascript statically typed or dynamically typed? What is meant by static typing?
What is NaN property in javascript?
What is strict mode in javascript
Explain higher order functions in javascript
What is hoisting?
Difference between let and var?
What are arrow functions?
What is the rest parameter and spread parameter?
What is closure?
What is currying in javascript?

What are callbacks? Why do we use it?

Explain call, apply and bind methods
What is DOM and BOM?
what is react and why
what is nodejs and express
what is redux
what is prompt
what is indexing
what is callback
what is promise
what is cors
sql query to retrieve data from db on my project
how jwt works
what is oauth
acid properties
socket io
how socket io works
port number of websocket
what is refresh token
any idea about llm and ai models
no sql vs sql
What are hooks?
What is useEffect?
How is cookies managed in React?

What is meant by cloud?

What are the popular clouds you are aware of?
What are public and private clouds?

What is meant by authentication & authorization?

What is on-prim cloud mean?
Which HTTP port is commonly targeted by hackers?
What is S3, EC2, IAM, Cognito services used for?
Why use JWT instead of directly storing user information in the browser?
What is meant by SSL certifiate?
How do you scale a website to support many users?
 What is a lambda service?
What is the difference between http and https
How do you convert your HTTP site to HTTPS?

elopment LifeCycle
What are the different phases of SDLC?
What is meant by unit testing?
What is functional & non-functional testing mean?
What is black box testing & what is white box testing?
What is difference between endurance, volume and stress testing?
What is meant by test automation
What is selenium used for?
What is appium used for?
What is defect management life cycle?
What is difference between regression testing and re-testing?
Explain waterfall and agile model?
What is meant by burndown chart in agile model?
What is meant by agile scrum?
What is meant by continuous integration and continuous deployment?
What is meant by configuration management?
What is the role of scrum master & daily stand up call?
Which one is better agile or waterfall? Why?
"Node.js is a run time environment for executing javascript on the server
Express.js is a web application framework built on top of Node.js"
Refer: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-oops-concepts/
Frequent insertion/deletion is a dis-advantage. Search is efficient
answer: have a pointer point to head and another point to tail. Pointer pointing to next moves towards tail and other poin
answer: a = a+b; b = a-b; a = a-b;
answer: a^=b;b^=a;a^=b
answer: recursion
"Authentication means providing access to the system using valid credentials (example login using user id &
password)
Authorization means providing access to a service. For example, normal user may not be able to delete
accounts and only admin will be authorized to create/delete accounts"
ds tail and other pointer moves towards head. When they cross each other it will be the middle element
There are three switches outside a room, and only one of them controls the light inside. You can enter the room only once. Ho

8.How will you cut a rod into 8 pieces, each 1 foot long, using the minimum number of cuts?

9.You have a tiger, a goat, and a bundle of grass. You need to cross a river with a boat that can carry only one item at a time. H

10.A frog is at the bottom of a 30-foot well. It climbs 3 feet up during the day and slips 2 feet down at night. How many days w
 enter the room only once. How will you determine which switch controls the light?

arry only one item at a time. How will you transport all three without anything being eaten?

wn at night. How many days will it take for the frog to reach the top?
1

3
4
5

6
7
You are given an array containing numbers from 1 to 1000 in random order, with exactly two numbers missing. Write a progra
You are given an integer array a , where each subject code is immediately followed by its corresponding mark — that is, a[i] co
pattern continues for 50 such pairs (i = 0, 2, 4, ..., 98). The subject codes are in random order and are mapped as follows: 1 – T
Write a program to find and display the highest mark obtained in each subject using an optimized solution in terms of time an

To print all combinations of balanced parentheses for a given number n (where n is the number of pairs of parentheses)

Input:
n=3

output:
((()))
(()())
(())()
()(())
()()()
Explain the algorithm for bubble sort & selection sort
Describe an algorithm to implement a stack using 2 queues. What is the running time of the stack operations?
How to optimally identify the middle element in a singly linked list
HINT: Use two pointer approach
Given an array with the size of 1 lakh and the datas in the array between 1 to 100 find a frequency without using any built-in f