This Book is Available on YakiBooki.

com

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/essentials-of-statistics-for-the-behavioral-sciences-10th-edition/
 This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com
Ed i T i o N
clivewa/Shutterstock.com

10 Essentials of Statistics
for
the Behavioral Sciences

Frederick J Gravetter
Late of The College at Brockport, State University of New York

Larry B. WaLLnau
The College at Brockport, State University of New York

Lori-ann B. Forzano
The College at Brockport, State University of New York

JaMeS e. Witnauer
The College at Brockport, State University of New York

Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/essentials-of-statistics-for-the-behavioral-sciences-10th-edition/
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.

Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be available in the eBook version.

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/essentials-of-statistics-for-the-behavioral-sciences-10th-edition/
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral © 2021, 2018 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Sciences, 10th Edition

Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
Frederick J Gravetter, Larry B. Wallnau,

Lori-Ann B. Forzano, James E. Witnauer

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright

herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,

Senior Vice President, Higher Education &
except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written
Skills Product: Erin Joyner
permission of the copyright owner.

Product Director: Laura Ross

Product Manager: Josh Parrott

For product information and technology assistance, contact us at

Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 or

Content Manager: Tangelique Williams-Grayer,

support.cengage.com.
Brian Pierce

Product Assistant: Kat Wallace For permission to use material from this text or product,

submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.

Marketing Manager: Tricia Salata

Intellectual Property Analyst:

Deanna Ettinger Library of Congress Control Number: 2019911268

Intellectual Property Project Manager:

ISBN: 978-0-357-36529-8
Nick Barrows

Production Service: Lori Hazzard,

Cengage

MPS Limited
200 Pier 4 Boulevard

Boston, MA 02210
Art Director: Bethany Bourgeois

USA

Text Designer: Liz Harasymczuk

Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with

Cover Designer: Cheryl Carrington

employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more

Cover Image: clivewa/Shutterstock.com

than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative

at www.cengage.com.

Cengage products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.

To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, register or access

your online learning solution, or purchase materials for your course,

visit www.cengage.com.

Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2019

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/essentials-of-statistics-for-the-behavioral-sciences-10th-edition/
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com
B riEf Co N T EN T S

ChapTEr 1 Introduction to Statistics 1

ChapTEr 2 Frequency Distributions 43

ChapTEr 3 Central Tendency 73

ChapTEr 4 Variability 109

ChapTEr 5 z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized Distributions 149

ChapTEr 6 Probability 177

ChapTEr 7 Probability and Samples: The Distribution of Sample Means 213

ChapTEr 8 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 243

ChapTEr 9 Introduction to the t Statistic 291

ChapTEr 10 The t Test for Two Independent Samples 323

ChapTEr 11 The t Test for Two Related Samples 359

ChapTEr 12 Introduction to Analysis of Variance 391

ChapTEr 13 Two-Factor Analysis of Variance 435

ChapTEr 14 Correlation and Regression 477

ChapTEr 15 The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit and Independence 533

iii

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/essentials-of-statistics-for-the-behavioral-sciences-10th-edition/
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/essentials-of-statistics-for-the-behavioral-sciences-10th-edition/
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com
Co N T EN T S

ChapTEr 1 Introduction to Statistics 1

PreVIeW 2
1-1 Statistics and Behavioral Sciences 3
1-2 Observations, Measurement, and Variables 11
1-3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics 19
clivewa/Shutterstock.com
1-4 Statistical Notation 28
Summary 32
focus on Problem Solving 33
Demonstration 1.1 33
SPSS® 34
Problems 38

ChapTEr 2 frequency Distributions 43

PreVIeW 44
2-1 Frequency Distributions and Frequency Distribution Tables 45
2-2 Grouped Frequency Distribution Tables 51
2-3 Frequency Distribution Graphs 54
clivewa/Shutterstock.com
2-4 Stem and Leaf Displays 62
Summary 64
focus on Problem Solving 65
Demonstration 2.1 65
Demonstration 2.2 66
SPSS® 67
Problems 70

ChapTEr 3 Central tendency 73

PreVIeW 74
3-1 Overview 75
3-2 The Mean 77

clivewa/Shutterstock.com v

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/essentials-of-statistics-for-the-behavioral-sciences-10th-edition/
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com
vi ContentS

3-3 The Median 85

3-4 The Mode 90
3-5 Central Tendency and the Shape of the Distribution 92
3-6 Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency 94
Summary 101
focus on Problem Solving 101
Demonstration 3.1 102
SPSS® 102
Problems 106

ChapTEr 4 Variability 109

PreVIeW 110
4-1 Introduction to Variability 111
4-2 Defining Variance and Standard Deviation 116
4-3 Measuring Variance and Standard Deviation for a Population 121
clivewa/Shutterstock.com
4-4 Measuring Variance and Standard Deviation for a Sample 124
4-5 Sample Variance as an Unbiased Statistic 130
4-6 More about Variance and Standard Deviation 133
Summary 141
focus on Problem Solving 142
Demonstration 4.1 142
SPSS® 143
Problems 145

z-Scores: Location of Scores

ChapTEr 5 and Standardized Distributions 149
PreVIeW 150
5-1 Introduction 151
5-2 z-Scores and Locations in a Distribution 152
5-3 Other Relationships between z, X, the Mean,
clivewa/Shutterstock.com
and the Standard Deviation 157
5-4 Using z-Scores to Standardize a Distribution 160

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/essentials-of-statistics-for-the-behavioral-sciences-10th-edition/
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com
ContentS vii

5-5 Other Standardized Distributions Based on z-Scores 164

5-6 Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics 167
Summary 170
focus on Problem Solving 170
Demonstration 5.1 171
Demonstration 5.2 171
SPSS® 172
Problems 174

ChapTEr 6 Probability 177

PreVIeW 178
6-1 Introduction to Probability 179
6-2 Probability and the Normal Distribution 184
6-3 Probabilities and Proportions for Scores from a Normal
clivewa/Shutterstock.com
Distribution 192
6-4 Percentiles and Percentile Ranks 198
6-5 Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics 203
Summary 205
focus on Problem Solving 206
Demonstration 6.1 206
SPSS® 207
Problems 210

Probability and Samples: the Distribution

ChapTEr 7 of Sample Means 213
PreVIeW 214
7-1 Samples, Populations, and the Distribution of Sample Means 214
7-2 Shape, Central Tendency, and Variability for the Distribution
of Sample Means 219
clivewa/Shutterstock.com
7-3 z-Scores and Probability for Sample Means 226
7-4 More about Standard Error 230
7-5 Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics 235

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/essentials-of-statistics-for-the-behavioral-sciences-10th-edition/
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com
viii Contents

summary 238
Focus on Problem solving 239
Demonstration 7.1 239
sPss® 240
Problems 240

Chapter 8 Introduction to Hypothesis testing 243

PReVIeW 244
8-1 The Logic of Hypothesis Testing 244
8-2 Uncertainty and Errors in Hypothesis Testing 256
8-3 More about Hypothesis Tests 261
clivewa/Shutterstock.com
8-4 Directional (One-Tailed) Hypothesis Tests 266
8-5 Concerns about Hypothesis Testing: Measuring Effect Size 270
8-6 Statistical Power 274
summary 283
Focus on Problem solving 284
Demonstration 8.1 285
Demonstration 8.2 285
Demonstration 8.3 286
sPss® 287
Problems 287

Chapter 9 Introduction to the t statistic 291

PReVIeW 292
9-1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z 292
9-2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic 298
9-3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic 303
clivewa/Shutterstock.com
9-4 Directional Hypotheses and One-Tailed Tests 312
summary 315
Focus on Problem solving 316
Demonstration 9.1 316
Demonstration 9.2 317

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/essentials-of-statistics-for-the-behavioral-sciences-10th-edition/
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.