📘 Term 3 Study Guide – Cardiology Quiz 1
🧠 Total: 25 Questions / 45 Points
1.
Signs & Symptoms (S/S) of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
(SATA)
● Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
● Shortness of breath
● Fatigue
● Palpitations
● Nausea or vomiting (especially in women)
● Diaphoresis (sweating)
● Pain in arms, neck, jaw, or back
2.
CPR: Hospital vs. Community (SATA)
Community:
● Emphasis on chest compressions first (Hands-only CPR)
● AED use by layperson when available
● May not include rescue breaths
Hospital:
● Full CPR including compressions and rescue breaths
● Code blue team involvement
● Access to defibrillators and advanced airway
3.
Recommendations to Prevent Heart Disease
● Diet: Low saturated fat, high in fruits/vegetables
● Regular physical activity (30 mins/day)
● Smoking cessation
● Weight control
● Blood pressure and cholesterol management
● Stress reduction
● Moderate alcohol intake
4.
Purpose of Echocardiogram
● Assess heart function and structure
● Evaluate valve function
● Detect fluid around the heart
● Identify wall motion abnormalities
● Assess ejection fraction
5.
Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib) and Stroke Risk – Plan of Care
● Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, apixaban)
● Rate control (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)
● Rhythm control (amiodarone)
● Monitor for signs of stroke: FAST (Face, Arms, Speech, Time)
● Consider cardioversion if appropriate
6.
Preventing DVT (SATA)
● Ambulation
● Leg exercises
● Compression stockings (TED hose)
● Sequential compression devices (SCDs)
● Anticoagulant therapy (heparin, enoxaparin)
● Hydration
7.
Clopidogrel (Plavix): Signs of Bleeding
● Hematuria (blood in urine)
● Melena (black, tarry stools)
● Bruising easily
● Nosebleeds
● Bleeding gums
● Coffee-ground emesis
● Unusual fatigue (may indicate internal bleeding)
8.
Digoxin
● Use: Improves contractility, slows HR (used in HF and A-Fib)
● Toxicity Signs: N/V, vision changes (yellow/green halos), bradycardia
● Hold if HR < 60 bpm
● Monitor: Dig level (0.5–2.0 ng/mL), potassium (low K+ ↑ toxicity)
9.
Reducing Risk Factors for CAD (SATA)
● Quit smoking
● Manage hypertension
● Control cholesterol
● Exercise regularly
● Eat a heart-healthy diet
● Control diabetes
● Stress management
10.
Purpose of Anti-Embolic (Compression) Stockings
● Promote venous return
● Prevent pooling of blood
● Reduce risk of DVT and pulmonary embolism
● Support circulation during immobility
11.
Modifiable Risk Factors for CAD
● Smoking
● Hypertension
● Diabetes
● Hyperlipidemia
● Sedentary lifestyle
● Poor diet
● Obesity
● Excess alcohol
12.
Reasons for a Thallium Scan
● Evaluates blood flow to the heart muscle
● Detects areas of ischemia or infarction
● Assesses the effectiveness of treatment
● Determines viability of heart tissue
13.
Plan to Decrease Risk for Bleeding
● Monitor labs (PT, INR, aPTT)
● Use electric razors, soft toothbrushes
● Avoid NSAIDs and other blood thinners unless prescribed
● Fall precautions
● Limit invasive procedures
● Monitor for signs of internal bleeding
14.
Risk Factors for DVT
● Immobility
● Recent surgery
● Pregnancy
● Oral contraceptives or hormone therapy
● Smoking
● Obesity
● History of DVT
● Clotting disorders
15.
Priority for Client in Cardiac Arrest
● Begin CPR immediately
● Call for help/code
● Defibrillate ASAP (especially for V-fib/V-tach)
● Ensure airway is open
● Administer medications as ordered (e.g., epinephrine)
16.
Blood Test for Myocardial Infarction (MI)
● Troponin I & T: Most specific, rises within 3–6 hrs
● CK-MB: Rises 3–6 hrs, peaks at 24 hrs
● Myoglobin: Earliest marker, not cardiac-specific
17.
Define Pulsus Paradoxus
● A drop in systolic BP >10 mmHg during inspiration
● Seen in cardiac tamponade, pericarditis, severe asthma/COPD
18.
ECG Waveforms
● P wave: Atrial depolarization
● QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization
● T wave: Ventricular repolarization
● PR interval: Time from atrial to ventricular depolarization
● ST segment: Should be flat; elevation/depression indicates ischemia/infarction
19.
A & P (Anatomy & Physiology) – Heart Basics
● 4 Chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
● Blood Flow Path:
○ RA → RV → lungs → LA → LV → body
● Valves: Tricuspid, Pulmonic, Mitral (bicuspid), Aortic
● Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle
● SA node = pacemaker of the heart (initiates heartbeat)
