PRESIDENT’S OFFICE

REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

NYANTAKARA SALESIAN SEMINARY KATOKE LWERU MAKONGORO IHUNGO
BAOBAB/BABRO MORAVIAN [Link] KAGANGO CHAMWINO BUGENE
BIHARAMULO MURUSAGAMBA RUVU GIRLS KASHISHI NYAKAHURA
NYAKATO KILANGALANGA SADANI KAIGARA HUMURA

HIGH SCHOOLS
FORM SIX (2023/2024) JOINT EXAMINATION SERIES ONE (01)
133/1 BIOLOGY 1
Time: 3 Hours Date: April 27, 2023.

Instructions
1. This paper consists of sections A and B with a total of ten (10) questions.
2. Answer all questions in section A and two (2) questions from section B.
3. Section A carries seventy (70) marks and section B carries thirty (30) marks.
4. Except for diagrams which must be drawn in pencil, all writing should be in blue or
black ink.
5. Cellular phones and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in the examination
room.
6. Write your examination number/name on every page of your answer sheet

SECTION A (70 marks)

Answer all questions in this section.
1. (a) Early scientists described the cell to be the fundamental and structural unit of life.
Elaborate the main ideas of the cell theory, and state the ideas which were added in the
modern version of the cell theories.
(b) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered to be prokaryotic cells found in the
eukaryotic cells. Respond to the statement by giving four (4) points

2. (a) Disaccharides has three types. Among of three type, two of them are reducing sugar.
i. Which one is non – reducing sugar?
ii. Give two reasons to support your answer in (i) above.
iii. Show how this type in 1a (i) above is formed. Use word equation.
b) Lipids is used to store food. What properties do lipids possess as storage of food
substance?
c) During testing of starch, it is advised that before collecting of saliva, one should rinse
his or her mouth with clean safe water. What is the significance of this?

3. (a) Briefly explain why higher taxon is said to be more inclusive while lower taxon is
more exclusive .
(b) An African bush elephant belongs to order proboscidae and family elephantae. Its
scientific name is Loxodonta africana. Make a table indicating the hierarchy
classification of African bush elephant.
(c) The natural classification system used today is dynamic. Justify this statement by
 giving three (3) points.
4. a) Explain how the following features enable the diving vertebrates to master their
environment.
i. Presence of few ribs attached to sternum
ii. Closure of the nostrils
iii. Extension of cartilaginous ring to the lungs
b) Bends is an illness that arises from the rapid releases of nitrogen gas from the
bloodstream and is caused by the bubbles forming in the blood and other tissue. Explain
how sea divers overcome this problem.
c) Explain the possible outcome if the surfactant chemical is not produced on the walls of
alveoli. (Any three outcomes)

5. a) The gastric glands of the stomach are lined with special types of cells. Identify
the two types of these cells and state the roles of each cell.
b)The large intestine differs in many ways from the small intestine. Briefly state
any five (5) structural differences between large intestine and small intestine.

6. (a) Describe the events that occurs in flowering plants from time the pollen grain lands on
the stigma. (Diagram is not necessary)
(b) Flower undergo significant changes after fertilization. Justify with four (4) points.

7. (a) Specialized organs of the body that detect stimuli are called receptors. Identify five
main types of receptors based on the types of stimuli and state their location and role(s) in
the mammalian body. Present your answer in tabular form.
(b) (i) Explain how light energy falling on a rod cell in the retina of the eye is converted
to electrical energy.
(ii) Suggest why rods cells contain large number of mitochondria.

SECTION B (30 marks)

Answer two (02) questions from this section.
8. Describe stages involved in formation of pyruvate from glucose.

9. (a) Meiosis in both plant and in animals operates similar in a number of ways, but on
another side they differ, then , show how they differ using the following conditions
below:-
i. Time of occurrence
ii. Site of occurrence
iii. Daughter cells produced
iv. Size of cells produced
v. Telophase II
(b) Ram with his family went to picnic spot near a pond. He saw jell-like mass floating
on the sides of the pond. He asked about this to his father. His father explained to him
that these are frog's eggs and are millions in number. Ram wondered if all of them get
hatched.
 i. What type of fertilization is shown by frogs?
ii. Why do frogs lay eggs in large amount?
iii. Is Ram's concern about hatching of too many eggs at a time will
affect the aquatic animals correct? Why?
iv. What value of Ram is shown here?
v. What will happen to other aquatic animals?
10. (a) A mammalian heart is a pumping organ which is used to supply blood to
whole body of an animal, briefly explain ways in which, it gets its own blood
circulation.
(b)i) Identify the type of circulatory system exhibited by mollusk, vertebrate,
arthropods and annelids.
ii) Distinguish the types of circulatory system identified in (b) i) above. Give six
points
(c)The primary function of the heart is to pump the blood. Discuss the functions of
the mammalian blood in living organism.
133/1 MARKING GUIDE BIOLOGY 1
DATE: 27/04/2023
1. (a) Main ideas
(i) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells and cell products
(ii) Cells are the basic or fundamental units of life, as all life processes are controlled by
cells
(iii) All new cells arise from pre existing cells. (3 marks)
Added ideas
(iv) Cells contain genetic materials that carry hereditary information DNA that is passed
from one generation to another
(v) Energy flow occurs within the cells in which all metabolic process of life occur
(vi) all new cells arise from pre existing cells through cell division
(vii) all the cells have the same basic chemical composition, the structure and
functions.(any 3 points) 1@= 3 marks

(b) (i) They have 70s type ribosome like that found in prokaryotic cells
(ii) They have small size approximately to that of eukaryotic cell
(iii) they posses single and circular DNA like that of prokaryotic cell
(iv) They divide through binary fission like prokaryotic cells (any 4 points) =4 marks)

2. a) i/. Sucrose (1mark)

ii/. - It lacks any active reducing group (1 ½marks)
- It is formed by 1, 2 – glycosidic bond instead of 1, 4 –
glycosidic bond. (1 ½ marks)
iii/. Sucrose is formed by the chemical combination of glucose
(an aldose sugar) and fructose (a Ketose sugar).
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
ie Glucose + Fructose → sucrose. (1mark)

b) The properties of lipid posses as storage of food.

i/. The lipid when broken down yield high amount of energy
when used as a respiratory substrate.
ii/. Lipid contain more energy per gram.
iii/. The excess energy from the food we eat is digested and
incorporate into the form of lipid. Any 2 points (1 ½ marks @ =3 marks)

c)To remove food particles that might interferes with the results.(2marks)
3.(a) Higher taxon is said to be more inclusive because

is exclusive because contain few member of organisms which

have many features in common. (02 marks)

(b) Common name: African bush elephant

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalian
Order: Proboscidae
Family: Elephantae
Genus: Loxodanta
Species: africana. (0.5 @ = 3.5 Marks)

(c) Reasons for dynamic natural classification system

(i) Advancement of technology the advancement of technology such as the discovery of
electronic microscope has enabled scientists to observe more characteristics such as
composition and behaviors of organisms which were observed by using poor
instruments. (1.5 Marks)

(ii) Discovery of new organisms as time goes scientists conducts many researches that
lead to discovery of new organisms which cannot fit in the existing system, hence the
system must change in order for new organisms to fit in. (1.5 Marks)

(iii) Availability of more information about new organisms scientists keep

discovering more information from various researches about organisms, this lead to
a wide range of similarities and differences among the organism. (1.5 Marks)
4. a) i. By having few ribs which are attached to sternum, the diving vertebrates’ ribcage
become more flexible permitting it to collapse partially when under pressure
during a deep dive. ( 2 marks)

ii. Closure of nostrils is one of the anatomical modification allows the nostrils to be
closed during the dive to prevent the entry of water into the lungs. (2marks)
iii. Extension of cartilaginous ring to the lungs enables the diving vertebrate to
prevent the risk of collapsing under high pressure during deep dive. (2marks).

b) The diving vertebrates overcome bends illness by expulsion of air during the dive.
By doing so, it reduces the danger of excessive nitrogen becoming dissolved in the
blood. (1 marks).

c) Possible outcome if the surfactant chemical is not produced in the walls of alveoli.

I. The alveoli walls might stick together preventing them from expanding and
relaxing. (1 mark)
II. It may lower the speed of transportation of carbon dioxide and oxygen between
the layer and the liquid lining of alveoli. (1 mark)
III. The bacteria which make it to the alveoli might not be killed. (1 mark)
 5. a) Types of cells of gastric glands

i. Chief (Zymogen) cells (01 marks)

Roles: Secrete the inactive enzymes pepsinogen and prorennin. These are converted
into their active forms pepsin and rennin respectively by dilute hydrochloric acid.
Pepsin hydrolyses protein into smaller peptides while rennin coagulates casein into
insoluble casein. (01.5 mark)
ii. Parietal (oxyntic) cells (01 marks)
Roles: Secretes a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid activates
prorennin and pepsinogen into rennin and pepsin respectively, also kills any bacteria
that might have entered the stomach through food. Moreover, it makes the stomach
contents acidic for optimum activity of the stomach enzymes. (01.5 marks)

(b) Structural differences between large intestine and small intestine.

i. Large intestine is relatively larger (in diameter) than that of small intestine.
ii. Large intestine has a few enzymes secreting cells in its walls.
iii. The villi which are numerous in the small intestine are missing in the large
intestine. The wall of the large intestine is thus simple in structure and has
simple columnar epithelium.
iv. The intestinal mucus secreting glands are relatively more in number in large
intestine than they are in the small intestine.
v. Large intestine is divided into caecum, colon, rectum and anus, while small
intestine has three major distinct regions namely duodenum, jejunum, and
ileum.
vi. Large intestine is the terminal part of intestine which is wider and shorter
than the small intestine. On the other hand, small intestine forms the first
and upper part of the intestine which is long and narrow. (Any 5 points@ 01
mark = 05 marks)
 6. (a)
 Pollen grain land on the stigma A process known as pollination, on the
stigma. Pollen stimulate the secretion of sugar/sucrose.
 Pollen grain absorbs sucrose with equivalent amount of water by osmosis.
This cause swelling and bursting of the pollen grain.
 Pollen tube nucleus in the pollen grain proceeds generative nucleus and
grow along style toward the embryo sac by chemotropism.
 As he pollen tube grows towards the embryo sac the generative nucleus
behind divides mitotically to produce two male gamete nuclei
 The pollen tube nucleus finally enter embryo sac through a micropyle
then degenerate and tip of the pollen tube bursts and release the two male
gamete nuclei
 In the embryo sac one sperm fertilizes an egg cell to form a zygote (2n)
and the other sperm fertilizes polar nuclei to produce endosperm nucleus.
(01@ = 06 marks)
(b) (i) The zygote grows mitotic to become multicellular embryo which consists of first
Shoot (plumule) and first root(radicle)
(ii) The primary endosperm nucleus develops into endosperm in some species of the
plants such as maize.
(iii) The nucleus become disorganized and disappear
(iv) The intergaments become the seed testa
(v) The whole of the ovules become the seed
(vi) The ovary develops into fruits
(vii) The flower parts such as petal, sepals and filaments tend to die. (01@ = 04 marks)
 7. (a) Main types of receptors based on the type of stimuli, their location and
roles in the mammalian body.
S/N Type of receptor Location Role
i Photoreceptors In cones and To transduce light energy to an
rods of the electrical impulse impulse to be sent
eye to the brain for interpretation
ii Chemoreceptors In the test To detect and transduce the
buds of the chemical stimuli into an electrical
tongue impulse corresponding to the taste
of the chemical
iii Mechanoreceptors In the skin To detect the stimuli of touch and
and sacculus pressure
and utriculus In succulus and utriculus in the ear
of the ear respond to movement of the
head/body
iv Thermo receptors In the To detect the stimuli of temperature
epidermis of and transducing into electrical
the skin impulse
v Proprio receptors In the muscle To detect stretching and muscle
of the body extension

0.5 @= 7.5 Marks

(b) (i)
 Rods contain photosensitive pigment called Rhodopsin which is made up of the
protein scotopsin and retinene.
(01 Marks)
 Retinene normally exist in its cis isomer form but light causes it to become
converted into its trans isomer form. This change initiates reactions which lead to
splitting of rhodopsin into scotopsin and retinene a process called bleaching.
 The splitting in turn leads to the creation of a generator potential in the rod cell
which is sufficiently large hance generate an action potential along the neurons
leading from the cell to the brain
(01 Marks)

(ii) During lower light intensity energy in the form of ATP produced in the
mitochondria is needed for resynthesis of rhodopsin in rods. The energy is used to
combine scotopsin and retinene into rhodopsin. This is the reason why rod cells contain
large number of mitochondria (0.5 Marks)
9(a) 2@ = 10 marks
conditions Meoisis in palnt Meiosis in Animal
Time of occurrence It occurs during spores It takes place during gametes
formation in the processes of formation in the processes of
megasporogenesis and oogenesis and spermatogenesis
microsporogenesis
Site of occurrence It takes place in the anther of t takes place in the testis of male
male and ovary of a female part and ovary of the female anima
of a fl ower
Daughter cells It produces spores that develop It produces male and female
produced into haploid gametophytes, gametes (sperm and ovum).
which later produce male and
female gametes, that is two male
nuclei and an ovum or egg
Size of the cells The produced cells such as The produced cells e.g. sperms are
produced spores and pollen grains are relatively smaller and
relatively large and conspicuous. inconspicuous.
Telophase II Cytokinesis occurs by fusion of Cytokinesis occurs by infolding of
Golgi vesicles to form a cell plate the plasma membrane of the cell
that extends to the periphery as towards the spindle equator. This
a primary cell wall which forms a furrow in the cell surface
separates the two cells membrane that fuses later and
separates the two units into new
cells.

b. (i) External fertilization. (01 marks)

(ii) Mortality rate is very high for tadpoles as their predators are more, many eggs do
not develop due to being not get fertilized hence frogs produce many eggs.(01 marks)
(iii) NO
 His concern is not correct because most of eggs either never develop or are
preyed by other [Link] survival chance of a frog from its egg to an adult is
very low.(01 marks)
(iv) Ram is inquisitive, future thinker and eco-concerned. (01 marks)
(v) Other aqutic animals will feed on hatched eggs and will increase in number.
(01 marks)
 10. (a) This is the circulation of the blood within the walls of the heart. The
oxygenated blood from heart chambers enters the muscles of the walls of the heart
through Coronary arteries and the deoxygenated blood is brought back to the heart
chambers by coronary veins. (2marks)
(b) i) Open circulatory system is exhibited by Molusc and arthropods. (1mark)
And closed circulatory system exhibited by Anellids and arthropods (1marks)

ii) Differences between closed and open circulatory system

(any six points 1@ = 6marks)

(c) Functions of the blood
Blood has three major functions in the body, namely: transport, protection, and
regulation.
o Transport:
This is the main function of the blood. It is the primary means of transport in the body
of vertebrates. Substances transported by the blood include gases, nitrogenous wastes,
hormones, and nutrients. One of the transport roles of the blood is to pick up oxygen
(O2) processed in the lungs to all body cells. Cells need oxygen for undertaking cellular
respiration to generate energy, which will enable them to carry out some metabolic
activities. (2 marks)
o Protection: The blood is also involved in body protection and inflammation. For
example, leukocytes, or white blood cells tend to destroy the invading micro-
 organisms and cancer cells. Antibodies and other proteins present in blood
plasma destroy pathogenic substances(2 marks)

o Regulation: The blood is involved in regulating the functions of many factors in

the body. For example, it is responsible for controlling the concentration of
hydrogen ions or pH in the body by interacting with acids and bases. It regulates
the temperature of the body and maintaining it at tolerable levels. (1marks)