Extinction and Emission Tomography in

Turbulent Sprays and Flames

Yudaya Sivathanu
En’Urga Inc.

Acknowledgement: The author acknowledges the support

provided by the National Science Foundation and the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration for this
work.

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Outline

 Extinction Tomography
 Emission Tomography
 Concluding Remarks

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Primer on Tomography

Detector

Radiator

 Non-intrusive path-integrated measurement at multiple

angles and multiple slices at each angle
 Deconvolute measurements to obtain local properties

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Extinction Tomography

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Extinction Tomography

Flow
Array
Laser detector

Laser sheet

 Extinction measured at multiple view angles

 Deconvoluted using tomography
 Challenge is that objects are moving

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Measurement Considerations

 Multiple view angles for non-axisymmetric flows

 Multiple slices to obtain high spatial resolution
 High speed for transient phenomena
 Extinction should be less than 0.99
 Local extinction coefficient obtained by statistical
deconvolution
 Optical access to flow required

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Deconvolution Domain

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Governing Equations

Equation of radiative transfer for one sample path

exp(1111  12 21  1311 )  T11

1111  12 21  1311   log(T11 )

    
E 1111 12 21 1311  E  log T11

11E11 21E12  11E13  E logT11 

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 System of Equations

• For M view angles and N slices, MxN linear equations

• All unknown local extinction coefficients are positive
• LINPOS equations inverted using MLE method
• Method guarantees convergence to optimal solution
• Local extinction coefficient identical to local surface area
per unit volume for spherical drops > wavelength of light
• Local extinction coefficient related to volume fraction of
particulate for particle < wavelength of light

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Algorithm Steps

• Input geometry of measurements

• Provide initial guess of local extinction coefficients
• Calculate theoretical path integrated transmittance
• Compare theoretical and measured transmittances
• Update local extinction coefficients using MLE method

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Synthetic Data for Algorithm Verification

10 2 small highly absorbing region

5
Minimum transmittance < 0.10
Distance (mm)

0
f (r ) 
1
R 2

exp( r / R 2 / 2)
-5

-10 Very difficult to resolve using

-10 -5 0 5 10 alternate methods
Distance (mm)
Rigorous test of the algorithm

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Output from Algorithm

10
Peak local extinction coefficient is
93% of input (6 x 256 array)
5
RMS fitting error defined as:
Distance (mm)

 
0
N 2
Err   isyn i
 dec / N
-5
i 0
-10
RMS error is less than 1%
-10 -5 0 5 10
Distance (mm)

Jongmook Lim and Yudaya Sivathanu, (2005), “Optical Patternation

of a Multihole Nozzle” Atomization and Sprays, vol. 15, pp. 687-698.

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 SETscan Patternator

High frequency, optical patternator for sprays

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906
Sample Result: Aircraft Engine Nozzle

 Ensemble average of drop surface area density

 High/low surface area indicates streaks/voids

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Quality Assurance: Aircraft Engine Nozzle

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Emission Tomography

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Typical Experimental Arrangement
Fold mirror 1

Fold mirror 2 Detector

4.7 m

1.3 m

aperture
stop
Janos A8037-246
two 1” equilateral (off-axis parabola)
CaF2 prisms

Janos A8037-146
(off-axis parabola)
Janos A8037-164
(off-axis parabola)
Entrance slit

 Either parallel path or fan beam arrangement

 Intensity measured at multiple view angles
 Deconvoluted using tomography

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Measurement Considerations

 High temperature objects (typically flames)

 Intensity is related to temperature and emissivity
 Highly non-linear in temperature
 Emissivity is typically unknown
 Multiple wavelength measurements used
 Self absorption for optically thick systems

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Relevant Equations


I1,
  
I2, T1, X1, Y1

T2, X2, Y2
I1,   I1, b (1   11 )
I 2,  I1,b (1   23 )   22   21  (1   21 )  I1,b (1   21 ). 21

Non-linear equations, difficult to solve

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Linearize Equations
 k
I  I b  (1  e )
log(I)  log(I b )  log(1  )
log(I b ) 
~ A  BT

log(1  e  k )  log(1  ) ~ C  DX  EY  FT
log( I)  D  X  E  Y  ( B  F)  T  A  C
J. Lim, Y. Sivathanu, J. Ji, and J. Gore, (2004), “Estimating Scalars from
Spectral Radiation Measurements in a Homogeneous Hot Gas Layer,”
Combst. Flame, vol. 137, p. 222-229.

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Constants in Equations
From databases such as RADCAL, HITRAN

 log(Ib )  log(Ib (T0 ))

A T0  log(Ib (T0 )) B
T T
 log((X0 , Y0 , T0 ))  log((X0 , Y0 , T0 ))  log((X0 , Y0 , T0 ))
C X0  Y0  T0  log((X0 , Y0 , T0 ))
X Y T

 log((X0 , Y0 , T0 ))  log(( X0 , Y0 , T0 ))
D E
X Y

 log((X0 , Y0 , T0 ))
F
T

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Flow Chart for Solution

 Linearize equations
 Guess transmittance
 Use MLE to obtain local intensities
 Estimate local properties based on intensities
 Calculate transmittance from local properties
 Utilize transmittance in updated guess
 Continue until convergence achieved

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Validation method

• Use a well characterized flame

• Calculate intensities emitted using equation of
radiative transfer

• Use calculated intensities as input to algorithm

• Compare algorithm output with input flame

properties

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Calculated Intensities (input to algorithm)
4000

Path-integrated intensity (kW/m /sr/m) 3500 r= -0.92 cm

D = 2 cm
r= -0.58 cm
2

3000 r= -0.42 cm
r= 0.0 cm
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Wavelength (m)

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Converged Properties

2000 0.21
D = 2 cm Line: Synthetic
Symbol: Deconvoluted
Gas temperature (K)
1800 0.18

1600 0.15

Mole fraction
1400 H2O 0.12

1200 0.09

1000 CO2 0.06

800 0.03

600 0.00
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0
Radial distance (cm)

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Sample Implementation (Turbine Inlet)

2000
25000 Test #4
measured 1950 Post Flame, P = 160 psi
fitted
Spectral Intensity (W/m2/sr/m)

1900
20000

Gas Temperature (K)

1850

1800
15000
1750

1700
10000
1650

1600
5000
1550

1500
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0 5 10 15 20 25
Wavelength (m) Test #
Stochiometry cycled during series of 20 test at ~ 11 bar
Gas temperature successfully estimated by method
Homogeneous layer assumption

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Sample Implementation (Turbine Blade Temperature)

2000

1800

1600

Blade Temperature (K)

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Scan Number

30 bar power generation turbine, emission from blade

Blade temperature and emissivity (for TBC monitoring)

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Sample Implementation (Axisymmetric system)

Emission measured at 128 view angles

160 wavelengths obtained with ES100 imaging spectrometer

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Evaluation in a Laminar Flame

Incipient Sooting Ethylene Flame

Fuel Flow Rate: 2.30 cm3/sec
Coflow Air: 713.3 cm3/sec

Measured spectral radiation intensities

above burner exit

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Sample Results

Estimated particulate concentrations, temperatures, and gas

concentrations reasonably well

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Sample Implementation (Non-axisymmetric)
10.5”

Spectrometer Stand 2
2

Window 2
Window 1

Spectrometer
1

10.5”

Stand 1

Spray nozzle

2.85”

Hydrogen/oxygen rocket engine (NASA Marshall-1500 PSI)

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Sample Results

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Sample Temperatures

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Sample Implementation (Solid Propellant Plume)

 Two orthogonal spectrometers

Propellant  128 view angles per spectrometer
 1.3 to 4.8 microns
 1320 Hz for spectra
 Full planar measurement at 10.3 Hz

ES100 spectrometer

Test in solid propellants

up to 18 inches in
diameter

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Solid Propellant Plume Properties
4000
X = 5 inch, DF = 0.5 View (0 deg.)
View (90 deg.)
3500
Al2O3 Temperature (K)

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Distance from the center (mm)

Y. Sivathanu, J. Lim, L. E. Reinhart, and R. C. Bowman, (2007),

“Structure of Plumes from Burning Aluminized Propellant Estimated
using Fan Beam Emission Tomography,” AIAA Journal, vol. 45, No.
9, pp. 2259-2266.

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

Solid Propellant Plume Properties

3500

12 inch downward Duval et al.

3000

2500
Temperature (K)

2000

1500
Matrix 9, Concrete
1000
Matrix 8, Sand
Matrix 14, Graphite
FY08, Graphite
500

0
-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600

Radius (mm)

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906

 Future Directions

 X-Ray based tomography for optically dense

flames and sprays
 Engineering for specific applications

1201 Cumberland Ave., Suite R, West Lafayette, IN 47906