Internal Security

Role of External State and Non-state Actors in

creating challenges to Internal Security;
Security Challenges and their Management in
Border Areas; Various Security Forces and
Agencies and their Mandate;
Role of External State and Non-state Actors in
creating challenges to Internal Security
Draw diagram wherever necessary

Internal security

Intro/Define
Intro 1- It refers to the act of preserving and maintaining law & order, unity & integrity of
state, thus upholding soverignity of the state from disruptive and anti-national forces

Intro 2- India due to its vast geographic expanse, critical location (b/w golden triangle and
cresecnt), multi-ethnic society and exclusive growth trajectory (LWE) faces several internal
security challenges

Some info just to understand-

• 2 types of security- Internal and External (against external threats from foreign country)
• Internal security ensured by CAPF (under Home Min) and External security by Armed
forces (under Min of Defense)

Data/Facts for VA

Internal security challenges being faced by India

• Terrorism- for eg 26/11 attacks
• LWE/Naxalism- for eg. 70+ CRPF soldiers killed in Dantewada ambush (2010)
• NE Insurgency, Separatism in J&K
• Cyber crimes- eg. Wannacry ransomware attack (2017)
• Ethnic/communal tensions- for eg. Muzzafarnagar riots
• Illegal immigration- for eg. Rohingya issue
• Organised crime- Drug trafficking (PB), Human trafficking- for eg. Sonagachi in WB
• Social media- hate speech, fake news
• Maritime security

Classification of Security threats

• External threats- eg. terrorism, wars, foreign intelligence activities
• Internal threats- separatist/seccesonist activities like LWE, Nagaland; Communal
activities like Khalistan
• Internally aided external threats- Support given to Khalistan from inside India
• Externally aided internal threats- ISI supportng local terrorists

They can also be broadly divided into 4 categories-

1. LWE
2. Insurgency in NE
3. Separatism in J&K
4. Terrorism in mainland

External state and non state actors

State actors- that hv the official support of a sovereign state, i.e. govt or its agencies like
army, intelligence agency, etc/
Non state actors- do not hv offical support from any govt but hv international influence. For
eg. NGOs, organisations, media outlets, terrorist groups like Al Qaeda

Factors/Reasons responsible for IS problems in India

• Social-
◦ Communalism. For eg. Delhi riots
◦ Religious fundamentalism. For eg, Pan Islamic Khilafat carrying out lone wolf attacks
◦ Regionalism
◦ Caste based violence- For eg. Rajput-Jat tension in RJ
◦ Social media- fake news
• Economic-
◦ Regional disparity. For eg. LWE
◦ Lack of jobs/unemployment-
◦ Income inequality
◦ Poverty* can lead youth to anti national/criminal activities
• Political-
◦ Political/Election related violence-
◦ Inter state dispute- for eg. sharing of river water
◦ Separatist tendencies- For eg. J&K, ULFA for Assam
◦ Corruption
◦ Failure of governance/admins
◦ Criminalization of politics- for eg. Guddu Muslim case
• External-
◦ Unfriendly neighbors- both state (ISI) and non state actors (like LeT, JeM)
◦ NGOs- eg. Amnesty International
◦ Porous borders* smuggling, illegal tarding, narcotics, etc.
• Environmental-
◦ CC+ Migration of ppl from suffering areas and pressure on limited resources*
security threats
◦ Disaster Risk* Copy paste from above
Govt initiatives
• Social measures
◦ Laws against communal/hate speech- for eg. section 153A of IPC, RPA Act 1951 (Sec 123)
◦ Regulation of social media- For eg. IT (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital Media
Ethics Code) Rules, 2021
◦ Civic action programme- For eg. Project 'Winning Heart and Mind' by CRPF in LWE areas
• Econ measures-
◦ Infra developm- right initatives
◦ Poverty, employment generation - write initiatives
• Admin. measures-
◦ Cybersecurity measures for eg. CERT-In, National Cyber security policy, National
Critical Info. Protection Center
◦ LWE extemism measures- For eg. Operation Green Hunt, Aspirational District
Programme
◦ Measures for J&K
◦ Measures to counter terrorism- eg. National Counter terrorism Centre
• Military/Police measures-
◦ Reforms in CAPF
◦ Border Mgmt- for eg. smart fencing, use of drones, use of optical fibre cables to
improve communcation, road infra developm
◦ Modernization of police- for eg. CCTNS (Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and
System- a nationwide network of all police stations)- write aout police reforsm
◦ Modernisation of defense forces- for eg. NATGRID, S-400, hypersonic missiles
• Policy measures-
◦ UAPA amendment 2019- increase in pwrs of NIA- eg. seizure of properties allowed
even during under investigation by NIA
◦ PMLA 2002
◦ SAMADHAN initiative to fight against LWE- Can be used
 ◦

• External measures-
◦ Global collab- for eg. FATF, groupings like QUAD, Malabar exercise
◦ Resolution of border disputes with Pak and China

International initiatives
• Interpol
• FATF
• Vienna Convention on Money Laundering- for global cooperation in forensics, make
extradition possible
• Counter Terrorism Committee- formed by UNSC after 9/11

Role of Central intelligence and investigative agencies

• IB and RAW- to gather anti terrorism and anti national intelligence and eliminate threats.
For eg. IB's investigation after 2019 Pulwama attack
• NIA- to carry out counter terrorism investigation
• National Counter-Terrorism Center (NCTC): To coordinate all counter-terrorism measures.
• CBI- to handle complex econ. and conventional crimes
• ED/FIU- to counter money laundering
• CERT-In- to deal with cyber threats
• NATGRID- single platform to collate and share intelligence for coordin b/w diff
investigation agencies
• National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)- to protect critical infra
from cyber threats
• CRPF- to carry out anti LWE activities

Suggestions/Measures for internal security vohi bolbacchan

• Better C&S coordination and cooperation
• Measures against terrorism- write measures
• Effective border mgmt- write measures
• Effective control on social media. 2021 IT rules a good step in this regard
• Cyber security reforms
• Infra development, socio-econ. developm to curb local unrest
• Need of perception mgmt- need a comprehensive strategy for it
• Internation cooperation- treaties, agreements, intelligence sharing, extradition, traning &
capacity bulding

Conclusion
Given the size and complexity of security challenges, it is not simple to develop an IS
policy. It has to involve 2 components-
• Physical dimension- i.e. enhancing state's military capacity, intelligence capacity, etc.
• Psychological dimension- garnering support and awareness among citizens

Or use a recent govt inititiave as an eg. to conlclude

State actors influencing Internal security of India

Basically write Challenges w.r.t each country- under the following dimensions-
• Border Mgmt, GZW
• State sponsored terrorism
• State sponsored insurgency
• State sponsored OC- arms smuggling, narcotics, etc
• Cyberwarfare

Pakistan
Pakistan posing internal security threats in the following ways-
• ISI presence in Nepal
• Supporting non state actors- terrorist groups like LeT, JeM, IM, etc- their training,
providing finances, giving weapons
• Promoting/fueling Kashmir and Sikh separatism
• Fueling LWE and NE insurgency
• Fake currency rackets

China
>3000 km of border with India. Threat to IS in following ways-
• China's expansionism- Claiming AP as part of south Tibet, Aksai Chin area
• Startegic alliances with India's neigborng countries- Sri Lanka, bangladesh; String of
Pearls
• Skirmishes along Himalayan border
• Border area infra developm
• Fueling LWE

Nepal
• Open and porous border allowing smuggling, drugs, terrorist infilteration
• Communist Party Nepal's links with LWE
• Claiming part of Uttarakhand like Lipulekh as its part
• Fueling anti India emotions inside

Myanmar
• Illegal immigration
• Fuelling NE insurgency- Various tribes allowed to enter Mynamar freely (1967 border
agreement)- they gather training, resources, finances from Myanmar and come back
• Golden triange- drug trafficking

Bangladesh
• Illegal immmigration. eg. Rohingya
• Communal and minority issues. For eg. breaking Hindu temples
• Some terrorist camps in Bangladesh

Afghanistan
• Taliban ruling over (religious extremism)
• Can fuel terrorist activities in J&K
 • Rising China's presence in Afg
• Illicit trading/narcotics- Golden crescent (Taliban controls most of the opium producing
regions of Afg)

Non- state actors influencing Internal security of India

• Terrorist organisations- like ISIS, LeT, JeM, etc. Impact on India-
◦ Econ. impact- ISIS's rule over Iraq/ Syria which are rich in oil* India's oil supply is
affected* rising oil prices
◦ Social impact- spreading radicalization, luring youth and recruiting them, fueling lone
wolf attacks
• NGOs- impacting India's developm activities/ security. For eg. Amnesty protesting
against AFSPA
• NE Insurgents, LWE
• OC, ML
• Piracy
• Cyber security- Hackers of China affecting India's security
• MNCs- grabbing tribals' land thus fueling protests
• Security threats from Indian diaspora- for eg. Khalistan

Other related issues

# Principles of India's security Policy/ India's nuclear doctrine

• No first use-
◦ Advantages-
Save costs of heavy infra buidling
Will save India from blame of war initiation
Build image of a responsible nuclear power- helped india join MTCR, sign Civil
Nuclear Agreement with US
Helped maintain India nuclear stability in south Asia
◦ Disadvantages-
Removes ambiguity- some amt of ambiguity helps maintain nuclear deterrence
Difficult to survive 1st nuclear attack
Not enough detterence- still China's expansionism, Pak's aggression
 Pakistan has first use policy
• No use against non-nuclear state
• Massive retaliation
• Credible minimum deterrence
• Nuclear deterrence of CBW
• Multilateral disarmament:
• Non-proliferation:

GZW

Intro
US Dept of defence- GZW is strategic space between total peace and total war.

it includes activities like

• debt traps, economic sanctions/influence- eg. China's BRI
• cyberattacks,
• disinformation campaigns- Three Warfares' strategy of China
• State sponsored insurgency- eg Khalistan
• OC- eg. role of ISI in counterfeiting

Characteristics of GZW/ Diff from conventional warfare

• Level of aggression just below the threshold to prevent provoking direct response. To bait the
other party into escalation trap. Eg. Ind- Pak standoff post Parliam. Attack (2001)
• Has multiple dimensions- DIME, unlike conventional warfare which usually escalates in
only one dimension. Eg. economic colonisation of India through BRI; 'Three Warfares'
strategy of China to spread disinformation campaigns
• Protracted period- eg. Salami slicing
• Involves normalisation of disputed territorial areas, unlike conventional WF, where clear
territorial gains are achieved- Eg. China on A&P as part of S. Tibet
• Generally involves covert operations, policy of denial; difficult to attribute

Why rise in GZW

• High cost and risk of conventional war
• Technology advancements facilitating GZW
• Gives strategic advantage against the stronger enemy by exploiting
vulnerabilities/faultlines- eg. Pak's Bleed India by 1000 cuts
• Perpetual conflict helps wear down the adversary

GZW vs Hybrid WF
• Hybrid warfare= GZW + conventional warfare
• Duration generally less than GZW

General Suggestions/WF for Countering GZW/ Hybrid warfare

• Integrate hybrid threats/GZ threats into its defense planning.
• developing a comprehensive GZW strategy seeking inputs from all the stakeholders
• Diplomatic measures - to gain global support- eg. isolating Pak internationally.
Excluding Pak from UNPKFs
• Economic measures- targeting CPEC by supporting BLA
• Addressing domestic vulnerabilities- [Link] for a civilian sensitive force to spread
awareness and senitivity among citizens

# Hybrid Warfare

Intro- It is a type of warfare that uses multiple tools of warfare (both conventional and
unconventional) for eg. cyber attack, econ. warfare, fueling local protests, lonw eolf attack.
For eg. debt trap diploacy by China

Solutions/Suggestipns-
• Need a wholesome /comprehensive /multifaceted approach taking into account the
inputs from all stakeholders- NGOs, ministeries, armed forces, citizens
•
• Training and capacity building of forces
• Strnegthening of democracy and socio-econ developm/infra developm to decerease
vulnetabilities of youth towards this
Communal violence

India has been witnessing increase in communal violence i recent times. For eg. Delhi riots
(2020), Bengaluru riots (2020)

Why India is vulnerable to communal violenceVohi bol bacchan

• Highly diverse society
• Politicization of religion
• Historical reasons- Divide and rule policy of British
• Rising mistrust b/w diff communities
• Expanding social media use- India hs over 50 cr social media users. E.g. delhi riots
• Lack of edu and developm* increased prey to communalism due to lack of liberalism
and modern values
• Changing demographic patterns due to immigration- eg. Rohingya crisis
• Spread of extremist ideologies; religious fundamentalism

Reasons of communal violence

Copy paste above points

Suggestions
• 2nd ARC- communal violence should be included under DMA 2005 to be dealt with like
a disaster
• Need of admin. measures- like proper planning and profiling of vulenrable areas;
devising a crisis mgmt plan, etc.
• Increase training and capacity building of police to deal with such crisis- modernisation,
better weapons & tech, cyber crimes mgmt, use of heart & mind
• Effective mgmt of religious affairs- for eg. proper code of conduct to celebrate a
religious festival, protecting places of worship
• Effective control over social media- write initiatives
• Increase edu and developm levels to decrease vulenrability
• Post violence measures- establish fast track courts; fair and impartial investigation;
proper relief and rehabilitation
• Community engagement- for eg. interfaith meetings, promoting respect and
brotherhood
India's take on terrorism on global platforms (for VA)
• T is never justified
• Zero tolerance
• responsibility of nation states to stop
• Need global cooperation. Some countries are safe havens

The Delhi declaration (2022) adopted by UNSC's Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) was
a symbolic win for India for its fight against terrorism

Security Challenges and their Management in

Border Areas
Intro- India hs over 15000 km of land boundary with 7 countries and coastline of ~ 7516 km
of shoreline and shares a unique set of chalenges due to its geographic location, varied
topography, unfriendly neigbours and unique growth trajectory (LWE).
Some extra info for understanding-
• Border mgmt comes under Dept of Border Mgmt (Min of Home Affairs)
• Managed on the principle of 'One border, One force'
• Main force for coastal and offshore security is Navy. India Coast Guard has been
created as an additional support

For any Q related to BM- think in terms of 1) Nature of border 2)Forces on border 3) Citizens
on border 4) Across the border 5) Policy/institutional archi.

General Issues affecting/challneges in the Border Mgmt

Nature of border-
1. Difficult terrain- eg. riverine features along B'desh border, high mountains along J&K
border
2. Porous border due to inadequate border fencing, cross border ethnic ties, etc.*
susceptibility to infilteration, illegal migration, smuggling, insurgency. For eg. 2k+ illegal
border crossings reported
3. Poor border infras- eg. many BOPs suffering from electricity issues; lack of
bunkers/observation towers/flood lights
4. Improper demarcation of border- eg. Ind-China border
Forces on border-
4. Lack of access to modern equipments/technologies
5. Bureaucratisation of armed forces;
6. Overlapping juris.- for eg. ICG and IN wrt maritime BM
7. MP shortage
8. Poor intelligence mgmt- for eg. Galwan clash (2020) considered to be an intelligence
mgmt failure
Citizens on border
• Vulnerability on Indian side of border due to high pupu density- eg. along B'desh border
• Alleged excesses and HR violation by armed forces

Across the border-

• Proximity to disturbed areas- eg. political instability in Myanmar, economic distress in
Sri Lanka
• Role of state and non state actors- copy paste points
Wrt govt-
• Inefficient application of laws
• Lack of enough funds

General Govt initiatives

Nature of border-
• Smart border fencing
• Seamless border surveillance and intelligence inputs to improve situational awareness-
establishing BOPs, ICPs, floodlights etc.; NC3I Network; Vulnerable mapping exercise

Forces on border-
• Use of technology as a force multiplier- CIBMS, Bold-QIT, drones, remote sensing, night
vision cameras etc

Citizens on border
• Infra developm in border areas- BAMP, VVS (establishing dual use military villages for
countering China's expanding border infras.), BIM, Project Vartak (for developm of
roads in AP)
• Community led border mgmt-
◦ Why needed? And inititaives taken accordingly-
To foster mutual trust & goodwill and build local culture understanding- for eg,
Operation Sadbhavna by CAPF for winning hearts and minds
To reduce HR violations/allegations of HR violations-
To improve situational awareness/early detection of events- for [Link]
acting as ears and eyes of IN & ICG
Socio econ. developm of border areas

Across the border-

• Joint border mgmt- for eg. across India-Bhutan border
• Diplomatic efforts- regular high level meetings and intern. collab

Govt policies/insti. archi-

• Strict
• Marine Police Force created under Coastal Security Scheme
• 2 committees on border mgmt- Shekatkar Committee (2015) and K Subrahmanyam
Committee (1999)
• Increased allocation for BRO
Suggestions/Way forward
Shekatkar Committee (2015)-
• Ramp up border infra- eg. fasten up the road construction
• Use new technologies like precision blasting, use of geotextiles for for soil stabilization,
etc.
• Increase India's defense budget- should be in range of ~ 2.5-3% of GDP
• Adopt EPC mode of work for execution of big projects
• Revamp the repair ecelons in Army

K Subrahmanyam Committee (1999)-

• Enhance domestic defense manuf capacity- to increase exports and decrease imports

Role of technology in border mgmt How tech will help in smart border mgmt or
modernization of border mgmt-

Need/Significance-
• Will help check infliteration
• Better fight against terrorism, smuggling, etc.
• Facilitate cross border trade- for eg. blockhain tech can help securely process transactions
• Better surveillance and intelligence inputs- like LIDAR sensors, infrared cameras, laser
sensing, remote sensing, night vision cameras, smart fencing, etc.
• Will decrease pressure on physical deployment of forces, i.e. acts as a force multiplier

Conclusion- Thus, it is imperative that esecurity forces need to develop and embrace new
technologies & innovations that act as force multipliers. Our border mgmt should be
technologically driven and intelligence based.

Border infra

Intro- Development of border infra is necessary for any country to maintain its territorial
integrity and sovereignity
Need of border infra developm-
• For faster and easier deployment of security forces
• For socio-econ. developm of border areas
• To address mismatch in border infra of neighboring countries, for eg., China
 • Better surveillance and imprived intelligence input- to check infliteration, smuggling,
drug trafficking, etc
• For asserting territorial integrity- for eg. in Galwan valley clash

Way forward/suggestions (overall for border infras.)

• Copy paste suggestions of 2 committees
• Copy paste suggestions for border infra
• Promote PPP in border infra- more innovation, funds, better mgmt oractices
• Need better coordination & cooper. b/w diff agencies- armed forces, ministeries- taking
inputs from all stakeholders
• Transform the organizational structure of BRO
• Generating enough employment opportunities to prevent diversion of youth towards
anti national and illicit activities
• Increase local community participation- for eg. fishermen who are 'eyes and ears' of
security agencies

Conclusion
Maintaing peace and tranquility at border is v essential for ensuring internal security and socio-
economic developm of the country. However, various threats exist across India's borders.
Therefore, it is imp to meaningfully engage and cooperate with our neibhoring countries to
resolve those issues effieciently.

India Bangladesh border

Intro- >4000 km of land border with varied geography features along with heavy popu. on
both sides which makes it highly vulnerable

Areas of conflict
• Illegal migration, infilteration
• Illegal cattle smuggling- over 2 million Indian cattle smuggled to B'desh every year
• Narcotics smuggling, weapons smuggling, fertilizer smuggling, fake currency notes
• Human trafficking
• Support to terrorism, radicalism and insurgency in NE- wherein various insurgenets
cross porous borders and receive arms, training, money
• River disputes over Feni and Teesta river

Unique Govt initiatives for B'desh border (in addn to those general challnges)
• Establishment of a Border Protection Grid (BPG) along Indo- Bangladesh border
• Billateral cooper b/w 2 for joint patrolling and info sharing. For eg. Sundarban alliance (a joint
exercise b/w 2)
• Land boundary agreement (2015) for exchanging of enclaves

Indo Pak border Has already come in 2024. You can skip
Intro- India shares a land boundary of >3000 km with Pak that runs from.....

Issues in india-Pak border b/w India & Pak

Repeat B'desh waale issues and-
• Land & Water disputes/Territorial disputes- eg. Sir Creek Dispute, Siachin dispute, Indus
water treaty dispute, PoK

Govt initiativesVohi sab border mgmt waale initiatives

India China border Has already come in 2024. You can skip
Intro- India China border which is of >3500 km is almost entirely disputed

Areas of conflict/tensions
• Territorial disputes- Aksai Chin, AP, Galwan Valley (2020), Shaksgam Valley, Dokhlam
standoff (2017)-
• Water disputes. For eg. China building a dam on Brahmputra
• Strategic manuvers/encirclement by China- following the policy of Strings of pearls,
GZW, Salami slicing, Escalation trap- for eg. strategic mediation in Myanmar to
destabilise India's NER
• Diplomatic tensions- eg. China blocking India's UNSC/NSG membership
• Huge trade deficit- of 100 bn+ USD
Solution to Indo-China conflict
A. Maintaining distance-
• Avoid excessive econ. dependence on China- reduce trade deficit
• Suspending the political dialogue as per C Rajamohan

B. Stengthening own position

• Rapid military and border infras. modernisation
• Indigenisation defense manuf/industrial base
• Deepening partnerships with other countries- eg. QUAD

C. Seeking peaceful resolution of border disputes

• Maintaining open channels for military dialogue for high level talks
• Demarcation of border

D. Maintaining strategic autonomy - in US-China rivalry, uphold non-alignment principles

Govt initiatives
• Rapid infra developm across LAC- eg. Sela Tunnel (AP), DBO road in Ladakh
• Confidence building measures, high level diplomatic and military talks- disengagement
at some of the choke points
• Spy Cam project across border
• Military reforms- ITC, CDS intro for better response to Chinese aggression

Way frwd
• ITBP shouldnt be used for internal security purposes
• Troops should always be battle ready
• Ramp up border infra
• Need to improve diplomatic communication b/w 2

Conclusion
Conflict will China will divert useful resources from essential sectors and affect India's
progress in CNP. Thefore, India should prioritize peaceful diplomacy while building defense
capabilities to cunter Chinese aggression.
India Myanmar border
Intro- India Myanmar hv a land boundary of >1500 km and hv signed a FMR (Free Movmt
Regime) that allow movmt of tribals along the border up to 16 km of border.

Areas of conflict/Challenges
Same as that on B'desh border plus-

• Political instability/turmoil in Myanmar* illegal migration, Rohingya refugees crisis

• Insurgency in NE- due to smuggling of arms, fake currency notes, etc.
• Drug trafficking- proximity Golden triangle. For instance, 90% of contraband recovered
in NE in 2022 originated from Myanmar
• Lack of adequate attention of policymakers on India- Myanmar border
• Extra burdern on AR to be also involved in counter-insurgency operations in addn to
border mgmt

Specific Govt initiatives

• Home minister's decision to fence entire Indo-Myan border
• Govt's decision to scrap FRM
• MP augmentation in AR
• Baaki sab vohi border mgmt waale bol bacchan

Way frwd - In addn to those general suggestions

• need to strengthen AR- should be given a single mandate of protecting the border
instead of counter-insurgency force
• India should meaningfully engage with Myanmar- mutual resolution of border issues

FMR
Intro- Introduced in 2018 for cross border trade and cultural ties facilitation wherein ppl
were allowed to visit upto 16 km from border without visa

Objectives (draw using hub & spoke diagram)- 1) P2P contact; 2) trade & business
facilitation and 3) access to services- health, edu facilities, etc.

Reasons of scrapping- In addn to general issues in Indo-Myan border

• Support for scrapping FMR from AS, AP and Manipur (Metei)

Challenges/Issues in removing
• P2P cultural/ethnic ties affected- for eg. among Nagas, Mizos
• Can fuel regional aspirations- separatism/secessionist tendencies- eg. demand of
Nagalim
• Geog challenges- diverse rugged terrain
• Poor past experience- where 10k fence along Myan border took more than a decade

Conclusion- Scrapping of FMR is a complex issue that could affect the long term socio-
econ. stability of NER. Therefore, a nuanced approach is needed that balances both the
local needs and India's security concerns

India Nepal border

An open border b/w 2 which is goverened by Sugauli Treaty of 1816 (which defines river
Gandak as the boundary b/w 2). Nepal which is a landlocked country has closest access to
sea through India

Areas of conflict Vohi general challenges plus-

• Misuse of open borders for infilteration of terrorists
• Support to Maoist insurgency/LWE in India
• Territorial disputes- eg. in Kalapani and Lipulekh border issue (2020) due to internal
political instability
• Growing chinese influence in Nepal disturbing the equiproximity principle of Nepal govt
◦ CCP's support to Nepal's leftist parties
◦ Trade & Transit agreement with China
◦ Disinformation campaigns against India

Govt initiatives
• Estabishment of an intelligence section in SSB for better operational effeciency
• Road developm of 1200+ km across Nepal border
• Border District Coordination Committee:- for coordin of district level officers of 2 countries

Way frwd- vhi sab bol bacchan

India Bhutan border Skip or Just quickly skim through

Boundary free of disputes except at trijunction of Ind-Cn-Bh. Has an open boundary and a
frienship treaty b/w 2 * huge stakes of India in Bhutan's security

Challenges
• Insurgency- Bodo, ULFA sneak into Bhutan
• Smuggling and trafficking, militant outfits
• Env concerns- infilteration of poachers, wildlife smuggling

Govt initiatives In addn to those general suggestions-

• First Integrated Check post set up by India and Bhutan

Coastal border of India/Maritime security

Intro- India which has a long coastline of ~7516 km (with diverse range of topography)
accounting for 90% of India's trade (by volume) is facing a rising threat on it from non-state
actors and hostile neighbors which has made it necessary for India to develop a
comprehensive strategy and plug gaps in India's coastal security architecture.

Need for security of coastal region/Issues regarding

• Vulnerable to maritime terrorism- eg. attacks on ships/ports, hijacking, attacking on
coastal cities (26/11), etc.
• Rising sea piracy- eg. high in IOR as per Intern. Maritime Bureau Report
• Diverse topography- eg. estuaries, lagoons* smuggling and infiltration activities
• Unsettled maritime borders- eg. Sir Creek dispute
• Inadequate coastal security mechanism- eg. over 180 out of 200 minor ports lack
adequate security measures
• Protection of trade (90% volume passes through sea) and imp establishments such as
Bombay High, Kalpakkam nuclear plant, etc
• Geo-political tensions/conflicts- for eg. Chinese string of pearls
• Straying of fishermen, for eg. Illegal detention by Pak

Challenges in managing coastal border

• Overlapping juris. - eg. b/w ICG, IN (under center) and state coastal police (under state govt);
One Border One Force not followed for maritime borders
• Unclear definitions- eg. maritime security vs offshore security vs coastal security
• Challenges in identification and tracking of sub-20 meter vessels- for eg. High cost of
installation of transponders on small boats.
• Inadequate focus of policy makers on maritime security
• Unsettled maritime borders- eg. Sir Creek Dispute, Palk Strait dispute

India's initiatives for coastal/maritime security-

Wrt to nature of borders

• Better coastal surveillance and mgmt- establishing JOCs at major cities, Coastal
Surveillance network, VTMS radars, night vision cameras; Carrying out of vulnerable
coastal mapping by BISAG-N
• Increasing maritime domain awareness through better intelligence gathering
• Tracking of sub-20 m vessels by installing transponders

Wrt to forces on borders

• Joint security drills (Navy + Coastal security guard + local police)- eg. Operation Sagar
Kavach
• Coastal Security Scheme to strenghten marine police force
• ITC in A&N- only one in India
• Training and capacity building- eg. National Academy of Coastal Policing

Wrt citizens on border

• Fishermen biometric ID cards

• HADR (Humanitarian Assis. and Disaster Relief)

Wrt to across the border

• Coordination & coop with littoral countries in IOR like Indonesia, Sri Lnka, Malaysia, etc.
For eg. CORPAT, MILAN exercises
Wrt to overarching govt policies/insti. architecture
• Indian Maritime security strategy (2015) by Indian Navy- for greater coordin b/w diff
maritime agencies, multilateral engagement, local capacity building
• National Commiitee for Strenghtening Maritime and Coastal Security
• SAGAR initiative- India as net security provider, first responder to crisis

Evolving strategy of India's maritime security

• Modernis of navy- to transform IN into Blue-water navy, increasing budget allocation
• Expansion of security coverage- to IOR, middle east, etc
• Maintaining naval dominance in key areas like BoB, AS.
• Adopting pro-active approach- India as net security provider, first responder- for eg.
Operation Sankap

Way frwd/Suggestion MARIT

• Modernise border infras.- eg. establish JOCs, VTMS radards, night vision cameras
• Advancement in tech- eg. equipping sub-20 m vessels with transponders
• Reinforcement of Legal-regulatory framework- no ambigious defns with clear
roles/responsibilities
• Integration of agencies- more coop/coordin. Eg. Op. Sagar Kavach
• Training and Capacity building- eg. National Academy of Coastal Policing

Piracy in Indian Ocean Region (IOR)

Intro- IOR has been designated as a high risk area by IMP in sea piracy which, in recent past, has
witnessed 20% jump in sea piracy. For eg. Drone attack on Gabon flagged Oil tanker,

Causes

• Geopolitical tensions- for eg. Houthis' bombarding of western countries' ships as, backed by
Iran
• Political instability- for eg. Somalian piracy

Impact of piracy-
• Econ. impacts-
◦ rising costs due to longer routes, increase in war risk premium (increased from
 0.05% to 1% of ship's value)
◦ Supply chain delays
• Security issues- hostages, killing. Most susceptibel area- Horn of Africa
• Env. impact* use of weapons like granades against ships causes marine pollution, oil
spilling, etc.

Measures taken for maritime security-

• Maritime Anti Piracy Act 2022. Brought to comply with UNCLOS which India ratified in
1995 and fill legislative/regulatory gaps in maritime piracy. Provisions-
◦ Includes clear defn of piracy
◦ Expanded jusris- to act against piracy in high seas beyond EEZ
◦ Allows extradition of pirates
◦ Session courts to try cases related to piracy irrespective of nationality
• Patrolling/operations by IN & ICG- eg. Operation Sankalp
• SAGAR policy - India as net security provider & First Responder in IOR
• Global/Regional cooper- UNCLOS, IORA, Djibouti Code of Conduct- for info sharing,
joint patrolling, capacity building, etc

Suggestions for maritime security-

• Need to strenghten Indian Coast Guard
• Better patrolling vehicles, surveillance equipments like night vision cameras, radars, etc.
• Need of a comprehensive legislative and institutional framework- currently there is
multiplicity of bodies
• Regular coastguard drills. For eg. Sagar Kavach a good initiative
• Enhance shipping infra- ports

Conclusion- Thus, combatng maritime terrorism is a growing concern that needs a vgilant
and determined approach as well as an integrated and effective approach for law
enforcement in maritime waters.

Strategic significance of A&N

Intro- A&N that constitute <1% of India's area provides 30% of India's EEZ, which
necessiates an effective security mgmt for it
Strategic significance-
• Close to Malacca strait- a major trade route with significant location (can be a choke
point for China)
• Imp pillar of India's Act East Policy
• Econ/Commercial potential-
◦ Developing a trans-shipment hub at Car Nicobar can help rival ports of
Singapore/Colombo
◦ Accounts for India's 30% EEZ

Need for militarization of A&N-

• Strategic significance- Copy paste points
• Countering increasing chinese presence in IOR- for eg. Chinese ports of Gwadar and
Djibouti
• A&N acts as a biffer zone b/w India and rest of countries in IOR

Challenges/Issues-
• Lack of infra and communication- only 2g services till recently when Submarine Optical
Fibre Cable was laid b/w Chennai and Port Blair
• Majority of islands are inhabited* vulnerable to smuggling, drugs trafficking,
infliteration
• Huge distance from mainland
• Sensitive ecology- for eg. NITI Aayog's plan to develop a trans shipment hub there
faced huge env protests
• Lack of adequate political focus/attention till now on S&N from security's pov

Other issues-
Illegal migration

Intro- In 2016, as per the govt, over 20 mn illegal migrants staying in India which

History of migration in India-

• Post partition migration- initial promise by govt but lateral refusal to grant citizenship to
 persecuted citizens
• Post 1971 war- Bdeshi refugees influx
• AS Accord 1985- date for identifying illegal immigrants set to 24 Match 1971

Reasons of illegal migration

• Along Myanmar- persecution of Rohingya minorities, ethnic cross border ties, porous
borders, for better std of life
• Along B'desh- Copy paste

How it affects india's IS?

• Law & order disturbance- increase in crimes/insurgency in the area they settle in. For
eg. allegations on Rohingya Muslims
• Demographic changes concerns- for eg. in AS
• Greater burden on govt w.r.t resources, employment, etc which if unmet can fuel local
unrest
• Trafficking/smuggling- drugs, weapons, human. India, which is situated b/w golden
triange and crescent is more vulnerable to this
• Organised crime and Terrorism, as seen in J&K

Challenges in curbing illegal migration

• Geograph factors- rugged and difficult terrain- for eg. riverine terrain along B'desh
border
• Protest by local groups- for eg. Mizos, Kukis in NER
• Land acquisition issues for border infras. projects
• Political/insti factors-
◦ Vote bank politics- eg. past govts in AS/WB facilitated illegal migration
◦ Overlapping juris/multiplicity of agencies
• Security related- vohi sab lack of modernis of forces, understaffed, poor & under-
staffed forces;

Initiatives taken

A. Wrt nature of border- copy paste

B. Wrt forces on border- copy paste

C. Wrt citizens on border- not applicable
D. Wrt across the border- copy paste
E. Wrt govt policies/act/insti- Legal provisions/SC judgements in India currently dealing with
illegal immigration-

• Citizenship Act 1955- that deals with acquisition or termination of citizenship

• Foreigners Act, 1946- to decide whether a person is foreigner or not and take actions
accordingly
• Piryali Sur vs Union of India case- against illegal detention of Rohigya refugees
◦ Petitioners' argument:- violates Art 14, 21 and principle of Non-refolument
◦ Union govt's affidavit- repeat points of how illegal migration affects India's IS + Judicial
overreach as citizenship comes under legislature's scope

Suggestions/Way frwd
Follow same framework as inititaives taken + some unique points-
• Use AI-ML to identify illegal migration hotspots (under Use of tech under Wrt forces on
border)
• Strict enforcement of Foreigners Act 1946 (under Wrt forces on govt policies/laws)
• Programs for rehab and reintegration of refugees in their home countries

Conclusion- Thus, illegal immigration is a complex and multi-faceted issue that needs to be
addressed effectively. The measures to curb this need to be balanced and need to take into
account both the security concerns and humanitarian aspects of the issue

Various Security Forces and Agencies and their

Mandate;

Intro/basic info

In India, various security forces and agencies hv the responsibility of maintaing law & order,
national security, territorial integrity and upholding soverignity. These include armed forces,
CAPF, RAW, IB, NSG, CBI, etc.
They can be broadly classified as-
• Dealing with external threats- Army, Navy, IAF (under Min of Defense). Can also be
suplemented with CAPF if need arises
• Dealing with internal threats- CAPF under Home Min. (where each one is led by an IPS)
which includes CISF, CRPF, BSF, SSB, ITBP, AR, NSG

Contribution of paramilitary forces

• Border Mgmt and first line of defense- eg. AR's counter insurgency operations in NE,
BSF seizing heroine in PB
• Intelligence gathering
• Maintaining law & order in their area of operation- eg. CRPF's RAF in 2020 Delhi riots
• Disaster mgmt- eg. ITBP's role in evacuating ppl in Cyclone Fani, OR (2019)
• UN Peacekeeping missions- eg. woman CRPF unit in UNPKFs in liberia
• Anti Naxal operations- eg. CRPF's CoBRA unit
• Security to transportation facilities, nuclear facilities, diplomatic missions abroad, etc-
eg. CISF securing Delhi metro
• VIP security- for eg. SPG - Modi

Issues of paramilitary forces

Policy related-
• Politicisation of forces
• Lack of judicial oversight- particularly in sensitive areas of J&K, LWE

Institutional related-
• Budgetary constraints- approx 75% CAPF budget goes in revenue expenditi
• Poor integration b/w military, paramilitary and civilian police forces
• Numerous responsibilities/Diversion from primary duties- for eg. AR involved in both
counter insurgency and border protection resposnibilities; in conducting elections

Personnel related-
• Poor work env and stress due to sustained deployments- eg. approx 50 suicides
reported in 2021.
• Poor morale due to sustained/ harsh postings- eg. ITBP postings in Ladakh
• Absence of inhouse grievance redressal mechanism- for eg. A BSF jawaan sharing a
social media post in 2017
Measures taken by govt
Institutional measures-

• Modernis. efforts- eg. UAVs, mine protected vehicles, advanced firearms, etc to enhance
operational

Measures for personnel-

• Free amenities like free air travel, Risk/hardship allowances (for postings in JK, LWE
areas)
• Bharat ke Veer Fund- ex-gratia payable to martyr's family
• Establishing proper in house grievance redressal mechanism system launched by Home
Min in 2017
• Improving gender equality- govt permitted 33% reservation for women at constable
rank

Way forward
Institutional measures-

• Enhance modernis. efforts and tech. advancements for CAPF-

◦ shorter modernis. cycles for CAPF, building equipments suitable to local needs
◦ eg. UAVs, mine protected vehicles, advanced firearms, etc to enhance operational
• increase the size and training & capacity building of CAPFs
• Need of transparent policies about leave and transfers of CAPFs
• Local integration and intelligence gathering- eg. local tribes inducted into Bastaria
battalion
• Do away with multiple responsibilities of AR, BSF, etc. Give them them single responsib.
of border mgmt only

Measures for personnel-

• Improve welfare and support systems for personnel- for eg. initiatives like Chaupal should be
extended across all CAPFs
• Better compensation and benefits should be based on climatic and geographical
condns of an area
•
Conclusion
CAPF facilitates govt admin. even in the remotest corners of the country. Their verstaile
experience can be utilised for nation's advantage. Thus, it is needed to address their
underlying issues for more effiecient functioning

Other topics-

AFSPA
Intro- AFSPA 1958 is a series of acts created by Indian parliam. to empower armed forces to
efficiently maintain law & order in disturbed areas. It can be declared by govt or central
govt in whole or part of the state or UT

Features- to be used as VA
• Section 3- Govt/cenntral govt declaring an area as disturbed
• Section 4- Search and seizure activities in vehicle/houses; arrest a person without a
warrant.
• Section 5- the arrested person need to be handed over to police with min. delay
• Section 6- Legal immunity for actions of military- no action against them before
approval of central govt
• Armed forces can use any type of force against the person

Judicial observations/judgements wrt AFSPA

• Inderjit Barua vs State of As (1983)- govt's pwr to declare a distrurbed region should
not be arbitrary
• Gogoi vs Union of India (1991) - arrested person should be handed over to police with
min. delay
• Naga Ppl's movmt of HRs vs Union of India (1998)- disturbed areas should be
periodically reviewed

Arguments in favor-
• Empowers and boosts moral of security forces* better border mgmt and counter
insurgency operations
• For protection of armed forces- Sec 3
• Adequate safeguards already there in AFSPA- For eg.
◦ Sec 5
◦ Armed forces can only fire in self defense or when a person is clearly recognized as
a militant
• Already upheld by SC in Naga Ppl's movmt of HRs vs Union of India (1998) judgement

Arguments against
• C-S issues- overrfing pwrs of central govt wrt Sec 3
• Lack of accountability of armed forces- eg. Sec 4 & 6
• Alleged HR violation- For instance, Justice Verma committee - AFSPA has made
mockery of the law.
• Has been ineffective since last 50 years. Insurgency still not eliminated completely. For
instance, 2nd ARC suggested repeal of AFSPA
• High financial burden on central govt

Suggestions
• Govt's pwr to declare a distrurbed region should not be arbitrary- as suggested by
Inderjit Barua vs State of AS (1983)
• The declaration should be periodically revised every 6 months- as suggested by Naga
movmt vs Union of India judgement (1998)
• Implement it locally on case to case basis instead of whole state
• Open dialogue channel with insurgents to address insurgency instead of just depending
on AFSPA- for eg. Op Sadbhavna

Conclusion
AFSPA is a centerpiece in counterinsurgency operations. Despite some of its controversial
provisions, its use should be with principles of proportionality, accountability and
transparency as highlighted by SC.

Space Security

Threats to India's space security

• Cyber attacks
 • Space debris/Collision risk with other statellites
• Space warfare- country's developing space based vehicles
• India's communication system vulnerable to electronic jamming

Govt initatives
• Setting up of SSA (Space situational Awareness) Center in 2021
• Mission Shakti- Conducting anti satellite missile tests to protect its space assets
• International space based collab with diff countries like UK, France
• Indigeneous developm of of space tech. to reduce dependence on imports. For eg.
Chandrayaan 3
• Launching several types of satellites for enhanced surveillance, military intelligence
gathering, etc. For eg. CARTOSAT for real time images of enemy positions in space,
GSAT satellite for military communic & surveillance

Indian Coast Guard

Intro- Its a multifarious force that is a first responder of any developing situation at sea. It
coordinates- disasters like oil spill response, protects marine env and India's EEZ, etc.
• Operates under MoD

Challenges Vohi bl bacchan

• Poor coordination due to multiplicity of agencies and govts at local/state/center level
• Shortage of workforce
• Poor training and capacity building
• Geographic challenges- difficult terrain, seasonal weather patterns
• Lack of proper coastal infra, modern vessels

Initiatives of ICG
• Conducting joint operations with Navy and IAF
• Established a coastal surveillance network- radars, identification systems
• Inducting new patrol vehicles
• Community outreach programs
Way frwd
• Need of proper coordination b/w diff agencies with coastal police, armed forces, govts
at diff levels
• Need to strengthen coastal police
• Regularly conduct joint exercises/joint patrolling like Sagar Kavach

Women role in combat

Intro- SC had held in Delhi HC order (2010) that seeks to grant permanent commission to
women at par with male counterparts

Challenges
• Social challenges-
◦ Family issues- doesn't support
◦ Childbearing, menstrual issues
◦ Women not feeling safe/comfortable in male dominated forces
• Women officers not consulted while choosing women in combat
• Govt should allow women to choose if they want to enroll in a commanding role

Way frwd
• Need data collection and analysis on sentiments of male troops regarding women's role
in commanding positions
• Need to make military infra gender inclusive before increasing women's presence
• Women should be provided same level of training as male counterparts to make them
military ready

Conclusion
While including women is a significant step towards increasing women equality and
strength & capacity of military forces, she should be ready to handle the extraneous
pressure of armed forces. It is equally imp to think practically while stopping the romantic
notion of women in combat roles.

Joint military exercises

Benefits-
• Enhancing military capability
• Strenghthening defense ties
• Promoting regional security
• Developing soft pwr
• Improving interoperatibility: indian troops get to know how to use

Challenges-
• Overstretching of resources of armed forces of India
• Dependence on foreign equipments can reduce India's strategic autonomy
• High costs and time taking
• Diplomatic sensitivities- Can affect relations with other countries
• Limited focus, for eg, on anti-terrorism activities

Police reforms

Some facts to understand/use as VA-

• Main resposnibility is to maintain law&order and conduct criminal investigations while
they are assisted by CAPF in case of internal security issues
• India's police per lakh of popu (PPR)- ~190 per lakh while UN recommends ~ 222
• Police is a state subject- i.e. state govt fills open posts of state police, although center
can advise state on necessary changes to police admin.

Current issues/challenges with police

• Misuse/politicization of police forces
• Vacancy- 195 PPR against UN's recommended 222
• rampant corruption
• Custodian deaths/rapes/fake encounters
• Extra burden on constables- wide rangind duties
• Lack of accountability of police to citizens
• Poor infra- poor infra of police stations, police vehicles, oudtaed technology
• Poor working conditions, untimely promotions
• Lack of funds with state govt

Govt initiatives
• Modernisation of police forces- better police station infra, equipments, training centres,
forensic labs,
• Set up special dedicated cyber security/social mediacells to deal with cyber crimes. Eg.
Mumbai police
• NATGRID; Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS): give police
investigating officers necessary knowledge and resources to carry out investigation
efficiently
• Joint training with army/paramilitary forces
• Moving towards Commissionerate System wherever appropriate (unlike dual system
where DM had more powers in a district)
•

Suggestions PNR +2nd ARC

NPC (1979-81)
• Limit political influence on police
• Police need to be more sensitive to needs of backward communities

Ribeiro Committee (1998-99)

• Set up a 'Police Establishment Border' in each state headed by DGP that will look after
appointments, promotions and transfers of police officers
• Set up a distict police complaints authority consisting of DM and a district judge to look
into complaints againt police at district levels
Padmanabhaiah Committee (2000)
• Need to increase the ratio of senior to junior police officers
• All promotions in police should be only after pre-promotion training

2nd ARC (2006)-

• Reduce burden on police- outsource non-core functions of police
• Improve forensic science infra
• Carry out welfare measures for police- better working condns, performance

Prakash Singh Case (2006) by SC suggested following reforms-

• Separate law & order and investigation functions of police
 • The min tenure of any DGP should be 2 yrs to enable them to smoothly function

Need SMART policing, as Modi announced in 2014- (S-sensitive and Strict; M-Modern with
Mobility; A- Alert and Accountable; R- Reliable
and Responsive; T- Trained and Techno-savvy)

However, police reforms hv still not been implemented effectively completely

Conclusion

A citizen friendly, smart and techno-savy police is needed for maintaining law & order and
social harmony situation in the society effectvely. However, admin and fiscal challenges
have led to critical gaps in police infra and working. It is imperative to address these on a
priority basis.
OR
Need to hv a 'police service' instead of 'police force'

Defense modernis

Intro
DM refers to upgrading existing military capabilities in terms of both combat capabilities
and institutional/regulatory processes.

Areas of modernis. of defense

• In terms of combat capabilities- for eg. Indian Navy's recemt acqusition of Swimmer
Delivery Vehicles (that allow operations in shallow water)
• In terms of institutional structures/procedures-
◦ Arms Acquisition Process- eg. DAP (2020), recent acquisiti
◦ Military Leadership Coordination- eg. ITC
◦ Civilian Leadership Interaction- eg. CDS, NSD
◦

Issues in defense modernis.

Slow decision making, Absence of NSD, Tech complexities, Inadequate funding

Way frwd
• Implement Shekatkar committee's recomm. on defense modernis.
• Adequate funding- eg. non lapsable Defende Modernis. fund a good step
• 5Is approach- Identify areas of modernis* Incubate tech* Innovate* Integrate this
innovation in military capabilities* Indigenous context ko aise hi badao

Integrated Theatre Command (ITC)

Intro- ITC, recommended by Kargil Review Commitee (2002) refers to setting up of a of a
joint theatre command for all armed forces together at a place.

Just for VA
• Currently only one ITC- A&N ITCS
• Govt recently introduced Inter Services Organis. Bill to facilitate set up of ITCs

Advantages of ITC
• A unified command allows faster and accurate decision making
• Better utilisation of resources and finances
• Better coordin. among forces

Views against ITC/Challenges of ITC

• Lack of current jointness in operations/training/planning
• Premature push towards ITC- NSD not promulgated yet
• Contested role of air power- that spans across one service
• The probability of high intensity wars is v less in contemporray world
•

Way frwd
• Focus on jointness in oper and training first
• Expedite promulgation of NSD- with clarity on joint war fighting doctorine
• Pilot test with one ITC
• Develop a cadre of 'Purple personnels'
• Need to take inputs of all stakeholders before taking this forward
Defence Exports
Intro

India's defense exports rose to over 1 lakh crore in FY23, from being the 2nd largest
importer in 2019

Challenges
• Distorted defense mkt- no guaranteed repeat orders, monopsony (Indian army as sole
buyer), DPSU's monopoly- less scope for pvt players
• Lack of cohesion b/w stakeholders- armed forces, DPSUs,MoD, Pvt industry over
defense exports
• Inconsistent/ad-hoc policy focus
• Absence of centralized comprehensive export strategy

Govt initiatives
Indigenisation efforts-
• Positive indigenis. list, Negatve import list
• Supporting Indian OEMs- for eg. given priority under DAP 2020; 75% capital head
dedicated to sourcing from Indian cos.
• Srijan Indigenis. Portal

R&D/Innovation/Capacity building-
• iDEX, TDF
• FDI liberalisation- to 74% under automatic route

Infras. efforts-
• Establishm. of defense industrial corridors- eg. in UP, TN

Other efforts-
• Defense diplomacy- marketing of defense products
• Organising defense marketing events- Aero India, Defense Expo

Recomm

Draft DPEPP 2020's recomm-

• Need a whole-of govt comprehsnive strategy
• Establish a DEPA (Defense Export Promotion Agency)- as a single point agency to
coordinate all export efforts
• Focus on high value arms/platforms like Brahmos, Tejas
• Promote branding of Indian defense products- eg. events like Aero India
• R&D/Innovation/capacity building- Use export revenue of DPSUs for R&D
• Global outreach- Defense diplomacy, Govt to govt agreements, credit line to foreign pvt
buyers

Conclusion

Hon'ble PM Modi Ji- India, which was dependent on imports for even small equipments has
now emerged as one the largest exporters and manuf. of weapons

Defence Procurement

Need
• Limited indigenous manufacturing capabilities/Industrial base- for eg. importing GE jet engine
for indigenous LCA Tejas
• Delays and cost overruns due to bureaucratic issues in DAP- eg. delay in projects of Arjun
tanks, LCA Tejas, etc
• Rising complexity of threats such as AI based warfare* Need of modernisation of equipment
and platforms- eg. India's decision to buy Scorpian submarines from France; network centric
warfare
• Regional power balance- with growing military/strategic competition from China/Pak- to build
a future ready force

Govt steps

Initially dependent on British armed factories* DPSEs role starts* Shift to Russia due to
DPSEs' inefficiency but no tech transfer* Diversified to USA post 1991 USSR breakup*
• DPP (2002)- on recomm. of Kargil War review committee
• DAP (2020)-
◦ Key features-
Promote indigenis. content in procurement- eg. negative import list
Greater involvement of Indian pvt industry- intro. of new procurement categories,
 incentives for MSMEs/startups
Intro. of leasing option for defense equipments
FDI liberalisation- to 74% under automatic route
Reduced offset obligtions in certain cases
◦ Challenges-
Challenges in verifying indigenous contents
Offset obligations could impact tech transfer, local industry
Procurement delays due to multiple approvals
Increased costs due to leasing (due to involm of multiple parties)
Insufficient post contract mechanisms- for eg. Dispute Resolution
◦ WF
Streamline Procurement Categories
Establish a centralised authority and specialised Defence acqusition cadre
Expedite NSD promulgation for clarity
Balance the reduced offset obligations with the need of enhancing domestic
capabilities

PYQ

Q What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organisational, technical and
procedural initiatives taken to improve the maritime security. (15 Marks)

Intro- Copy paste from Coastal security

Body 1- Copy paste
Body 2- Initiatives taken-
• Organisational-
◦ Participation in regional groupings like IORA, IOC, BIMSTEC
◦ 3 layered protection of Navy + ICG + State Marine police
• Technical-
◦ Better/more eefficient surveillance system- use of electrpnic surveillance, remote
sensing
◦ Nuclear sumbarines, Aircraft carriers, corvette, frigates,
• Procedural-
 ◦ Establishing JOCs (Joint Operation centres) at nmajor coastal cities like Mumbai,
Vizag, Kochi, etc.
◦ Increasing maritime domain awareness through better intelligence gathering
◦ Joint security drills (Navy + Coastal security guard + local police)- eg. Operation
Sagar Kavach
◦ Coordination & coop with littoral countries in IOR like Indonesia, Sri Lnka, Malaysia,
etc. For eg. CORPAT, MILAN exercises
Conclusion- Thus, the above mentioned initiaties hv helped India improve maritime security
and respond to maritime threats. The need right now is to develop a strong and
comprehensive approach to address the maritime security challenges. SAGAR policy hs
been a good step in this regard

For effective border area management, discuss the steps required to be taken to deny local
support to militants and also suggest ways to manage favourable perception among locals

Q For effective border area management, discuss the steps required to be taken to deny local
support to militants and also suggest ways to manage favourable perception among locals.
(2021, 10 marks)

Intro- Copy paste from border mgmt

Body 1- Steps needed to deny local support to militants- Vohi bol bacchan
• Employment and education opportunities
• Grassroot democracy/local community participation
• Better intelligence gathering and tackling OGWs, sleeper cells
• Media facilitation centres- to reduce the trust deficit
• Econ. developm
• Preventing glorification of terrorist- for eg. Burhan Wani case (2016)

Body 2- Ways to manage favorable perception among locals-

• Proper awareness and 'Ghar Wapsi' programs for terrorists. For eg. by using mother's appeal
• Social media regulation- Curbing hate speech, triggering posts and fake news/rumors
• Rewarding local rebels who return back to normal life
• Action against army's illegal activities/crimes
Conclusion- Thus, in order to rapidly curb terrorist/organised crime activities and initiate
socio-econ deevelopm in border areas, the above strategies can prove to be really useful.

Q Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and
Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various
security forces in this regard

Intro- Copy paste border mgmt wala intro

Body 1- IS threats along Pak, Bangla and Myanmar borders- copy paste from notes

Body 2- Role played by various security forces in this regard- Vohi bol bacchan
• Carrying out counter-terror actvities- for eg. Balakot Air strike, Surgical strikes
• Border protection and mgmt- for eg. BSF on Pak and Bangladesh border
• Modern and technologically advanced means of surveillance- for eg. smart fencing,
use of radars, thermal imaging, drones, projects like BOLD-QIT
• Bilateral cooperation- fopr eg. joint patrolling, military exercise. For eg. Sunderban
alliance with bangladesh
• Intelligence gathering across the borders

Conclusion- Maintaing peace and tranquility at border is v essential for ensuring internal
security and socio-economic developm of the country. However, various threats exist
across India's borders. Therefore, it is imp to meaningfully engage and cooperate with
Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pak to resolve all issues

Q How illegal transborder migration does pose a threat to India’s security? Discuss the
strategies to curb this, bring out the factors which give impetus to such migration. (12.5,
2014)

Intro- copy paste

Body1 - How does it pose theat to India's IS? Copy paste from above
Body 2- Strategies to curb illegal migration- Vohi bol bacchan. Copy paste from above
Conclusion- copy paste

Q The diverse nature of India as a multireligious and multi-ethnic society is not immune to the
impact of radicalism which has been in her neighbourhood. Discuss along with the strategies to
be adopted to counter this environment.
Intro- India which is defined as a secular country by the consti, is known for its pluarlity- of
castes, ethnicities, religion, languages, etc

Body 1- India's neighbours are witnessing radicalisation and surge of extremist

ideologies/activities due to a variety of reasons such as attempt to oppose modernity,
communalism, lack of development etc. For eg. Taliban in Afg, Uyuighar Muslims in Xinjiang in
China, islamic extremism in Pak & Bangladesh, etc. All of these happenings are likely to render
India's IS vulnerable to this.

Body 2- Strategies needed to counter this- vohi bol bacchan

• Enhancing social cohesion through inter faith dialogue, appeal by religious leaders, etc.
• Strengthening edu and awareness activities to prevent diversion of youth towards anti social
and anti nation activities
• Creating enough employment opportunities
• Enhancing law & order situation by modernization of forces & weapons, upgrading
surveillance systems and training & capacity building
• Carrying out socio-econ. developm in the affected regions
• International collaboration with neighbouring countries to track and identify such elements
and share intelligence for mutual benefit

Conclusion - Thus, through above measures, it is needed imp for India to maintain its pluralistic,
just, egalitarian and peaceful society while maintaining proper security along the borders. Only a
peaceful India can strive towards progress to make it a developed nation by 2047

Q Cross-Border movement of insurgents is only one of the several security challenges facing
the policing of the border in North-East India. Examine the various challenges currently
emanating across the India-Myanmar border. Also, discuss the steps to counter the challenges.
(15 marks)
Intro- Copy paste border mgmt wala intro

Body 1- Challenges across the India Myanmar border- Copy paste from notes

Body 2- Steps to counter challenges- Copy paste from notes

Conclusion- The journey towards becoming a developed nation requires peace and tranquility at
borders. It is therefore necessary to take a caliberated approach towards border mgmt and
engage meaningfully with neighboring countries.

Q International civil aviation laws provide all countries complete and exclusive sovereignty over
the airspace above the territory. What do you understand by airspace? What are the
implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this
poses and suggests ways to contain the threat. (2014, 12.5 marks)
Too old. Just to know-

Airspace refers to atomosphere above country's territory that is controlled by that country.
However, unlike UNCLOS that defines 12 nautical miles limit for territorial waters, there is no such
treaty to define vertical limits which leads to complications since no country is guaranteed rights
over another country's airspace. Hence, the distinction b/w airspace and outer space is necessary