PVSyst Program is the software for designing PV System

Staad Pro software for designing Panel arrangement

CELL
Monocrystalline-cell edge cut diagonally
Polycrystalline
Thin film

60-72 cell in a panel= ie 12 x 6 arrangement

Half cut is 144 cell = ie 12 x 6 x 2
panel size (1 - 1.3) x (1.8 - 2.1) mtr

Solar Power generation

Back side white sheet is of EVA- ethylene vinyl acetate

MC4 connector for joints
On-Grid Solar system
String Inverter, Micro inverter, Mini central inverter, Central inverter

Off-Grid Solar system

Battery system- lead acid
Panel Connection
Series Connection- V increases & I same
Parallel connection- Viseversa
Series & Parallel connection

Protection
PANEL MOUNTING
Southern Hemisphere- South facing wall
Northern Hemisphere- South facing wall

Rafter , Purlin & clamp

CHANNEL STRUCTURE
END CLAMP & MID CLAMP

Earthing
Silicon+Ph - N type panel with extra 1 electron increasing
Less light induced degradation
Better performance in low light & high temperature
Silicon+Boron- P type panel with 1 less atom or hole reduce conductivity
Boron interact with oxygen cause degradation
Residential <10kw commercial <1mw Utility scale
Max system voltage should not exceed 600VDC
DC Shock- 6-9mA
ELV-50Vac/120Vdc
LV-1000Vac/1500Vdc
HV- above LV
mount system
Roof Top
Fixed/Ground mount system
Single axis tracking & dual axis tracking system
DC DC Converters
Buck , Boost & Buck boost converter

SOLAR Panel positioning

Row distance b/w panels(D) = 3 x width of one panel (to avoid shadow for large installation)
for Latitude upto 25 'C, Tilt angle = 0.87 x Latitude
for Latitude b/w 25-50 'C, Tilt angle = (0.87 x Latitude)+ 3.1
for Latitude above 50 'C, Tilt angle = 45'C

ON GRID SOLAR SYSTEM

DCR Panel for subsidy- make in india
Vpeak = Vmean(240) x sqrt 2 = 339.14V

Selection Of panel based on daytime production

PV s/m size = Daytime energy use(kwh) = ______kw
Roof Performance(4.2)
Generation factor or Roof Performance = Peak sun Hour(4.5) x s/m efficiency
Selection Of Inverter
Per Day Consumption = Annual consumption(kwh) = ______kwh
12month x30.4days

If need to reduce 50% of the total bill = Per day consumption x 0.5
Array size = Required per day consumption(kwh) = ______kw
Generation factor(4.2)
Inverter Size = Round(Array Size)
Matching Array & Inverter Voltages
Temp>25 c Power production decreases
Temp<25 c Power production increases

Based on array Size Consider a panel wattage

Required Panel details- Open circuit Voltage(Voc), Temp Coefficient(%/'C), Nominal or ambient temperature
Required Inverter details Inverter max voltage(Vmp)-- some times for low value inverter shows max Voc

Temp coeff in terms of V/'C = %/'C x Voc = ______V/'C

100

Voc based on min temp = Voc+[V/'C x {ambient temp(22) - std temp(25)}] ______Voc at min T

Max no of panel in a string = Inverter max (Vmp) = ______panels

Calculated Voc max

Voc based on max temp = Voc+[V/'C x {ambient temp(41) - std temp(25)}] ______Voc at max T

Min no of panel in a string = Inverter min (Vmp) = ______panels

Calculated Voc min

Matching Array & Inverter Current

Required Panel details- Short circuit current(Isc)
Required Inverter details Max Input current(Imp)

Max no of strings in parallel = Inv max current Imp = ______panels

Panel module Isc

Matching Array & Inverter Power

Required Panel details- Panel watts Wp
Required Inverter details Inverter max Power Kw

No of Panels = Wp = ______panels
Inverter Power Kw

MPPT Inverters
No of DC connection 6 means, 6 strings can connect in one mppt, no need to make array
No of MPPT 2 means, 2 array or strings can connect according to mppt power and dc connection
Battery System
Lead Acid battery - stdby, backup,ups
Gel battery - very deep cycle application(Medical)
Absorber Glass Mat battery - Boat & motorcycle
Hybrid car battery - mechanical
Alkaline battery - household

Each cell gives 2V(+ & -)

12Plate needed for 24V
Charge battery with voltage higher than battery voltage
14.5 volt for 12 volt battery.
Use Hydrometer to check battery charge

Method of charging-
Constant Dc current - slow charging but safer
Constant DC voltage - Fast charging, decreases lifetime of battery

OFF GRID SOLAR SYSTEM

Non-DCR Panel for low budget
Depth of discharge- How much we can discharge the battery

PV SIZING
Per Day usage of Load in Kwh or Energy = Appliance(kw) x Running Hour(h) = ______kwh/D

PV Sizing based on Inverter = Pout / Pin = Efficiency

Pout is the per day usage of load (Kw)

per day energy required from PV(Kwh) = Power Input = ______kwh

Charger & Battery losses(0.85)

Required PV size(Considering losses) = Per day Kwh x 1.3 = ______kw

4.32(Generation factor-India)

Generation Factor = Peak Sun Hour(PSH) x s/m eff(.75)

Select No. of panel in series & Parallel by selecting a panel and divide the total pv size by individual pv size
No. of panel in series based on Voc & Parallel based on Isc
INVERTER SIZING
Per Day usage of Load in Kw = Appliance(kw) x 1.2 = ______kw
Select Inverter based on the value & Note down the inverter efficiency
Inverter shall be considered based on max & min Voc, Isc

BATTERY SIZING
AH Size = Per Day usage in Kwh x No. of days backup required = ______Ah
DOD(0.5) x Losses(0.85) x Nominal battery Voltage
Select battery voltage based on s/m voltage, So that we can find no. of battery in Series

= Total Ah = _____No.
No. of battery in series x Selected battery Ah

SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER

Should match the charge controller voltage with PV system & Batteries
Charge controller should withstand the max array Isc & Voc
= No. of strings in parallel(Np) x Isc x 1.3
Check for Voc & Vdc = No. of module in series(Ns) x (Module voltage)Vm

Charging current(cc) = Panel Wattage(Wp) x 1.2

Nominal battery Voltage
PV SYSTEM PROTECTION
Breaker rating 1.56 x Current
1.2 x Voltage

Panel protection
Max series fuse rating or Imod reverse
Calculation for string & array protection are same
No of strings in parallel(Np)
If Np<3 and dc cable rated 1.56 x Isc, protection not necessory
if, Isc module x {Np - 1} > Module Max series fuse rating or Np>3 , then protection is required

DC Breaker rating for module protection = 2fuse/string(+ & -)

Current rating 1.56 x Isc module < Itrip current of breaker selected < 2.4 x Isc module
Voltage rating 1.2 x Voc x Ns

DC Breaker rating for Inverter protection = 1.25 x Isc array = ______Adc

When considering I trip current, consider series Voc also.

Each MPPT shall be protected

Inverter protection
Load side = Imp of inverter(AC) x 1.25 = ______Aac

Ground fault, Under Voltage(27), Anti-islanding, Over frequency(81O),

Under frequency(81U), Instantaneous over current & Earth
fault(50/51), IDMT over current & Earth fault(50N/51N)

Overload, Over Temp, Short Circuit- Fuses & MCB

Over voltage(59) -SPD

Selection of AC Bbusbar = 1.25 x Inverter max current + Main breaker < Busbar rating X 1.2
Inverter max current x 240V = System size in AC

Earthing
SPD to limit transient over voltages
If array voltage>120 , min wire size 4 mm2
allowed dc cable drop 3%
allowed ac cable drop 3-5%
Separate earthing for DC, AC & LA and make it a grid
Earth pit depth- 1 - 2.5mtr, Distance - 3 -5 mtr

Imax of the pv system = Isc x 1.25 x Np

A(Area of earthing conductor) = Isc x sqrt t(operating time of disconnection device- 1 or 3) = ___mm2
K(current rating of earthing material Cu or Al or GI)
or Isc or fault current / sqrt of ( soil resistivity x fault current time)

Consider corrosion factor also- ug=1.3, Air= 1.15 = ___mm2

A(Area of earthing conductor) = A(Area of earthing conductor) x Corrosion factor

Total earth resistance due to earth pit =

Total earth resistance due to earth strip =

Lightening
Min earth spike distance to maintain from solar panel- 2.5 mtr
Required earth pit of LA for safe operation- 3 No.
DC Cable Sizing
Imax through cable = Isc x 1.25 x Np
Derated CCC = Derating factor(1/sqrt n) x Rated CCC of selected cable
n is the no. of cable in a conduit
DCCC > Imax through cable
Power loss % = (max nominal current of array) Imp2 x R(ohm/mtr) x L(cable) x 100
Total power

Voltage drop (Vd) = (max nominal current of array) Imp x R(ohm/mtr) x L(cable)
No. of runs

Voltage drop % = Vd x 100

Max nominal voltage of string(Vms)

AC Cable Sizing =
Imax through cable = Isc x 1.25 x Np
Derated CCC = Derating factor(0.8 in air, 0.7 in UG) x Rated CCC of selected cable
n is the no. of cable in a conduit
DCCC > Imax through cable
Power loss % = (max nominal current of array) Imp2 x R(ohm/mtr) x L(cable) x 100
Inverter Power

Voltage drop (Vd) = (max nominal current of array) Imp x R(ohm/mtr) x L(cable)
No. of runs

Voltage drop % = Vd x 100

Max nominal voltage of inverter(Vms)

Energy Yield
= Rated power(Wp) x site irradiation(PSH) x s/m eff(.75) ______kwh/year
Annual irradiation(PSH) = 365 x shading(.95) x 4.5PSH = ______kwh/year

Size of array = Energy Needed(kwh/day) = ______kwh/year

Energy Yield in days(kwh/year/365)

Energy yield based on selected PV panel = Total PV area(A) x PV eff x annual irradiation x Perf Ratio ______kwh/year