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Strengthening Ties in Diplomacy, Trade,

Education, and Connectivity
Exclusive Interview with
YERZHAN KISTAFIN
Ambassador of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Pakistan
 Contents
EDITOR
Muhammad Asif Noor

EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Dr. Farhat Asif

MANAGING EDITOR Exclusive Interview with

Aroosa Salahuddin

ASSOCIATE EDITORS
06 Yerzhan Kistafin, Ambassador
Laiba Yousafzai
of Kazakhstan to Pakistan
ADVISORY BOARD
Mian Noor Ahmed

11
Dr. Khayala Mammadova
Dr. Natalia Zamaraeva
SCO’s Digital Economy
Dr. Hubertus Hoffmann
Dr. Muqarrab Akbar
Dr. Muhammad Munir
Venice Biennale Architettura
14
Prof. Dr. Victoria L Fontan
Prof. Dr. Gulden Ayman
Prof. Tang Jun
2025
M. Murtaza Noor
Muhammad Arshad

DIGITAL OPERATIONS
Hassan Ahmed
From the Mountains of Hunza,

SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT 16 Pakistan to the Canals of

Sohail Majeed Butt Venice
BUREAU CHIEFS
Mohammad Hanif (Vehari)

DESIGN & LAYOUT

Abdul Qadir
19 Diplomatic Highlights

PRINTER
Roohani Art Press, Islamabad

MARKETING TEAM 27 Business Highlights

Nasir Sohail
Business Development Head

Muhammad Saleem
Business Development Manager
China-Kazakh Strategic and
Faiza Younas 31
Business Development Manager Industrial Cooperation
LEGAL ADVISORS
Ch. Abdul Khaliq Thind
Advocate Supreme Court of Pakistan
Peace and Prosperity Take
Muhammad Mustafa
Advocate High Court
34
Root in Tajik-Kyrgyz Relations
ADDRESS
2nd Floor, Mehria Plaza, Jinnah Avenue,
Blue Area, Islamabad.
Ph & Fax: +92 51 4900387
China’s Approach to Central
[email protected] 38
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DISCLAIMER
2025 SCO FORUM ON PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE FRIENDSHIP

40
The views of the writers do not necessary AND THE FORUM ON FRIENDSHIP CITIES
imply endorsement by the magazine. SCO Public Diplomacy Summit
Editorial Note
Muhammad Asif Noor

I n the July issue of The Diplomatic

Insight, we proudly present to our
readers an exclusive interview with
also inclusive. To achieve this, we must
invest in capacity building, knowledge
sharing, and equitable access to digital
At the heart of the installation is the
evocative use of Khewra rock salt, both a
material and a metaphor. Its natural
Yerzhan Kistafin, Ambassador of tools and infrastructure across the translucence and tendency to dissolve
Kazakhstan to Pakistan, offering a region.” These remarks resonated with under Venice’s humid conditions symbol-
comprehensive reflection on the evolving the broader concerns about digital ize fragility and transience. But within
bilateral relationship between the two divides within the SCO community. that impermanence lies a quiet
nations. His insights articulate a shared resilience, capturing both the physical
vision for enhanced cooperation across Our proposals for joint research initia-
vulnerabilities Pakistan faces and the
diplomacy, trade, education, and regional tives, structured policy dialogues, and
adaptive creativity of its people.
connectivity. The ambassador highlights regional think tank networks aim to lay
the groundwork for digital harmoniza- This presence at the Biennale is more than
Pakistan’s strategic importance as a
tion. These contributions align well with symbolic. It represents a bold act of cultur-
trade corridor for Central Asia, particu-
the Forum’s focus areas, including cyber- al diplomacy, projecting Pakistan not just
larly in connecting Kazakhstan to global
security, fintech, and digital education. as a climate-vulnerable nation but as one
markets through emerging business and
Pakistan’s engagement reflects not only willing to confront its challenges with
infrastructure opportunities.
its commitment to technological growth creative intelligence and global solidarity.
Beyond commerce, Ambassador Kistafin but also a firm belief in equitable devel- The efforts of overseas Pakistanis in Italy,
highlights the pivotal role of opment and regional stability. along with the curators, artists, and archi-
people-to-people exchanges—through tects who conceptualized the pavilion,
education, cultural collaboration, and In yet another demonstration of global merit special acknowledgment for bring-
media initiatives—as essential tools for engagement, Pakistan has made a signif- ing this vision to life. Their work under-
fostering long-term mutual understand- icant cultural contribution to one of the scores the vital role of the diaspora in
ing. His remarks are a timely reminder world’s most prestigious forums: the narrating Pakistan’s story with integrity
that diplomacy does not reside solely in Venice Biennale Architettura 2025. Since and imagination.
formal channels; it is equally shaped by its inception in 1980, the Biennale has
been a focal point for global architectural Taken together, these develop-
shared knowledge, academic linkages, ments—diplomatic initiatives, technolog-
and cultural empathy. discourse, attracting architects, cultural
envoys, and policymakers from every ical proposals, and cultural interven-
In the same spirit of regional engagement, corner of the world. tions—reflect Pakistan’s evolving identi-
Pakistan’s participation in the 2025 ty on the world stage: one that is dynam-
Shanghai Cooperation Organization This year, Pakistan’s national pavil- ic, engaged, and striving for resilience.
(SCO) Digital Economy and Public Diplo- ion—titled (Fr)Agile Systems—occupies But the path ahead requires more than
macy Forums signals its growing role in a space at Spazio 996/A in Venice’s visibility. With the July floods fresh in
shaping future-oriented conversations. historic Castello district. The exhibit national memory, Pakistan’s interna-
Representing Pakistan, I had the honour offers a compelling commentary on tional presence must be matched by
to participate as Secretary General of the climate vulnerability and resilience. policy seriousness at home, particularly
Pakistan-SCO Friendship Forum and as Despite accounting for less than 1% of in climate adaptation, urban resilience,
Executive Director of the Institute of global carbon emissions, Pakistan bears and disaster preparedness. This issue of
Peace and Diplomatic Studies (IPDS). a disproportionate brunt of climate-in- The Diplomatic Insight offers a window
duced calamities: floods, glacial melts, into these efforts and aspirations. We
At the Forum, I emphasized the necessity heatwaves, and most recently, the devas- invite our readers to reflect on the
of inclusivity in the region’s digital trans- tating monsoon floods of July 2025, breadth of Pakistan’s engagement and
formation, noting, “The SCO has a which once again exposed the country’s the responsibilities that come with it in
unique opportunity to foster a digital structural fragility and inadequate an increasingly interconnected, yet
economy that is not only innovative but urban planning. perilously fragile world.

05
 Kazakhstan and Pakistan Strategic Partnership
An Exclusive Interview with Ambassador
H.E. Yerzhan Kistafin
Strengthening Ties in Diplomacy, Trade,
Education, and�Connectivity
A t the Diplomatic Insight, we remain committed to
elevating voices that contribute meaningfully to
diplomacy, development, and inclusive economic progress
education, trade, and regional connectivity. This feature
not only celebrates this deepening friendship but also
reflects on the evolving nature of Kazakhstan-Pakistan
both within Pakistan and globally. In this context, we are ties in today’s dynamic geopolitical landscape.
deeply honored to feature an exclusive interview with
H.E. Yerzhan Kistafin, Ambassador of the Republic of With a legacy of nearly two decades, the Diplomatic
Kazakhstan to Pakistan, his distinguished diplomatic Insight continues to serve as a trusted platform for
service continues to strengthen bilateral and multilateral strategic communication connecting embassies, interna-
cooperation. tional organizations, policymakers, and the private
sector with a broad and influential readership worldwide.
This interview is part of our special series produced in
collaboration with our digital platform, DiploTV, through TDI: Your Excellency, to begin with, could
which we engage with esteemed leaders from diplomatic you please share a bit about your journey
missions, international organizations, and development as a diplomat and your experience so far
institutions. The series aims to highlight individuals and
as the Ambassador of Kazakhstan to
initiatives advancing Pakistan’s external partnerships,
regional diplomacy, and global outreach. Pakistan?

The Republic of Kazakhstan and the Islamic Republic of I started my journey back in 2001 when I joined our
Pakistan share a growing and forward-looking relation- diplomatic service. Throughout my career, I have served
ship founded on mutual respect, shared aspirations, and in Brussels, Belgium; in the United States; and in
cooperation across diverse sectors including diplomacy, Washington, D.C. In 2021, exactly four years ago, I was

06
 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

appointed by a decree of our President as the seas branch in Islamabad. More broadly, we are estab-
Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Pakistan. Since then, this lishing the Kazakhstan–Pakistan Sports Center, Dostyk.
is now my fifth year in your beautiful country.
Overall, we are building multidimensional cooperation
TDI: Your Excellency, could you share and exploring every area of potential collaboration. As a
some of the key activities and initiatives result of the 13th Intergovernmental Joint Commission,
it was agreed to elevate our partnership to a new level.
the Embassy of Kazakhstan in Islamabad
is currently focusing on to strengthen our We are now working with key partners. Just before you
bilateral ties? arrived, I met delegations from Meezan Bank, TCS, and
NLC. We are considering creating a consortium focused
When it comes to our bilateral cooperation, we are pursu- on transport and logistics, as connectivity is the backbone
ing a multidimensional approach. We are not focusing of our cooperation.
solely on trade or economic ties but are also emphasizing
the revival of cultural connections, people-to-people
exchanges, and collaboration in education between our
universities and sports diplomacy.

Many developments are taking place. For example, the

13th session of our Intergovernmental Joint Commission
was held in Islamabad at the end of last month. Before
this, we organized the largest-ever Kazakhstan–Paki-
stan Business Forum in Karachi.

At the end of last month, we welcomed the largest

Kazakh delegation to Pakistan, comprising over 150
representatives from various sectors. This included 10
leading universities, sports federations, regional authori-
ties, and members of the business community. The busi-
ness forum, attended by over 300 participants, was a
great success, resulting in commercial contracts and
MoUs worth over 200 million U.S. dollars. This demon-
strates the strong potential of our bilateral cooperation,
which continues to grow.

Last year, bilateral trade reached 239 million U.S.

dollars. According to Pakistan’s Ministry of Commerce, TDI: How does the Embassy support cul-
Kazakhstan is now Pakistan’s largest trade partner in tural and educational exchanges between
Central Asia. Looking ahead, we are planning several
Kazakhstan and Pakistan, including
projects, inshallah.
scholarship opportunities for Pakistani
As mentioned, 10 leading universities from Kazakhstan students? Are there partnerships between
visited Islamabad. During their visit, we hosted the Kazakh and Pakistani universities to pro-
first-ever Kazakhstan–Pakistan University Forum and
mote academic collaboration?
an education fair titled “Study in KZ.” Around 12 MoUs
were signed between leading universities. It was also One decision of the Intergovernmental Joint Commission
agreed to establish a Center for Science and Technology was to establish a joint working group on education. Last
in collaboration with the Kazakh National Technical week, I met with HEC Chairman Hon. Dr. Mukhtar
University named after Qanish Satpayev, among other Ahmed thanks to his support, we organized the first-ever
initiatives. Kazakhstan–Pakistan universities forum and the Study
in Kyzyl education fair.
Sports federations are also expanding cooperation. The
Chess Federation of Kazakhstan will open its first inter- Our Minister of Higher Education and Science, HE Mr.
national branch in Islamabad. Similarly, the Kazakh Sayasat Nurbek, announced last year plans to open 38
Batyr mixed martial arts academy will open its first over- campuses in collaboration with leading universities from

07
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

the UK, the US, South Korea, Japan, China, Russia, invests over 300,000 U.S. dollars in projects in Kazakh-
France, Germany, and beyond. The idea is to create a stan, they can receive this visa for 10 years. Regarding
regional education hub delivering high-quality education bilateral cooperation, we have facilitated the visa process
not only for Kazakh youth but for the entire region and for the business community. Now, if a credible business
we invite our brothers and sisters from Pakistan to study company approaches our embassy, they can receive a visa
at our universities. within three days with no invitation letter required, just
a letter submitted to the embassy.
For example, under a partnership with Arizona Universi-
ty, graduates receive two diplomas one from the Kazakh There are many areas to develop B2B ties. I truly believe
university and another from Arizona University. We now the Kazakh business community can learn from Paki-
have over 1,000 Pakistani students, most of whom study stan’s incredible experience, especially in textiles, surgi-
at our medical institutions. Next week, a delegation from cal instruments, sports goods, machinery, pharmaceuti-
one of Kazakhstan’s leading medical universities will cals, agriculture, and more.
visit Pakistan for meetings with PMDC, the HEC, and
Shifa University. Then we’ll travel to Lahore to meet In mid-June, a delegation from the Sialkot Chamber of
with King Edward University and others, strengthening Commerce will visit Kazakhstan and participate in an
ties between our medical institutions. expo in our capital. We are also in touch with the CIMAP
Association and negotiating ways to cooperate with surgi-
cal instrument manufacturers CIMAP being globally
renowned.

In agriculture, Kazakhstan’s climate does not allow us to

grow mangoes, guavas, falsas, or other exotic fruits. I
would love to see Pakistan’s sweetest mangoes in our
grocery stores. Last year, in collaboration with NLC, we
organized the first-ever export of Pakistani mangoes to
Kazakhstan, and we plan to expand this collaboration to
include rice, potatoes, and more.

TDI: Trade between our countries is

growing. Which sectors do you see as most
promising for future collaboration? Are
there any upcoming events or forums to
We’re also focused on collaboration among Khaydarzhan
encourage business partnerships between
University, NUST, NUML, and many others, aiming to
establish student exchanges and promote faculty Kazakhstan and Pakistan?
exchanges. For instance, online lectures from Kazakh- As I mentioned earlier, on April 28 in Karachi, we orga-
stan for Pakistani youth, and vice versa. And of course, nized a major business forum with over 300 participants.
we will provide scholarships: Nazarbayev University The Minister of Commerce noted it was the largest-ever
alone already hosts more than 70 Pakistani students, and business forum organized by Pakistan in Karachi.
we expect this number to grow exponentially in the Following the forum, we arranged visits for our delega-
coming years. tion to various facilities, including the Korangi Industrial
Zone and textile factories in Karachi.
TDI: Can you explain Kazakhstan’s
updated business visa process and its Now, we are planning another major business forum in
benefits for Pakistani businesspeople? Lahore, the capital of one of Pakistan’s most industrially
developed provinces. Our goal is to enhance direct
What support does the Embassy provide to
interaction between the business communities of both
Pakistani professionals exploring countries.
opportunities in Kazakhstan, and how can
they invest there? One of the main challenges we aim to address is the lack
of information. Most delegates visiting Karachi were in
You know, the golden visa is mainly focused on foreign Pakistan for the first time. When I asked about their
investors. For example, if a company or private investor impressions, they said it was an eye-opener. They hadn’t

08
 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

realized Pakistan, despite its challenges, has such Kazakhstan. And what they see is that there is a, you
tremendous potential and highly developed industrial know, very promising potential for our cooperation in
sectors. They said, “We now believe what we see.” tourism.

For instance, members of the Kazakh delegation who TDI: Given Kazakhstan's location in
visited textile factories in Karachi described them as Central Asia, how does it plan to enhance
among the best they had seen and expressed strong inter-
regional connectivity, especially with
est in strengthening collaboration in the textile sector.
Pakistan? Could you tell us about
Frankly, there are many areas to develop cooperation. As initiatives like the Astana International
I’ve said, Kazakhstan can learn much from Pakistan’s Financial Centre and their role in regional
expertise. At the same time, we are focused on developing
development?
our agricultural potential. President Kassym-Jomart
Tokayev has emphasized agriculture as a key driver of You know, Kazakhstan is an integral part of the Central
Kazakhstan’s economic growth, and we would be delight- Asian region. Our President stressed that a successful
ed to welcome Pakistani companies to explore opportuni- Central Asia means a successful Kazakhstan. If our
ties in this sector. brothers in the region thrive and succeed, it will positive-
ly influence our country.
Beyond agriculture, we are also investing in our textile
and pharmaceutical industries. There is immense poten- And vice versa if Kazakhstan achieves well-organized
tial for synergy that would be mutually beneficial. Paki- development, whether economic, cultural, or social, it will
stani investors establishing joint ventures in Kazakhstan benefit our brothers in the region as well. We believe
would not only benefit our country but also expand their regional cooperation is essential, and Kazakhstan must
presence in the region and contribute to promoting Paki- play an active role in regional integration.
stan’s soft image abroad.
“Now, when we talk about cooperation with Pakistan,
TDI: Kazakhstan is known for its natural we’re happy to see that all five Central Asian countries,
beauty and rich culture. What initiatives be it Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajiki-
stan, or Kazakhstan, all five Central Asian countries
are in place to promote tourism from
are very much interested in strengthening cooperation
Pakistan? Are there any collaborative
with Pakistan.
efforts to enhance cultural understanding
between our nations? So the only missing part, I would say, is Afghanistan.
This is why we do believe that apart from our Central
So back in December 2023, we signed an MOU to develop Asian cooperation, apart from our cooperation between
cooperation between our two brotherly nations in tour- Central Asia and Pakistan, we should be also focused
ism. This year, in April, during the Intergovernmental very much on engaging Afghanistan into our regional
Joint Commission, it was agreed that we will exchange cooperation.”
lists of credible, reliable tour operators, and we are going
to develop collaboration between our good, you know, When it comes to connectivity between Kazakhstan and
credible touristic organizations. Pakistan, in recent years we’ve worked hard to establish
it successfully. However, without Central Asian countries
And through such a collaboration, we will be definitely and Afghanistan, developing this connectivity would be
developing our cooperation in tourism in general. What I extremely difficult, still possible, but very challenging.
see is that there is another great potential, because, you
know, in Pakistan, you have so many beautiful places as That’s why we must create a friendly environment and
well. And I do believe that our people will be more than common regional standards to make it easier for our busi-
happy to visit Pakistan and to see your beauty in Paki- ness communities to operate and do business.
stan. We need to simplify procedures and ensure the environ-
And of course, we would love to invite our Pakistani ment is not only business-friendly but also secure. In the
brothers and sisters to visit Kazakhstan. end, this will lead to mutually beneficial cooperation.

You know, I have invited so many people, so many TDI: Your Excellency, for Pakistani
friends. My friends from Pakistan have already visited investors and tourists considering

09
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Kazakhstan, what message would you like It’s such a great emotion, such a great feeling, because it
to convey to encourage them to explore creates this friendly environment.
the opportunities your country offers? I try, from my heart, to do something sincerely to
strengthen our collaboration. The second thought on my
“Kazakhstan, during the last three decades, has
mind when you ask me about Pakistan is your beautiful
attracted more than $420 billion in foreign direct
nature. It’s something, I would say, is outstanding. I have
investments, which is almost 70 percent of FDIs
visited so many beautiful areas of your great country.
attracted to the Central Asian region.
And then, of course, historical heritage. Whenever I visit
Kazakhstan today is the largest economy of Central
your cultural, spiritual capital Lahore or go to Badshahi
Asia. Our GDP per capita is $14,000, which means that
Mosque, I feel these historic connections, historic roots
our people have money to spend. And in general, we are
that we have between our nations.
doing quite well.
“And then, of course, when you ask me about cuisine, I
We are focused very much on diversifying our economy.
must say we have so many things in common. When I
And in this term, Pakistan has great experience,
eat pulao, we have pulao as well in Kazakhstan, in
expertise, and advantage.
Central Asia. Then samosa, chapati, paratha we have
And our business people, our entrepreneurs, our exactly the same in Kazakhstan. So what I’m saying is
government will be more than happy to develop that even in terms of cuisines, we have so many things
collaboration to establish joint ventures here in in common.
Pakistan, in Kazakhstan you know, to strengthen our
But the thing I enjoy the most, of course, is Pakistani
cooperation and to make it beneficial for our two
mango. This is something, you know, it’s a kind of fruit
brotherly societies.”
from heaven, I would say, here in Pakistan. I enjoy it a
lot. I’m excited and looking forward to the mango
season, which will start soon. Yeah, it’s like it’s going to
be starting within a few days. So you will get the
yummiest mango from Pakistan.”

TDI: Also, Share your remarks about TDI.

I must say that Diplomatic Insight is one of the group
who have supported me from the very beginning. When I
joined our mission in June 2021, dear brother Asif Noor
and dear sister Farhat visited me. We discussed possible
ways to strengthen collaboration between Kazakhstan
TDI: Your Excellency, could you share and Pakistan, and since then, we have developed an
your experience of living in Pakistan, excellent relationship and partnership.
including your impressions of its food, They visited Kazakhstan several times. As I always say,
culture, and heritage? What do you like seeing is believing. To advocate for cooperation with my
most about the country? country, you have to visit and see for yourself the real
situation on the ground. And this is what they did. They
You know, before joining our mission in Islamabad, I had visited Kazakhstan, established good relations, and
no idea what Pakistan is. It was my first-ever experience made friends there.
visiting your beautiful country, and it was a great honor
for me to be part of our diplomatic mission in Islamabad. And in fact, I must say this is a kind of exemplary part-
So, when you ask me about Pakistan, the first thought nership. This is what we should enjoy when we talk about
that comes to my mind is people. Pakistani people, I reviving. I stress reviving, not establishing but reviving
would say, are the most hospitable nation in the world. brotherly relations between Kazakhstan and Pakistan.
And when I say it, I mean it. People are so kind.
Interview by The Diplomatic Insight Magazine Editorial
Whenever I visit different cities and regions of your
Team.
beautiful country, I always feel very warmly welcomed.

10
 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

SCO’s Digital Economy

Muhammad Asif Noor

T he Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO), a Eurasian
intergovernmental alliance compris-
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Iran, and
Belarus (the newest full member in
2024), the SCO covers nearly half of
cables, 5G infrastructure, and AI
development frameworks across
Central Asia and beyond.
ing 10 diverse member states and 24 the world’s population and about
years of existence, has entered into a Huawei, Alibaba Cloud, and China
20% of global GDP. Yet, its digital
new era defined not only by its tradi- Mobile are central players in export-
cohesion remains uneven.
tional focus on security and diploma- ing technology and training to SCO
cy but increasingly by its potential to A closer look reveals both vast poten- countries.
tial and pressing challenges—and
shape the digital futures of its ten Russia, while battling economic sanc-
therein lies the opportunity for coop-
member states. tions, continues to be a technological
eration and convergence.
heavyweight. Its digital economy
The digital economy has become a
The Big Three: China, reached $150 billion in 2024, with
key pillar in global growth strate-
Russia, and India Leading particular strengths in cybersecurity,
gies, and for the SCO, the imperative
AI, and software development.
is clear: regional digital integration the Charge
can no longer be an afterthought. The country’s pivot toward digital
China stands at the forefront of the sovereignty—through platforms like
As we navigate an era marked by SCO’s digital economy. In 2024, RuStore and indigenous cloud
technological disruption, data-driven China’s digital economy surpassed systems—is shaping the SCO’s
governance, and AI-powered produc- ¥50 trillion (approx. $6.9 trillion), discourse on cyber resilience.
tivity, the SCO’s capacity to harness accounting for over 40% of its GDP. Russia’s state-led initiatives in
the digital economy could determine
As the world’s leading digital infra- digital ruble integration and its AI
its role in the global economic order.
structure exporter, China’s Digital partnership with Central Asian
Comprising China, Russia, India, Silk Road—under the Belt and Road states make it an essential player in
Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Initiative (BRI)—is laying fiber optic regional tech policy.

11
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

India, the world’s digital power- million in 2024. The Astana Hub is Index shows significant inequality in
house, contributes its own vibrant now recognized as a regional startup ICT service exports across SCO
model. Through the Digital India incubator, attracting both Chinese states, measuring at 0.77, indicating
initiative, the country has built the and Russian capital. deep digital economic divergence.
world’s largest biometric ID system
Uzbekistan has invested in e-govern- New Members: Iran and
(Aadhaar), expanded rural connec-
ment, fintech, and education Belarus
tivity, and fostered a thriving fintech
platforms. With 82% internet pene-
ecosystem.
tration and a digital economy valued Iran’s digital economy is growing
Its digital economy is projected to hit at $1.4 billion, the country is priori- steadily despite global sanctions.
$1 trillion by 2026, powered by over tising partnerships with Chinese With an estimated digital market of
880 million internet users and a firms like Huawei for telecom and $30 billion, Iran has strong capaci-
booming startup ecosystem, now the cloud expansion. The challenge, ties in cybersecurity, fintech, and
third globally in tech unicorns. however, remains inadequate e-commerce, supported by a domestic
talent pool and regulatory autonomy.
Collaboration with Russia and China
has helped Tehran navigate technol-
ogy restrictions through regional
alternatives.

Belarus, now a full SCO member

since 2024, brings in valuable experi-
ence as a former Eastern European
tech hub. Its Hi-Tech Park in Minsk
continues to attract outsourcing
contracts and AI development
projects. However, political instabili-
ty and Western sanctions have
slowed foreign investment.

Pakistan: The Sleeping

Digital Giant?
Pakistan’s digital economy is still
nascent, valued at approximately $4
Yet, the digital ambitions of these connectivity in rural areas and skills billion in 2025, accounting for just
giants risk leaving others behind if gaps in emerging sectors. 0.6% of its GDP. Yet its potential
cooperation is not institutionalized. remains immense.
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are also
Here lies the real challenge for the
working to catch up with the digital With over 125 million mobile broad-
SCO: narrowing the digital divide
pace with everyone else. Despite band subscribers, a growing fintech
within.
Kyrgyzstan’s modest ICT service ecosystem, and emerging talent in
Central Asia: Emerging exports, which totaled only $32 software development and AI, the
million in 2024, initiatives like Taza foundation is present. However, the
Hubs, Lingering Gaps
Koom (Clean Society) are beginning trade imbalance with SCO countries
The Central Asian Republics to modernize governance and digital has widened, rising from $8.3 billion
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz- services. Tajikistan, with under 50% to $11.7 billion in 2024, largely due
stan, and Tajikistan represent the internet coverage, has made strides to increased imports from China and
SCO’s digital frontier. In Kazakh- with Chinese infrastructure but Russia.
stan, digital transformation is needs urgent investment in digital
Pakistan’s exports to SCO states
already bearing fruit. Its Digital education and basic connectivity.
stood at only $3 billion, against a
Kazakhstan program has lifted
As per the latest study published in potential of $15 billion.
internet penetration to 88%, and the
AlterEconomics (2024), the Theil
country’s IT exports exceeded $400 Trade with Central Asia remains

12
 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

minimal at $325 million, though it Disparities in digital capacities are Integrating major initiatives like the
recorded a trade surplus of $243 measurable. A 2024 study using the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and
million in 2024. Investment from Theil Index found significant the China-Pakistan Economic Corri-
China through CPEC ($70.3 billion) inequality in ICT service exports dor (CPEC) into the SCO’s digital
and from Russia in energy infra- across SCO countries, with a coeffi- framework would be pivotal in
structure (nearly $16.5 billion cient of 0.77, highlighting a high connecting Pakistan with Central
committed) reflects increasing level of intra-regional digital diver- Asian Republics through fiber-optic
regional stakes. But unless Pakistan gence. Bridging this gap requires networks and regional data centers.
integrates digital infrastructure with targeted investments in digital Additionally, reviving the
trade logistics, its economic gains education, infrastructure, and regu- Afghanistan Contact Group beyond
will remain constrained.
latory harmonization. its traditional security focus could
The Special Investment Facilitation
Council (SIFC) and Pakistan’s recent
digital taxation reforms are steps in
the right direction. However, much
more is required—especially free
trade agreements, tariff reductions
with China and Russia, and secure
digital corridors through Afghani-
stan and CARs.

Shared Challenges: Infra-

structure, Cybersecurity,
and Integration
The cybersecurity landscape across
SCO states is another shared
concern. A 2024 report by Kaspersky
Lab revealed a 30 percent rise in
cyberattacks across the Eurasian
region. SCO’s Regional Anti-Terror-
ism Structure (RATS) has expanded
its mandate to include cyber defense, What Next? A Framework help secure emerging digital
but coordinated action remains corridors and facilitate safer
for Digital Unity
nascent. China’s Great Firewall e-commerce routes across the region.
model and Russia’s cyber resilience To unlock the SCO’s full digital
As the SCO embraces its digital
programs offer frameworks, yet each potential, a coordinated and
future, cooperation not competition
country requires tailored solutions to forward-looking strategy is essential.
must be the guiding principle. Bridg-
local threats. The establishment of a
ing the digital divide among member
comprehensive SCO Digital
Financial integration remains weak. states is not just a developmental
Economy Strategy 2030 would
Informal payment systems like necessity but a strategic imperative.
provide a structured roadmap with
Hawala are still dominant in parts of With political will, policy coordina-
clear targets for enhancing regional
Central and South Asia, and digital tion, and investment in people and
connectivity, advancing trade
payment interoperability is rare infrastructure, the SCO can trans-
digitalization, and building digital
across borders. The SCO Interbank form itself from a security bloc into a
skills across member states.
Consortium, in which HBL digitally empowered community of
represents Pakistan, must be Equally important is the creation of shared prosperity.
empowered to facilitate national an SCO Digital Innovation Fund to The writer is the Founder Friends of
currency settlements, cross-border support startup ecosystems, co-fi- BRI Forum, Advisor to the Pakistan
digital finance, and SME credit nance infrastructure projects, and Research Center, Hebei Normal
access. promote research and development. University.

13
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Pakistan Pavilion at Venice Architecture

Biennale 2025: (Fr)Agile Systems

T he Venice Biennale

most prestigious cultural events,

of
Architecture is one of the world’s
contributing less than 1% to global
emissions, Pakistan suffers dispro-
portionately from climate-induced
the salt slowly dissolving and
reforming, creating an immersive
experience that reflects the
showcasing architectural innovation disasters such as flooding and heat- precarious balance between
and thought leadership. Established waves. The pavilion highlights this vulnerability and adaptability.
in 1980, this biennial gathering vulnerability while exploring resil-
attracts architects, policymakers, Surrounding the central sculpture is
ience as a dynamic, adaptive process.
and art enthusiasts globally. a series of climate maps titled “Map-
At the heart of the concept is rock ping Pakistan’s Fragility.” These
The 19th edition, curated by Carlo salt from Pakistan’s Khewra Salt copper-etched panels chart glacial
Ratti, runs from May 10 to Novem- Mine, used both as a material and melt, heatwaves, and flooding, offer-
ber 23, 2025, under the theme “Intel- metaphor. The salt’s translucency ing a visual narrative of Pakistan’s
ligens. Natural. Artificial. Collec- and tendency to dissolve in Venice’s diverse and threatened landscapes.
tive.” This year’s focus on climate humid climate symbolize fragility
adaptation challenges nations to and transformation mirroring Paki- The Curatorial Team
present locally rooted, globally stan’s struggle and ingenuity in The pavilion is organized by Coalesce
relevant solutions. confronting climate challenges. Design Studio (Karachi) and
MAS/Architects (Lahore). The multi-
Pakistan’s Participation: A Pavilion Design and Expe-
disciplinary team includes Anique
Vision of Resilience rience Azhar, Ayesha Sarfraz, Salman
Pakistan returns to Venice with a The centerpiece is a striking Jawed, Bilal Kapadia, Mustafa
national pavilion titled (Fr)Agile suspended installation of Mehdi, Sami Chohan, Madeeha
Systems, located at Spazio 996/A in asymmetrical frameworks holding Merchant, and Arsalan Rafique lead-
Venice’s Castello district. Despite large rock salt slabs. Visitors witness ing architects, researchers, and

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 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

designers from Pakistan and abroad.

Their collective expertise bridges
architecture, urbanism, and systems
design.

As curators of the 2025 Pakistan

Pavilion at the 19th International
Architecture Exhibition,

La Biennale di Venezia was and

remains a collaborative endeavor
with numerous individuals and
groups working tirelessly behind the
scenes. We also extend our deepest
gratitude to Veronica Green, Kashif
Essa, Anila Hayat, Ahad Ayaz,
Aymen Khan, Hamza Munir, Syed
Ahsen Raza Zaidi, Omer Ehtisham,
Adil Bokhari, and Valeria Romagni-
ni for their invaluable time and
efforts. We are also profoundly grate-
ful to Muhammad Arif Changezi,
Commissioner of the 2025 Pakistan
Pavilion, for his vision and unwaver-
ing support.

Amplifying Pakistan’s
Voice Through Cultural
and Digital Diplomacy
Representing Pakistan at the Bien-
nale requires significant financial
and logistical support. Sponsorship
tiers offer visibility in the Biennale’s
official catalogue, media campaigns,
and pavilion events.

The Diplomatic Insight Group,

during their recent visit to Italy,
visited the Pakistan Pavilion where
Dr. Farhat Asif and Muhammad Asif
commended the effort and pledged to
promote it globally through their
platforms. The Diplomatic Insight
has consistently welcomed and
supported cultural and digital diplo-
macy initiatives to project a positive
image of Pakistan internationally.

By supporting this initiative, spon-

sors amplify Pakistan’s voice in a
global conversation on design,
culture, and climate action.

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THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

From the Mountains of Hunza,

Pakistan to the Canals of Venice:
A Journey of Resilience and Cultural Dialogue
Anila Hayyat

I belong to a land of mountains, where in my heart I had a belief that rooted in mutual respect, can
Hunza valley where rivers and the the beginning of something new, how reshape how we see one another —
mountains tells the stories of resil- fragile they look, is worth trying. and ourselves.
ience of our ancestors and where
culture lives in food, language, and I believed in myself and worked In early January, I came to know
spirit of our traditional everyday against the odds with support of my that a group of architects and
events family, and destiny led me to the researchers had made it to the
most prestigious international art Venice Architecture Biennale 2025.
I started my professional journey in event of the world “La Biennale Di It was a moment of great pride,
2014 and worked in various regions Venezia.” I started working as part of having Pakistan’s first ever Pavilion
of Pakistan from mountains of north- the creative team for French Canadi- at a global platform, a platform to
ern Pakistan to the villages of an artist Kapwani Kiwanga and tell the story of our land, fragility
central Punjab. My work has taught later worked as cultural mediator for and resilience.
me resilience and the tenacity of the same art installation at Canada
women who continue to build, create, The installation, titled “Fr(agile)
Pavilion at Venice Biennale 2024.
and contribute against the odds. Systems”, is not just an architectural
This was a life changing experience intervention — it’s a call to
Destiny brings me to Venice, the working between culture, translat- consciousness. It reflects the fragile
historic city of canals. I came here ing stories and building connections. interconnections between the
with a bit of uncertainty in my heart Every day at the Biennale reaffirmed environment, economy, society, and
because of no familiarity with my belief that art knows no borders, politics, particularly for countries
language and culture, but some- and that cultural dialogue, when like Pakistan, which contribute less

16
 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

than 1% to global greenhouse gas with the help of private supporters, — beyond stereotypes, beyond crisis
emissions, yet face disproportionate institutions, and the global artistic headlines. It speaks in the universal
climate disasters. Heatwaves, glacial community. language of form, texture, and space.
melt, and devastating floods
The curators — Anique Azhar, As a Pakistani woman representing
continue to test the limits of our
Arsalan Rafique, Ayesha Sarfraz, the country as part of the national
resilience.
Bilal Kapadia, Madeeha Merchant, pavilion at Biennale 2025, I am filled
At the heart of the pavilion is rock Mustafa Mehdi, Salman Jawed, and with pride. In this convergence of
salt, sourced from Pakistan — a Sami Chohan — have achieved what place and purpose, I see what is
material that dissolves, reforms, and many would call impossible. Their possible when art becomes the
transforms within the Venetian collaborative work and commitment meeting point of cultures, when
humidity. It’s a poetic representation have opened the door for Pakistan to imagination becomes a tool for
of adaptation under pressure, of be seen at such an important resilience, and when fragile systems
resilience shaped by shifting platform at global level. give way to powerful
climates, and of the cultural and transformations.
Fr(agile) Systems is more than an
ecological knowledge held within
installation. It is a site of encounter. I invite you all to visit the Pakistan
materials often taken for granted.
A moment of reflection. A mirror Pavilion at the Venice Architecture
But perhaps the most remarkable held up to the global imbalance that Biennale 2025, to witness Fr(agile)
part of this story is how it was made defines our times — and an invita- Systems up close, and to engage with
possible. tion to imagine new systems built the stories it holds. Your presence
not on extraction and inequality, but and support not only honor this
This pavilion was not milestone, but also help amplify the
on empathy, adaptation, and mutual
state-sponsored. It was the result of voices, visions, and creativity
care.
sheer vision, grit, and dedication emerging from Pakistan. This is not
from a team that believed in the The presence of the Pakistan Pavil- just our pavilion — it is our voice, our
power of storytelling through ion at the Biennale is a profound act presence, our story of resilience to
architecture and art. With no of cultural diplomacy, made possible share with the world.
government support, the curatorial only because of our curator’s effort
team raised funds independently, and dedication. It offers the world an The writer is an environmentalist
coordinated logistics across borders, entry point into the layered, complex, and exhibition manager at the
and built something truly historic and beautiful realities of our nation Pakistan Pavilion, Venice Biennale.

17
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

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 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Diplomatic Highlights
Chinese Embassy Hosts Balochistan Students
to Mark Health Drive

A group of schoolgirls and teachers from Pakistan’s Under the program, 50,000 health kits were provided to
Balochistan province visited the Chinese Embassy in schools for girls in Balochistan, and educational activities
Islamabad on July 7. They met with Minister Counselor were organized to enhance awareness of an individual’s
Yang Guangyuan to acknowledge the achievement of a health and hygiene practices. The Chinese Embassy once
recent Chinese government-sponsored health program again emphasized that programs like “SHE POWER” are
for girls. The program, commonly referred to as “SHE a part of China’s comprehensive development support to
POWER,” is designed to enhance hygiene and health Pakistan.
awareness among girls residing in underprivileged areas.

British HC Delivers Climate Journalism Training

as Monsoon Wreaks Havoc
As Pakistan grapples with deadly monsoon floods and a
projected $1.2 trillion cost of climate inaction, the
British High Commission has launched a nationwide
climate journalism training initiative to empower media
professionals to drive awareness and action. Deputy
Director of Communications and Public Diplomacy,
Sneha Lala, said the cost of inaction on climate change
in Pakistan is $1.2 trillion by 2050. The training will
spotlight the crucial role journalists play in encouraging
climate action. Journalists can spotlight climate change
solutions, encourage climate action, and can help their
readers and viewers to understand how climate change
affects them. British High Commission will be joined by
a number of Chevening alumni, who honed their climate
expertise through the prestigious scholarship where
they studied a master’s qualification in the UK.

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THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

UK’s Envoy Expresses Deep Sorrow over

Lyari Building Collapse
The British High Commissioner
to Pakistan, Jane Marriott,
expressed deep sorrow and sym-
pathy over the fatal building
collapse in Karachi’s Lyari area.
Posting a message on social
media platform X, HC Marriott
conveyed her condolences to the
families of the victims and appre-
ciated the efforts of the rescue
team engaged in the operation.
“My thoughts are with the fami-
lies of those who lost their lives
and with the courageous rescue
teams who have worked day and
night in extremely challenging
conditions,” she wrote.

Canada Appoints New High Commissioner

to Pakistan
Tarik Khan has been appointed as the new
High Commissioner of Canada to Pakistan.
The announcement was made by Canada’s
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Anita Anand, as
the Ministry shared a list of new diplomatic
appointments. Tarik Khan will be replacing
Leslie Scanlan, who was the high commis-
sioner of Canada to Pakistan since Novem-
ber 2022. As per new appointments, Isabelle
Martin has been named Canada’s High
Commissioner to Sri Lanka, replacing Eric
Walsh. Joshua Tabah will serve as Canada’s
High Commissioner to Kenya and will also
serve as the Permanent Representative to
the United Nations Human Settlements
Program (UN-Habitat) as well as the UN
Environment Program (UNEP), replacing
Christopher Thornley. Wendy Gilmour, who
served as Canada’s High Commissioner to
Pakistan from 2018-2022, congratulated
Tarik Khan on his appointment in a social
media post on X.

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 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Third Phase of Saudi-Led Food Support Initiative

Begins in Pakistan
Pakistan’s Federal Minister for National Food
Security and Research, Rana Tanveer
Hussain, was the chief guest at the launch
ceremony of the Third Phase of the Saudi Food
Security Support Project in Pakistan. The
Minister personally handed out food baskets to
families during the event and interacted with
them while noting that this program is directly
benefiting thousands of households across
Pakistan, ensuring access to essential food
items amid rising inflation and
climate-induced challenges. He also praised
the role of the serving Saudi Ambassador in
Pakistan, Nawaf bin Said Al-Malki, in
ensuring effective execution of the initiative.
After the ceremony, the Federal Minister had a
detailed one-on-one meeting with the Saudi
Ambassador.

Inside the Celebration of Rwanda’s

31 Liberation Day in Islamabad
On the night of July 4, Islamabad’s Serena
Hotel buzzed with celebratory laughter and
cultural dances as Embassy of Rwanda hosted a
reception to mark 31 years of Rwanda’s libera-
tion. High Commissioner Harerimana Fatou led
the ceremony – from welcoming guests to cake
cutting and happy dances. Rwanda’s resilience,
recovery from the genocide of 1994, and trans-
formation since then were key mentions as the
ceremony proceeded. The High Commissioner
noted the friendship between Pakistan and
Rwanda. She recalled how her nation rose
beyond divisions and stood even stronger after
the Liberation Day on July 4, 1994 – the day
that marks the end of the genocide. She also
took a moment to recount the progress Rwanda
has achieved in a brief time; a GDP that grew
from 7.8% in 2023 to 8.9% last year, the cleanest
country in Africa with a remarkable women
participation of 63.7% in the Parliament.

21
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Egyptian Embassy Celebrates National

Day in Islamabad
Egypt’s National Day was celebrated with
enthusiasm at Islamabad’s Serena Hotel,
where diplomats, government officials, and
representatives of civil society came together to
celebrate with the Egyptian Embassy. The
Ambassador of Egypt to Pakistan, Dr. Ihab
Abdelhamid, received the guests and highlight-
ed the historically strong relations between
Egypt and Pakistan. Ambassador Abdelhamid
thanked the Government of Pakistan and its
people for continued hospitality and support.
He added that Egypt is keenly interested in
expanding relations with Pakistan in all
aspects, including cooperation in renewable
energy, technology, and education. Guests
were amused with live Egyptian music, food,
and folk performances. The ambassador also
showcased future projects, including cultural
festivals and student exchanges, to promote
greater personal contact between people.

Pakistan, Malaysia Seek Collaboration in

Arts and Culture
The Deputy Head of Malaysia’s Diplomatic Mission in
Pakistan, Mohd Syafik Firdaus, paid a courtesy call on
the Federal Minister of Heritage and Culture,
Aurangzeb Khan Khichi. Both sides engaged in
discussions aimed at enhancing bilateral cooperation in
the fields of heritage, arts, and culture. The promotion of
close cooperation between cultural institutions was
stressed by both dignitaries. It was agreed that fostering
institutional linkages and collaborative frameworks
between museums, cultural centers, and heritage
organizations will contribute to preserving and
celebrating the rich cultural legacies of both countries.
The enhancement of cultural activities, particularly in
the areas of performing arts and visual arts, also
featured prominently in the meeting. Both sides
acknowledged the vital role of cultural expression in
strengthening people-to-people ties and mutual
understanding.

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 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Ethiopia’s Ambassador Takes the Plantation

Campaign to Sindh

Special Envoy and Ambassador Extraordinary of Ethio- Governor about launch of this year’s Green Legacy Initia-
pia to Pakistan, Dr. Jemal Beker Abdula, held a meeting tive by Ethiopia’s Prime Minister Dr. Abiy Ahmed in
with the Governor of Sindh province, Kamran Tessori, to June under the theme ‘Renewal through Planting’. He
discuss bilateral and multilateral cooperation between said Ethiopia had planted more than 40 billion seedlings
the two countries. Their discussion focused on enhancing of various species since 2019, setting a target of planting
the bilateral and multilateral cooperation in key sectors over 7.5 billion seedlings, this year which would not only
such as trade, investment, aviation, energy and climate expand its green cover but also ensure food security and
change. On the occasion, Ambassador Beker briefed the create more jobs in the country.

Swedish Envoy Extends Condolences for Flood Victims

Sweden’s Ambassador to Pakistan, Alexandra Berg von
Linde, has offered her condolences and support to
communities hit by the latest wave of flash floods
sweeping the country. In a post on social media platform
X, the envoy wrote that she was “deeply saddened by the
recent floods in Pakistan” and sent “heartfelt
condolences to the families of the victims” while pledging
Sweden’s “unwavering support to all affected.”
Ambassador Berg von Linde, who took up her post in
Islamabad last August, has made climate resilience and
humanitarian cooperation central themes of her tenure.
In recent meetings with Pakistani lawmakers, she
underscored Sweden’s readiness to deepen collaboration
on disaster response capacity and sustainable
development.

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THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Iranian Envoy Appreciates Pakistan’s Firm Support

Iran’s Ambassador to Pakistan, Dr. Reza Amiri Moghadd-
am, has expressed deep gratitude for Islamabad’s firm and
consistent support during the recent regional escalation
involving Israel. In an interview with a private news chan-
nel, the ambassador said Pakistan emerged as one of
Iran’s strongest allies during the crisis, noting that its
stance was unmatched among friendly nations. “The
people of Iran hold great respect for Pakistan’s solidarity,”
he remarked. Dr. Amiri lauded Pakistan’s role at major
global platforms such as the United Nations Security
Council and the International Atomic Energy Agency’s
Board of Governors, where Islamabad extended its full
diplomatic backing. He also acknowledged the cooperation
extended by Pakistan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
Ministry of Defense throughout the tense period.

Sri Lanka’s New High Commissioner Presents

Credentials in Islamabad

Sri Lanka’s newly appointed High Commissioner to friendly and brotherly relations with Pakistan to greater
Pakistan, Fred Seneviratne, presented the open copy of his heights and extended warm greeting to the leadership and
Letter of Credence to Tipu Usman, Chief of State Protocol people of Pakistan. For his part, Chief of State Protocol
at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, during a meeting held Tipu Usman wished the diplomat all the success on his
at the Foreign Office on Thursday. High Commissioner new assignment and assured Pakistan Government’s
Fred Seneviratne extended his gratitude to Tipu Usman fullest support and cooperation during his tenure.
for granting an early opportunity to his credentials. Minister at the Sri Lankan High Commission Christy
During the meeting, he assured to bring longstanding Ruban was also present in the meeting.

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 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Oman’s Home-Grown Food Chain ‘Seven Fries’

Opens in Islamabad
Seven Fries, the first Omani brand committed to fresh-cut
French fries, has reached Islamabad, as Oman’s Ambassa-
dor Fahad bin Sulaiman bin Khalaf Al Kharusi inaugurat-
ed the franchise. Seven Fries is becoming a global name in
fast foods. Founded by Issa bin Saleh al Aghbari in 2021
in the Wilayat of Al Seeb, the brand has grown from a
start-up firm to a fast-spreading franchise with global
aspirations. The brand’s momentum accelerated after it
was selected from over 300 entries to the Oman Chamber
of Commerce and Industry’s franchise program—a clear
vote of confidence that led to a formal partnership and
scaling support. “This brand represents Omani drive,
determination, and innovation,” said Issa al Aghbari,
Seven Fries’ Founder and CEO. “We aim to share our
flavors and vision with new communities and build a
brand of which Oman can be proud.”

Romania’s Iconic Blouse Blooms in Islamabad

The Romanian Embassy in Islamabad celebrated the celebration included the exhibition of beautiful
International Day of the Romanian Blouse (Ziua Romanian blouses, culinary delights and traditional
Universală a Iei) marking a step towards showcasing the music. In the welcoming remarks, Ambassador Dan
cultural heritage of Romania. According to a post of the Stoenescu put emphasis on the importance of the
Embassy of Romania in Pakistan on X, the event brought Romanian blouse as a traditional treasure and symbol of
together people of the Romanian community, unity. He stated that “sharing this tradition in Islamabad
representatives of diplomatic corps and distinguished celebrates both Romanian identity and friendship with
Pakistani guests to celebrate and appreciate the culture the people of Pakistan and the international community.”
and tradition of Romania under the same roof. The

25
 Business Highlights
EU, Pakistan Sign €20M Grant to Boost Business
and Governance
The European Union and Pakistan have signed a grant
agreement of €20 million aimed at enhancing governance
and creating a good business environment. The program
aims to support economic reforms, enhance the perfor-
mance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs),
and promote sustainable development in priority sectors.
The deal was signed by Kazim Niaz, the Secretary of the
Economic Affairs Division, and EU Ambassador to Paki-
stan Dr. Riina Kionka. Dr. Riina Kionka, emphasizing
the importance of cooperation between the EU and Paki-
stan, said: “With this new initiative, the EU is making a
long-term commitment to partnerships that will deliver a
greener, more inclusive, and more resilient economy. We
want to contribute to the conditions under which wom-
en-led businesses can flourish and green innovation can
progress.”

Kazakh Envoy Attends Global Pakistan Summit 2025

Kazakhstan’s Ambassador to Pakistan, Yerzhan Kistafin, expand collaboration with international digital
attended the Global Pakistan Summit 2025, which aimed platforms. He noted that by the end of this year, the coun-
at promoting e-commerce and digital trade in the region. try’s digital trade is expected to reach approximately $6
The Ministry of Commerce and the Trade Development billion. “E-commerce is not a passing trend but a transfor-
Authority of Pakistan (TDAP) co-organized the event. mative force that is reshaping regional economies,” said
Ambassador Kistafin briefed on Kazakhstan’s e-com- the Ambassador, adding: “Kazakhstan views Pakistan as
merce industry, drawing attention to the country’s efforts a strategic partner in the promotion of cross-border
to digitize trade infrastructure, engage SMEs online, and digital trade and innovation.”

27
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Uzbekistan Eyes $2B Trade with Pakistan,

Says Uzbek Ambassador
The Ambassador of Uzbekistan to Pakistan, Alisher
Tukhtaev, reaffirmed Uzbekistan’s commitment to
elevating bilateral trade with Pakistan to $2 billion
in the coming years and identified the energy sector
as a key area for mutual growth. These remarks
were part of a meeting between the Ambassador and
Pakistan’s Federal Minister for Petroleum, Ali
Pervaiz Malik. The discussions centered on
strengthening bilateral ties, with a particular focus
on expanding cooperation in the oil and gas sector.
Ambassador Tukhtaev lauded Prime Minister
Shahbaz Sharif’s recent successful visit to
Uzbekistan, which, he believed, has paved way for
stronger economic and energy partnerships. He
noted significant opportunities for joint exploration
ventures, technical training programs for Pakistani
professionals in Uzbekistan, and collaborative
research in synthetic fuel and polymer production.

Steel Mills Revival – Pakistan, Russia Sign a Protocol

Pakistan and Russia have signed a Protocol to restore and to the Prime Minister (SAPM) Haroon Akhtar Khan and
modernize Pakistan Steel Mills (PSM) in Karachi, reaffirm- Pakistan’s Ambassador to Russia, Muhammad Khalid
ing their long-standing industrial partnership. The agree- Jamali, were also present during the signing. The project
ment was signed at the Pakistan Embassy in Moscow by aims to restart and expand steel production, marking a new
Saif Anjum, Secretary of Industries and Production of Paki- chapter in bilateral cooperation. Originally built with
stan, and Vadim Velichko, General Director of Industrial Soviet assistance in 1971, Pakistan Steel Mills remains a
Engineering LLC from the Russian side. Special Assistant lasting symbol of Pakistan-Russia ties.

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 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Vietnam Keen to Touch $1 Billion Trade Goal

with Pakistan
The Ambassador of Vietnam to Pakistan, Pham Anh
Tuan, expressed keenness to expand existing trade and
economic ties with Pakistan, as the bilateral trade
between the two countries is not far away from reaching
$1 billion. Ambassador Tuan, during his first official visit
to Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI),
said, “the current trade volume stands at approximately
US$850 million, and with concerted efforts, both sides
are well positioned to achieve or surpass the US$1 billion
target by the end of this year or next year.” While
highlighting the significance of strengthening
institutional linkages and enhancing bilateral economic
ties, Vietnamese Ambassador suggested that by
increasing and advancing collaboration between
Vietnam Chamber and Karachi Chamber, both
countries can explore new areas for investment.

Pak-US Alumni Gathered for Business

Startups Masterclass

Supported by US Mission to Pakistan, Pakistan-US Alumni as technology, social entrepreneurship, the service sector,
Network (PUAN) in partnership with LMKT, a leading and manufacturing. “This masterclass equips our alumni
Pakistani technology company, organized a five-day master with practical skills to scale their businesses and create jobs
class titled Mastering the Business Life Cycle at the Nation- across Pakistan. The impact of this learning goes far beyond
al Incubation Center (NIC). This residency program gath- one week, it’s about long-term economic growth and oppor-
ered over 40 US government exchange alumni from across tunity,” said Michael Chadwick from the Public Affairs
Pakistan. The participants were from diverse sectors such Office of the US Consulate in Karachi.

29
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Turkish CG in Lahore Calls for Joint IT,

Tourism Ventures
Turkish Consul General in Lahore, Durmus Bastug,
visited the Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry
(LCCI) to talk trade and partnerships. Bastug said that
several Turkish companies are already doing business in
Pakistan, a sign, he said, that they trust the local market.
He added that both sides should focus on building
stronger ties between business communities, and
encouraged more exchange visits between investors and
entrepreneurs. Pakistan’s exports to Turkiye were
around $337 million in the last fiscal year, while imports
stood at $491 million. So, the total trade volume was just
under $830 million. Speaking during the meeting, LCCI
Vice President Shahid Nazir Chaudhry appreciated
Turkiye’s support for Pakistan over the years, especially
on the diplomatic front.

Philippine Business Groups Eye Investment in Pakistan

The Philippines is showing growing interest in deepening were Senator Fawzia Arshad, advisor to the Senate
economic engagement with Pakistan, with several busi- chairman Misbah Khar, and senior members from the
ness groups keen to explore investment and trade oppor- Senate Secretariat. Ambassador Fernandez touched on
tunities, Ambassador Emmanuel R. Fernandez said the topic of visa facilitation, saying his embassy had sent
during a meeting at Parliament House this week. The recommendations to ease access, though final decisions
remarks came during a session of the Pakistan–Philip- rest with Manila’s immigration authorities. He also
pines Parliamentary Friendship Group, chaired by Sena- acknowledged the increasing number of Pakistani
tor Husna Bano and attended by members of the Senate students heading to the Philippines for education,
and officials from the Philippine Embassy, including saying, “They’re doing well and we’d like to expand this
First Secretary and Consul Jaun Paolo Alex. Also present exchange.”

30
 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

China-Kazakhstan Strategic Partnership

and Industrial Cooperation
Aroosa Salahuddin

C hina and Kazakhstan have

shared a close, long-standing
relationship since Kazakhstan’s
independence. China was among the
first countries to recognize Kazakh-
stan’s sovereignty in 1991, and over
the past three decades their ties have
evolved into a “permanent compre-
hensive strategic partnership.”
Historically, the two nations have
built their relationship on friendship
and mutual respect, with no conflicts
of interest. This has been under-
pinned by their Silk Road heritage Xi
Jinping noted that an ancient Silk
Road linked China and Central Asia
“more than 2,000 years ago” and by
growing economic interdependence.
China invested early in Kazakh-
and met with Kazakh President agreement on the promotion and
stan’s oil and gas pipelines and
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. The mutual protection of investments, and
railways, and Kazakhstan has
summit reaffirmed the “time-tested” a technical-economic cooperation pact.
become a key transit hub for China’s
strategic friendship: Tokayev hailed
overland trade. In recent years bilat- Agriculture and Food
China as a “time-tested reliable
eral trade has surged to record highs Processing: Collaborations on
strategic partner”, and Xi stressed
(around US$41–44 billion in farming technology, processing of
that China views its Kazakh ties
2023-24, making China Kazakh- agricultural products and food trade.
from a “strategic and long-term
stan’s largest trade partner and (Chinese “green lanes” at border
perspective”. To solidify this partner-
export market. At the same time, crossings already simplify
ship, the two sides signed 24 inter-
people-to-people links (visa-free Kazakhstan’s agri-exports.)
governmental and interagency
travel, cultural exchanges and tour-
agreements covering a broad array of Tourism and Cultural Exchange:
ism initiatives) and institutional ties
sectors. These accords extent: Initiatives to boost tourism (e.g. the
(joint projects like the “Luban Work- “Year of China Tourism in
shops”, university campuses, Energy and Infrastructure: Coop-
Kazakhstan” 2025) and to deepen
Confucius Institutes, and deep coop- eration in oil, gas and (planned)
media, educational and cultural ties.
eration within the SCO and United nuclear power projects Kazakhstan
Nations) have flourished. Both has agreed to build several nuclear Intellectual Property and
governments emphasize their power plants with China’s support as Science/Health: Joint programs in
mutual support on core interests and well as aerospace and transport science, technology and medicine, as
describe the relationship as a model linkages. well as stronger intellectual property
state-to-state partnership. protection and media cooperation.
Digital Economy & Trade Facilita-
tion: Digitalization of services and Together, these agreements are
Strategic Cooperation
administration, customs coordination, intended to deepen the strategic
Agreements (June 2025) e-commerce development and stan- partnership and interconnectivity
In June 2025, Chinese President Xi dards. They also include trade and between the two economies. As
Jinping made a state visit to Astana investment terms: for example, an Trend News noted, they “underscore

31
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

both countries’ commitment to processing, signaling China’s inter- Digital & High-Tech: Information
strengthening regional connectivity est in Kazakhstan’s mineral wealth. technology parks, data centers and
and joint development across critical digital services. Agreements on
Energy & Chemicals: Aside from
sectors”. Tokayev emphasized that digitalization and innovation
pipelines, projects include petro-
bilateral ties have entered a “new indicate Chinese firms are also
chemical and fertilizer complexes.
golden era” thanks to such coopera- eyeing Kazakhstan’s tech sector,
China’s East Hope Group, for exam-
tion. In their talks, Xi and Tokayev including e-commerce platforms and
ple, has been involved in fertilizer
also pledged mutual backing on smart-city projects.
production ventures. (Kazakhstan
regional and global issues: Xi lauded
has also agreed to be a major urani- These projects are geographically
the role of China–Kazakh friendship
um supplier to China, and signed widespread, For instance:
in bringing “positive energy” to the
deals with China National Nuclear
world, and both sides agreed to • Almaty Region is moving
Corporation on uranium extraction.
continue coordinating in the UN, forward with 7 Chinese-backed
SCO and other forums to safeguard a Renewable & Green Projects: projects (~$6 B) in renewable
fair international order. Wind, solar and hydropower initia- energy, transport / logistics, agro
tives. Completed projects like the -processing and manufacturing.
Chinese-Backed Industrial Zhanatas wind farm and Turgusun
• Akmola Region (near Astana)
Projects (224 Projects, USD hydro station are noted by Chinese
is developing an industrial zone
66.4 B) officials, and new “green economy”
anchored by the Dalian Hesheng
facilities are underway – for
Alongside intergovernmental wheat plant.
instance, Almaty Region signed
accords, China and Kazakhstan have seven projects (~$6 billion) in green • Astana city, Kyzylorda and
rapidly expanded concrete energy, logistics and manufacturing. Turkistan Regions have each
investments. Kazakh officials report put forward major initiatives in
that 224 industrial projects worth Manufacturing and Industry:
infrastructure, agriculture and
about USD 66.4 billion are currently Joint factories producing materials
industry during recent talks.
being implemented with Chinese and goods. Kazakhstan highlights
participation. These projects Chinese investment in high-tech and • East, West and Abai Regions
together are expected to create non-resource industries, with compa- resource-rich areas were
roughly 50,000 jobs in Kazakhstan. nies like Fufeng Group (bio-chemi- instructed to accelerate
In total, China ranks among cals) and East Hope (chemicals) Chinese-backed oil, gas, mining
Kazakhstan’s top five investors exploring new industrial parks. and heavy-industry projects.
having already invested some $26.4 Transport & Logistics: Expansion Each side portrays these invest-
billion in 2005–2024). Prime of rail and road networks. Chinese ments as economically transforma-
Minister Olzhas Bektenov has and Kazakh firms are partnering to tive. Kazakh officials note that
stressed that Xi’s visit “gave improve the China–Europe rail corri- Chinese projects will “give a new
impetus” to cooperation and urged dor (e.g. the Xi’an–Kazakhstan impetus” to Kazakhstan’s industrial
swift implementation of agreements. terminal, Eurasian highway links), base and help achieve its ambitious
He reminded the government that as well as build logistics centers. trade and investment goals. Indeed,
attracting at least $150 billion in Kazakhstan’s Deputy Foreign Minis-
Agriculture & Agro-Processing:
foreign investment by 2029 is a ter reported that with 224 projects in
Large-scale farming and food
national goal, with China a hand, Kazakhstan–China trade has
projects. A prominent example is a
top-priority partner in that drive. already hit ~$43.8 billion and is
fully integrated wheat-processing
The industrial projects include many targeted to reach $100 billion. Prime
complex being built by China’s
sectors. Major categories include: Minister Bektenov vowed full
Dalian Hesheng in Akmola Region
support and oversight: “China is one
Mining & Metals: New mines and worth about 900 billion tenge,
of our top partners. We will fully
metallurgical plants (e.g. steel, creating ~1,000 jobs. Another is a $1
support these projects, and I will
copper) are under development. billion deep-grain processing plant in
personally monitor their progress,”
Chinese groups like CHN Energy Almaty Region with CITIC
he said. Chinese commentators simi-
and CITIC (Dalian Hesheng) are Construction. Such projects aim to
larly highlight that their companies
active in resource extraction and boost Kazakh food exports and
are creating thousands of jobs and
value-added processing.

32
 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

building high-tech capacity, signal- China, Astana remains shared infrastructure and policy
ing trust in Kazakhstan as a manu- security-aligned with Russia (within frameworks.
facturing hub. In short, the projects the CSTO) and gradually develops
Diplomatically, both governments
are seen as mutually beneficial ties with Western institutions. In
have highlighted the win-win nature
diversifying Kazakhstan’s economy official rhetoric, Kazakh leaders
of the ties. Tokayev repeatedly calls
beyond oil and raising its industrial emphasize that they “stand ready to
Kazakhstan-China relations a
skills, while advancing China’s support” China’s global initiatives
“model” of neighboring cooperation
search for new markets, resources like the Belt and Road
and stresses that China never
and regional linkages under the Belt Initiativeen.people.cn and work with
imposes political conditions.
and Road framework. China on UN and SCO agendas,
Beijing’s statements reciprocate this
portraying themselves as an equal
Regional Implications and positivity, with Xi expressing
partner rather than a subordinate.
readiness to work “hand in hand”
Economic Integration For its part, Beijing frames the
with Kazakhstan on development
relationship as a contribution to
The deepening China–Kazakhstan and connectivity.
regional stability: Xi pledged to
partnership has significant regional
collaborate on counterterrorism and Analysis of the Central Asia summit
dimensions. Kazakhstan is the
largest and most economically
advanced of the Central Asian
states, and its trajectory heavily
influences regional integration. By
bolstering Kazakhstan’s infrastruc-
ture and industry, Chinese involve-
ment strengthens the North–South
and East–West corridors that
connect China to Europe and the
Middle East via Central Asia. As one
analysis notes, over 80% of China’s
overland trade with Europe transits
Kazakhstan. Chinese-financed
improvements to rail lines, roads,
and logistics hubs thus enhance the
entire “Middle Corridor” connecting
Central Asia to Europe, offering
Beijing an alternative route that
bypasses Russia. Moreover, energy
and resource ties (oil, gas, uranium)
increase Beijing’s leverage in secur- concluded that China is increasingly
multilateralism, stating that China
ing diversified supplies; Kazakhstan seen as a high-value industry part-
would “safeguard international
alone accounted for 43% of the ner in Kazakhstan, not just an inves-
justice” and oppose “hegemonism”
world’s uranium output in 2022. The tor in energy. Looking ahead, both
alongside Central Asian countries.
recent summit in Astana also sides expect the partnership now in a
Such language is clearly directed at
produced broader Central Asia–Chi- “new golden era” according to Toka-
external powers, reflecting China’s
na agreements (the Astana Declara- yev to continue boosting Kazakh-
broader goal of fortifying its
tion and a formal friendship treaty), stan’s economic transformation and
influence in a region traditionally
indicating China’s aim to knit the to anchor China’s strategy of secur-
within Russia’s sphere. In sum, the
region more closely under its ing overland routes, resources and
China–Kazakhstan partnership
economic influence. regional stability.
reinforces Beijing’s foothold in
From a geopolitical standpoint, Central Asia while giving The Writer is the Managing Editor
Kazakhstan’s strategy has been to Kazakhstan access to Chinese of the Diplomatic Insight Magazine
pursue multi-vector diplomacy. capital and markets, accelerating and Digital Diplomacy Expert.
While deepening economic links with regional economic integration under

33
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Peace and Prosperity Take Root in

Tajik-Kyrgyz Relations: Political
Development, Investment, and Tourism
Mirsaid Rahmonov & Rahmonzoda Azimjon

Historic State Visit Diplomatic relations between Tajiki- resources, are strategically located.
Strengthens Bilateral stan and Kyrgyzstan, which officially Thus, the relations between the
began on January 14, 1993, have peoples of these regions began in
Relations gone through various stages of devel- ancient times with the emergence of
The state visit of the President of the opment over more than three the Great Silk Road and have
Kyrgyz Republic, His Excellency decades. These relations, built on the expanded with the movement of
Sadir Japarov, to Tajikistan from principles of friendship, equality, people to the present day. Later,
July 8 to 9, 2025, is an important and good neighborliness, have with the collapse of the Soviet Union,
historical and political event in the reached a new political and historical the countries of Central Asia gained
bilateral relations between level in recent years. independence and established their
Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The visit relations with the countries of the
takes place against the backdrop of
Central Asia's Strategic region and the world on the basis of
the settlement of border issues and Importance and Historical their national principles and laws.
the strengthening of relations, and is Ties Central Asia is a geographical term
a sign of the strong will of the heads used in the 21st century for the terri-
of the two states – His Excellency The Asian region is considered the tory of the present-day republics of
Emomali Rahmon and His largest continent in the world, and Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmeni-
Excellency Sadir Japarov – to the peoples of Central and South stan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan,
strengthen friendship, peace, and Asia, with their unique geographical, and the total population of this
regional cooperation. cultural, historical, and natural region is 50 million people.

34
 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Tajikistan's Vision for Honorable Sadir Japarov and Honor- Declaration's Geopolitical
Peace and Development able Shavkat Mirziyoyev were the and Symbolic Importance
distinguished guests of the event,
In this context, the new Tajikistan, and the signing of the Treaty on the It further emphasizes the foresight of
by creating a school of peace and point of confluence of the state the President of Tajikistan, because
constructive initiatives, considers borders was accepted as a “historical the permanence and implementation
political, social, and economic devel- document” between them. of the Khujand Declaration today, in
opment and expansion on the basis of this tense and tense geopolitical
independence and strengthening Impact of the Declaration situation in the world, plays an
relations between states as the main on Regional Cooperation important role not only in the peace
condition, and constantly strives to and tranquility of the Central Asian
strengthen and consolidate benefi- It should be noted here that the sign- region, but also in the harmony of
cial cooperation. The President of ing of this historic document will world peace. Because of friendship
Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon, has certainly contribute to the economic, and mutual understanding, the open
always paid special attention to cultural, scientific, educational, faces of the inhabitants and the
pressing issues of the planet, and on investment, and tourism relations peaceful atmosphere of the region,
September 23, 2024, at the UN between the countries and create a these three bordering countries, with
General Assembly in New York,
United States of America, proposed
to adopt a special resolution of the
United Nations “Decade of Peace-
building for Future Generations”.

Thus, Tajikistan, based on the prin-

ciples of friendship and good neigh-
borliness, on the basis of which the
peoples of the region have lived,
spoken, and created together since
time immemorial, will continue to
cooperate in the continuous develop-
ment of friendly relations. On March
31, 2025, the Khujand Declaration
was signed by the heads of three
neighboring, co-religionist and new and beneficial integration. the Khujand Declaration, were once
co-cultural states Honorable Emom- During the signing of this historic again able to fulfill their regional
ali Rahmon, Honorable Sadir document, the President of Tajiki- and historical duties and missions,
Japarov, Honorable Shavkat Mirziy- stan Emomali Rahmon emphasized and teach the world a lesson in
oyevan d its main goal is the perpetu- in his speech that “We once again peace, harmony and friendship. Or,
ation and durability of friendship firmly declare that we support the as Tajik scholar Davron Safarzoda
between peoples. Within the frame- values of peace and methods of put it, “The signing of the Declara-
work of this historic Declaration, the resolving all existing issues through tion of Eternal Friendship has politi-
signing ceremony of the Treaty dialogue in the spirit of good neigh- cal and historical significance for the
between the Republic of Tajikistan, borliness, mutual understanding, states of the region in several ways.
the Republic of Uzbekistan, and the sincerity, respect, and mutual trust.” From the point of view of civilization-
Republic of Kyrgyzstan on the point al and geographical concepts,
of confluence of the state borders of Thus, the Khujand Declaration
Central Asia constitutes a single
the three countries was held, the emphasizes that in a truly peaceful
geopolitical entity, and its economic
main basis of which is good-neigh- neighborhood, cooperation, and part-
and social development and security
borly relations, the result of which nership, countries will contribute
should be ensured as a result of
will be very important for the future. equally, creating the basis for great-
integration and peaceful coexistence.
At the event, the President of the er and safer political, investment,
That is, the states of the region are
Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable and tourism development in the
interconnected both geographically
Emomali Rahmon, was the host, and region.

35
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

and civilizationally.” In our opinion, ered important for peace and friend- Geopolitical Importance of
this Declaration put an end to sever- ship, and for the development of the Fergana Valley
al regional border disputes that had regional cooperation and the coun-
been requiring resolution for several try's foreign policy in appropriate The Fergana Valley in Central Asia
decades, and the implementation of conditions. This forum was held in a has the highest population density,
the Declaration was signed without a picturesque place called Khanabad, and the central part is occupied by
mediator – a state or another organi- which is located on the Great Silk the most populous regions of
zation – which is a rare situation in Road and is located on the banks of Uzbekistan (Fergana, Namangan,
regional relations for resolving the Kara Darya River. Guests from and Andijan), the peripheral parts
disputes and conflicts. Thus, the fact Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Jalal-Abad, Osh, and Botkand of
that the process of signing the Decla- Asia, the Middle East and the Cauca- Kyrgyzstan, and the Sughd region of
ration of Eternal Friendship without sus, Europe and America participat- Tajikistan. According to the
a mediator is a reflection of the fact ed and spoke at this conference. information, in the 18th–19th
that within the framework of its
signing, the national interests of the
member states and peoples of the
region are taken into account and
constantly protected.

According to the director of the Insti-

tute for the Study of Asian and Euro-
pean Countries, Haydarzoda
Rustam, good-neighborly relations
strengthen the friendship and broth-
erhood of the peoples of the country
and are a constructive step towards
peaceful coexistence. He emphasized
that the signed border agreement is
the result of the continuous efforts of
the top leadership of the countries,
which will serve to ensure stability,
security, and the development of
good neighborliness. It should be noted that the people of centuries, the valley was the center
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, of the Kokand Khanate, and later, in
Promoting Peace Through Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are 1876, it was included in the Russian
Cultural and Academic proud that the Central Asian region, Empire (Ferghana region), and in
or in other words, Transoxiana, has the 1920s it was divided between the
Exchange
an ancient history and a unique above-mentioned countries.
It is a matter of pride for the author culture, and is known and recognized
of this article that on June 13–14, throughout the world as a region of Shared Tourism and Cul-
2025, at the invitation of the Andijan history and civilization. The ancient tural Diplomacy Initiatives
State University of Languages, sites of Central Asia, including the
In conclusion, among the countries of
Uzbekistan, actively attended and he Zarafshan, Fergana, and Hissar,
Central Asia, especially Tajikistan,
spoke at the international scientific Karotegin, and Vakhsh valleys, are
Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, there
conference entitled “The Develop- recognized throughout the world as
are places and valleys like the Ferga-
ment of Tourism, Guiding, Transla- historical monuments, which provide
na Valley, which, due to their unique
tion, Hospitality in the Fergana a good basis for the development of
and unexplored landscapes, provide
Valley and New Opportunities for the country's tourism industry.
a good basis for attracting domestic
Teaching Foreign Languages” under Among the countries of Central Asia,
and foreign tourists. Thus, according
the theme “The Fergana Valley the Fergana Valley is a valley divid-
to the information of “Khovar”,
Discovery is the Revival of People's ed between the three current states
within the framework of the visit of
Peaceful Friendship and Regional of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and
the President of Kyrgyzstan to Tajik-
Tourism”. Such forums are consid- Kyrgyzstan.

36
 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

istan, a concert program of artists of for Central Asia but also marks a an initiative country in solving
Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan entitled major step in regional energy collab- various global problems and issues.
“Eternal Friendship” will be held in oration, renewable energy deploy-
Dushanbe. The cultural event also ment, and cross-border infrastruc- By signing this historic agreement,
includes a meeting of the Minister of ture integration. Under the agree- they will realize the bonds, hopes,
Culture of the Republic of Tajikistan ment, Kyrgyzstan will contribute and aspirations of the people and
with the Minister of Culture of the 40% of the electricity supplied nation in the spirit of mutual under-
Republic of Kyrgyzstan. Meanwhile, through CASA-1000, while Tajiki- standing, unity, tolerance, and peace
a concert program of the Kyrgyz stan will provide the remaining 60%. and stability, and make a worthy
Republic's artistic team will be held Both countries plan to export surplus contribution to freedom, peace, and
at the S. Aini State Academic Opera hydropower generated during the prosperity in the region and the
and Ballet Theater, and guests will summer months accordingly. world. Consequently, the neighbor-
visit the National Museum, the ing country will contribute to the
Novruz Palace, the Istiklol Complex, In conclusion, Tajikistan and further strengthening of friendship,
and the beautiful sights of the Kyrgyzstan, as active members of good-neighborly relations, mutual
Varzob. Holding cultural events, regional and global organizations understanding, respect and mutual
signing cooperation documents, and and forums, including UN, CIS, trust, as well as constructive and
business forums will contribute to
ensuring stability and prosperity
among people of Central Asia and
South Asia regions too.

CASA-1000: A Beacon for

Regional Energy
Cooperation
According to sources, the CASA-1000
project is a regional initiative
launched to integrate the electricity
networks of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Afghanistan, and Pakistan. In 2008,
a feasibility study was commis-
sioned, which was completed in 2011,
outlining the project’s potential to
export surplus hydropower from
Central Asia to energy-deficient
South Asian markets. After fully
operational, CASA-1000 will have SCO, and ECO, have re-energized effective cooperation between our
the capacity to transmit up to eleven their diplomatic relations outstand- countries and fraternal peoples,
billion kilowatt-hours of electricity ingly. Thus, the development of coop- better creating an atmosphere of
per year. While Tajikistan and eration between the Republic of peace and friendship, and laying the
Kyrgyzstan are likely to cooperative- Tajikistan and other regions within foundations for strengthening Politi-
ly export up to five billion the Economic Cooperation Organiza- cal, Investment and Tourism Rela-
kilowatt-hours of green electricity tion contributes to the consolidation tions in the region and the world.
annually to Pakistan, roughly 5 of efforts to address key development
issues in the Asian continent, to Mirsaid Rahmonov, Senior
percent of the country’s total electric-
expand and enrich cooperation with Researcher and a South and Central
ity consumption. Sources said that
practical content, and is considered Asia Department, Institute of Asian
the projected revenue from these
beneficial for strengthening its role. and European Studies, Tajikistan
exports is more than $250 million per
The result of the development of and Rahmonzoda Azimjon, Senior
year for the two nations. The success-
mutually beneficial cooperation is Fellow, European Department,
ful implementation of CASA-1000
that today the Republic of Tajikistan Institute of Asian and European
not only promises economic benefits
is recognized in the world arena as Studies, Tajikistan.

37
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

China’s Approach to Central Asia

Beyond Geopolitics
Wang Li

D uring the unprecedented war

between Israel and Iran over
the past weeks (13 June to 24 June,
ment. Moreover, the Treaty of
Permanent Good-Neighborliness and
Friendly Cooperation was signed as
paradigm in regional cooperation,
moving decisively from the aspira-
tional consensus of the inaugural
2025), the United States has obvious- one of the historic documents by summit in 2023 to a more concrete
ly supported Israel against Iran in China and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and actionable agenda. Accordingly,
all real terms since they are the Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and this summit in Astana represents
closest allies in the Middle East. It is Uzbekistan. The six parties hail the more than a mere diplomatic gather-
fair to say that Washington and treaty as a milestone for today and a ing, it more likely represents the
Jerusalem have persisted in dismiss- foundation for tomorrow. Given maturation of a relationship ground-
ing Iran’s legitimate security China + Central Asia covering the ed in what Chinese President Xi
concerns in the region while making huge territory from the Caspian Sea termed the “China-Central Asia
all efforts to undermine the strategic to the entire maritime coast of spirit” – a shared vision of mutual
coordination of the anti-American China, this area embraces the respect, mutual trust, mutual bene-
bloc mainly by China, Russia, Iran central location of Eurasia, which is fit, and mutual assistance. It refers
and North Korea. termed as the Heartland of the to the consensus that they consent to
world. frame a partnership focused on deliv-
During this period, China and five
ering practical and long-term pros-
Central Asian countries also held the Given the geopolitical dimensions of
perity and stability in a stark
second summit in Astana during China + Five Central Asia countries,
contrast to the war scenario in the
June 16-18, followed by a joint state- they might be able to advance a new

38
 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Middle East and other conflicts then approving the U.S. strategic record $94 billion in 2024. This
across the world. bombard against the Iranian nuclear emphasis on high-quality develop-
facilities, the six leaders in Astana ment signals a move towards more
For China + Central Asia countries, Summit appealed to halting the sustainable, technologically
the synergy among them go beyond ongoing military escalation between advanced, and environmentally
the geopolitics since the leaders the contending parties and to conscious projects under the umbrella
struck 12 cooperation deals which advancing a ceasefire in the Gaza of the Belt and Road Initiative,
emphasize practical results and Strip, describing negotiations as the addressing some of the early
regional partnership in trade, energy only path to regional stability. More- criticisms of the program and align-
and education over political over, they vowed to make sure ing it with the long-term development
grand-standing. Meanwhile, they Central Asia “not be an outsider of goals of the Central Asian states.
vow to uphold a fair, equitable inter- the conflict; never being involved
national order, as well as an equal, In sum, the logic underpinning the
alone into the conflict; joint build
orderly world structure. Such China-Central Asia partnership is
more international consensus
language aligns with frequent state- that development is the most effec-
through the Group of Friends for
ments by China that has advocated tive guarantor of peace and stability.
Peace and play a constructive role in
for global stability to enable nations By fostering economic growth, creat-
promoting a political settlement of
both large and small to progress, and ing jobs, and improving livelihoods,
the crisis concerned; finally
for building a global community of the initiatives launched in Astana
safeguard the legitimate rights and
shared future. As the second largest aim to address the root causes of
core interests of Central Asia states.
economy, China has promised to conflict and instability. A political-
provide $208 million in aid to tackle Since it was not merely regional ly-united, economically-integrated
four major developmental challenges diplomacy, the Astana Summit was in and socially-interconnected Central
facing the region, e.g. a lack of access effect a summit of substance. The list Asia will be one day a more resilient
to the sea, inadequate development of outcomes published refers to a regional community, better equipped
of the financial sector, the absence of relationship that is both broad in to withstand external shocks. To that
a coordinated policy on water and scope and deep in its practical appli- end, China is not only the most
energy resources, and climate cation. The key deliverables include a important trade and investment
change. It is worth noting that host of meticulously negotiated agree- partner in the region, but also work-
China's recent investments in the ments covering everything from trade ing with all parties to assure that
region have totaled $30 billion. facilitation and industrial investment any coercive geopolitics and unilater-
to agricultural modernization and al protectionism will not be
It is also noted that unlike the G7 people-to-people exchanges. This tolerated.
gathering in Canada recently, where follows a period of robust growth,
the top leader of the Western bloc left The writer is Professor of Interna-
with trade between China and the
early, hinting at “commitments” to tional Studies, Jilin International
five Central Asian states soaring to a
the ongoing Israel-Iran conflict and Studies University (JISU).

39
THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Advancing Regional Connectivity and

Digital Transformation: Pakistan’s
Engagement at SCO Public Diplomacy
and Digital Economy Forums 2025
Forging Stronger Bonds: SCO Public leaders, scholars, and civil society actors. Chinese
Diplomacy and People-to-People Friend- Vice-Chair Shen Yueyue, head of the China Committee
on Good-Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation,
ship Forums delivered the keynote address. She emphasized the vital
As the global geopolitical and economic landscape contin- role of cultural exchanges and grassroots initiatives in
ues to evolve, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization cementing the SCO’s Shanghai Spirit—mutual trust,
(SCO) stands out as a beacon of multilateral cooperation equality, and shared benefit.
and regional connectivity. Under China’s 2024-2025
Shen Yueyue highlighted that, in an era marked by
chairmanship, the SCO prioritized strengthening cultur-
global challenges, there is an increasing need to build “a
al, academic, and people-to-people linkages alongside
closer network of friendship among peoples of SCO coun-
economic and political collaboration.
tries.” She called for openness, inclusivity, and sustained
In July 2025, Shenyang, China, hosted landmark events dialogue to weave a stronger social fabric across the
the SCO Public Diplomacy Summit and the SCO region.
People-to-People Friendship Forum 2025 under the
theme “Deepening People-to-People Friendship, Advanc-
ing Sustainable Development”. These gatherings under-
scored the organization’s commitment to fostering
mutual understanding and collaboration beyond tradi-
tional state-to-state diplomacy.

The events brought together over 300 representatives

from SCO member states, observer countries, and
dialogue partners, including government officials, city

40
 THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

Shaping Public Diplomacy: Pakistan’s my Forum 2025, held in Tianjin under the theme “New
Role Bonds in the Digital Economy, New Horizons for Cooper-
ation,” underscored the growing importance of digital
At the heart of these discussions, Pakistan’s civil society transformation in the SCO’s strategic agenda.
played an active and visible role. Muhammad Asif Noor,
Secretary General of the Pakistan-SCO Friendship The forum attracted over 1,500 participants, including
Forum and Executive Director of the Institute of Peace government officials, business leaders, academics, and
and Diplomatic Studies (IPDS), represented Pakistan in think tank representatives from SCO member states,
these deliberations. observer countries, and dialogue partners. Organized by
China’s National Data Administration and the Tianjin
Municipal Government, the forum focused on fostering
cooperation in digital infrastructure, technological inno-
vation, and governance mechanisms.

Chinese Vice-Premier Ding Xuexiang, delivering the

opening address, stressed the urgency of “building a
digital community of shared future.” He called for
enhanced collaboration in digital infrastructure develop-
ment, cross-border e-commerce, artificial intelligence,
and smart city initiatives. Importantly, Ding underlined
the need for inclusivity and equitable growth, highlight-
ing that “no member country should be left behind in this
era of digital transformation.”

Advocating for Digital Inclusivity: Paki-

stan’s Voice
Representing Pakistan’s civil society, Muhammad Asif
Noor played a prominent role in the Tianjin forum. As a
During the forums, Muhammad Asif Noor engaged with
speaker, he underscored the importance of ensuring that
delegates from across the SCO region to promote initia-
technological advancements and digital opportunities are
tives aimed at empowering youth, enhancing educational
accessible to all member states, regardless of their level
exchanges, and leveraging cultural diplomacy. He noted
of development.
that public diplomacy is an essential pillar for advancing
the SCO’s goals and emphasized the significance of “con-
necting hearts and minds” through collaborative projects.

“People-to-people exchanges,” Noor highlighted, “are the

foundation for trust and cooperation. As we build bridges
through cultural and academic engagement, we strength-
en the very fabric of regional peace and stability.”

The Shenyang events concluded with two significant

documents: the “Shenyang Initiative” and a Consensus
Action Plan for sustainable people-to-people exchanges.
These agreements laid out practical steps for deepening
collaboration in areas such as tourism, education, youth
development, and city-to-city partnerships.

Digital Transformation at the Forefront:

SCO Digital Economy Forum 2025
Following the cultural and public diplomacy dialogues in Noor stated, “The SCO has a unique opportunity to foster
Shenyang, attention turned towards technological inno- a digital economy that is not only innovative but also
vation and economic integration. The SCO Digital Econo- inclusive. To achieve this, we must invest in capacity

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THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

building, knowledge sharing, and equitable access to • Inclusivity and Capacity Building: A shared under-
digital tools and infrastructure across the region.” standing among members on addressing the digital
divide and ensuring equitable access to technological
His remarks resonated with broader concerns about
advancements.
disparities in digital readiness among SCO countries.
Muhammad Asif Noor proposed enhancing collaboration Pakistan’s Commitment to Regional
through joint research initiatives, think-tank networks, Cooperation
and policy dialogues to harmonize digital strategies. This
vision aligns with the forum’s emphasis on fostering Pakistan’s active engagement in these forums reflects its
regional cooperation in key sectors such as cybersecurity, longstanding commitment to SCO’s vision of mutual
fintech, and digital education. trust, shared prosperity, and regional connectivity.
Through the efforts of civil society leaders, Pakistan
The forum concluded with tangible outcomes, including continues to champion initiatives that promote dialogue,
the signing of 12 cross-border cooperation agreements inclusivity, and innovation.
worth over 1.35 billion yuan. These projects covered
diverse areas, from smart logistics and e-commerce As Muhammad Asif Noor emphasized in his addresses,
platforms to AI-driven industrial applications and talent “The SCO’s strength lies in its diversity. By combining
development programs. the wisdom of our cultures with the power of technology,
we can create a future where prosperity and peace are
Key Outcomes of the SCO 2025 Forums shared by all.”
Across both Shenyang and Tianjin, the 2025 SCO events Towards a Shared Future
underscored the organization’s commitment to a holistic
approach to regional cooperation. Significant outcomes The 2025 SCO Public Diplomacy and Digital Economy
included: forums reaffirmed the organization’s role as a platform
for not only intergovernmental cooperation but also
• Shenyang Initiative: A joint declaration aimed at vibrant civil society engagement. They highlighted the
strengthening people-to-people exchanges and importance of both people-to-people connectivity and
promoting cultural and educational cooperation technological innovation as twin pillars for regional
among SCO members. integration.
• Action Plan for Public Diplomacy: A roadmap for For Pakistan, these engagements represent an opportu-
enhanced collaboration in tourism, youth develop- nity to contribute to shaping a collaborative and inclusive
ment, city twinning, and grassroots initiatives. regional order. As the SCO continues to evolve, initia-
• Digital Cooperation Framework: Agreements and tives such as these will be instrumental in strengthening
MOUs to advance SCO-wide cooperation in digital mutual understanding and building a community of
infrastructure, innovation, and capacity building. shared destiny.

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THE DIPLOMATIC INSIGHT

27
 2025 SCO FORUM
ON PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE FRIENDSHIP
AND THE FORUM ON FRIENDSHIP CITIES