Types of Footings
Module No. 13
1. Wall Footings
Wall footings are used to support
structural walls that carry loads
for other floors or to support non
By structural walls.
Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
What is Footing? Types of Footings
A footing is a part of structure: 2. Isolated or Single footings
placed below the surface of ground Isolated or single footings are
used to support columns & walls used to support single columns.
transmit and distribute their loads to This is one of the most
the underlying soil economical types of footings and
ensure that the pressure on the soil is used when columns are spaced
does not exceed the bearing capacity at relatively long distances.
of soil & adequate safety against
overturning or sliding is maintained
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Types of Footings Types of Footings
Different types of footings are provided depending upon: 3. Combined footings
the type of structure Combined footings usually
distribution of loads support two columns, or three
type and bearing capacity of soil columns not in a row.
presence and level of water table etc
These types are used when two
The most common types of footings are as follows: columns are so close that single
footing cannot be used or when
one column is located at or near a
property line.
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Types of Footings Types of Footings
4. Cantilever or strap footings 7. Pile Caps
Cantilever or strap footings Pile caps are thick slabs used to
consist of two single footings tie a group of piles together to
connected with a beam or a strap support and transmit column
and support two single columns. loads to the piles.
This type replaces a combined
footing and is more economical.
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Types of Footings Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing
5. Continuous footings To design an isolated square / rectangular footing, the
Continuous footings support a following steps are followed:
row of three or more columns. 1. Assume a total depth (h) of footing and calculate an
They have limited width and
effective depth (d) using a thumb rule:
continue under all columns. d = h – 4.5 inches
2. Calculate the effective soil pressure (qe) by using the
relation:
qe = Allowable soil pressure – Pressure by soil fill
qe = qa – [(γc x h/12) + {γs (H - h/12)}]
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Types of Footings Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing
6. Raft or mat foundation where, qa = Allowable soil pressure in lb/ft2
Rafted or mat foundation consists γc = Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 150 lb/ft3
of one footing usually placed h = Total depth of footing in inches
under the entire building area. γs = Unit weight of soil in lb/ft3, if not given then a value
of 100 lb/ft3 may be assumed
They are used when:
H = Distance from the base of footing to final grade in ft
bearing capacity of soil is low
columns loads are heavy 3. Calculate the area of footing by using the relation:
single column footings can not be Area of footing = Total service unfactored load
used effective soil pressure
piles are not used Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
= D.L + L.L Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
qe
Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing
4. Calculate the side of footing d = effective depth of footing
For square footing, Side of footing = √ Area of footing φ = 0.75
For rectangular footing, one side of footing (say width) is λ = modification factor for type of concrete
assumed and the other side (say length) can be calculated as: = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
length of footing = Area of footing = 0.85 for sand-light weight concrete
width of footing = 0.75 for all light weight concrete
5. Calculate the net upward soil pressure (qu) by using the If calculated d1 < d (effective depth), means
relation: the assumed depth of footing is OK for one
qu = factored load (pu) way shear, if not assume some higher value
Area of footing { where, pu = 1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L for d.
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing
6. Check the depth of footing due to one way or beam shear 7. Check the depth of footing due to two way or
For footings with bending action in one punching shear
direction, the critical section occurs at a The critical section for two way shear or
distance d (effective depth) from the face of punching shear occurs a distance “ d/2 ”
column from the face of column on all sides
The required depth of footing due to one The required depth of footing due to two
way shear can be calculated by using the way shear (punching shear) can be
relation: obtained from either of largest of the two
Vu values of d1 and d2 by using the relations:
d1 = For square footing
2φλ√ fcʹ B Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing
Vu Vu
and d1 = For rectangular footing d1 = 4φλ√ f ʹ b when L/B = β ≤ 2
2φλ√ fcʹ L c 0
where, or
Vu
Vu = qu B (L/2 – c/2 – d) in the long direction d1 = when β > 2
for square footing φ(2 + 4/β) λ√ fcʹ b0
Vu = qu L (L/2 – c/2 – d) in the short direction and
for rectangular footing Vu
d2 =
qu = net effective soil pressure φ(αs d/b0 + 2) λ√ fcʹ b0
B = width of footing
where,
L = length of footing
c = side of column Vu = pu – qu (c + d)2 For square columns
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing
and, Vu = pu – qu (c1 + d) (c2 + d) Check that As must be greater than min. Area of steel for
For rectangular columns flexure (Asf) and min. Area of steel for shrinkage (Ash).
Asf = 200 / fy (bd) {when fcʹ < 4500 psi}
b0 = 4(c + d) For square columns
= 3√fcʹ / fy (bd) {when fcʹ ≥ 4500 psi}
= 2(c1 + d) + 2(c2 + d) For rectangular columns
Ash = 0.0018 bh {for fy = 60 ksi}
αs = 40 for interior columns = 0.0020 bh {for fy = 40 & 50 ksi}
= 30 for edge columns
In case, if As < Asf then it is recommended to use As = Asf
= 20 for corner columns
Knowing As , select the size & spacing of bars referring the
Table A.4
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing
If calculated d1 and d2 < d (effective depth),
means the assumed depth of footing is OK
for two way shear (punching shear), if not
assume some higher value for d.
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Design Steps for an Isolated Square/Rectangular Footing Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing
8. Calculate the area of steel (As) by using the relation: Ex #1: Design a square isolated footing for a 16 in.
As = ρbd Square tied interior column that supports a dead load of
200 kips and a live load of 160 kips. The column is
where,
reinforced with eight #8 bars. The base of footing is 5 ft
ρ = steel ratio
below grade, the soil weighs 100 pcf, fcʹ = 3000 psi, fy =
= 0.85 (fc’ / fy) [1 – √1- {2Ru / φ x 0.85 fc’}]
60000 psi and allowable soil pressure is 5000 psf.
Ru = Mu / bd2
Mu = 0.5 qu (L/2 – c/2)2 b (for square footing)
= 0.5 qu (B/2 – c/2)2 b (for rectangular footing)
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing
Solution: Step # 3: Calculate the area of footing by using the
Data: relation:
Side of column = c = 16 in Area of footing = Total service unfactored load
Type of Column = Square tied interior column
effective soil pressure
Dead load = D.L = 200 kips = D.L + L.L h = 2ft
qe
Live load = L.L = 160 kips
= 200 + 160 = 360
unit weight of soil = γs = 100 lb/ft3
4.4 4.4
Distance from base of footing below final grade = H = 5 ft
B = 9 ft
= 81.82 ft2
Allowable soil pressure = qa = 5000 lb/ft2 Therefore, side of footing = √81.82
fcʹ = 3000 psi ; fy = 60000 psi = 9.04 say 9 ft
Required: Design of a square isolated footing Use 9 ft x 9 ft footing L = 9 ft
Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing
Step # 1: Assume a total depth (h) of footing and find an Step # 4: Calculate the net upward soil pressure (qu) by
effective depth (d) using the relation:
Let the total depth of footing (h) of 2 ft. Therefore, factored load (pu)
qu =
Effective depth of footing (d) = h – 4.5 Area of footing
d = 24 – 4.5 = 19.5 in. 1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L 1.2 x 200 + 1.6 x 160
qu = =
Step # 2: Calculate the effective soil pressure (qe) by using 9x9 81
the relation: 240 + 256 496
qu = =
qe = Allowable soil pressure – Pressure by soil fill 81 81
qe = qa – [(γc x h/12) + {γs (H - h/12)}] qu = 6.12 k/ft2
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing
here, qa = 5000 lb/ft2 Step # 5: Check the depth of footing due to one way shear
c
γc = Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 150 lb/ft3 As we know that the required depth of footing due
h = 24 in. to one way shear is given by
d d
γs = Unit weight of soil = 100 lb/ft3 Vu
d1 =
H = 5 ft 2φλ√ fcʹ B h = 2ft
where,
qe = 5000 – [(150 x 24/12) + {100 (5 - 24/12)}]
Vu = qu B (L/2 – c/2 – d)
= 5000 – (300 + 300) d
B = 9 ft
here, qu = 6.12 k/ft2
qe = 4400 lb/ft2 = 4.4 k/ft2 B = 9 ft
d c
c = 16 in. = 1.33 ft
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon d = 19.5 in. = 1.625 ft
L = 9 ft
Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing
φ = 0.75 c
and, b0 = 4(c + d) c
λ = 1.0 (for normal weight concrete) = 4(16 + 19.5) = 4(35.5)
fcʹ = 3000 psi = 142 in.
d d d/2 d/2
Vu = 6.12 x 9 (9/2 – 1.33/2 – 1.625) Therefore,
= 55.08 (4.5 – 0.667 – 1.625) h = 2ft 442.56 x 1000 h = 2ft
d1 =
= 121.62 kips 4 x 0.75 x 1.0 x √3000 x 142 (c + d)
Therefore, 442560
d d1 =
23332.981
B = 9 ft
B = 9 ft
(c + d)
121.62 x 1000
d1 =
2 x 0.75 x 1 x √3000 x (9 x12) d1 = 18.97 < 19.5 in.
d c (c + d)
= 13.71 < 19.5 in. means assumed depth
of footing is ok for one way shear L = 9 ft L = 9 ft
Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing
Step # 6: Check the depth of footing due to two way 442.56 x 1000
c and, d2 = c
shear (punching shear) 0.75 (40 x 19.5 + 2) x 1.0 x √3000 x 142
As we know that the required depth of footing due 142
d/2 d/2 442560 d/2 d/2
to two way shear (punching shear) is given by d2 =
43708.26
Vu h = 2ft h = 2ft
d1 = d2 = 10.12 < 19.5 in.
4φλ√ fcʹ b0 (c + d) (c + d)
Now since d1 and d2 are less than d
and
Vu (effective depth of footing), which means
B = 9 ft
B = 9 ft
(c + d)
(c + d)
d2 = that the assumed effective depth is also
φ(αs d/b0 + 2) λ√ fcʹ b0
(c + d) adequate for two way shear (punching (c + d)
where,
Vu = pu – qu (c + d)2 shear)
L = 9 ft L = 9 ft
Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing
and, b0 = 4(c + d) c
here, pu = 496 kips
qu = 6.12 k/ft2
d/2 d/2
c = 16 in. = 1.33 ft
d = 19.5 in. = 1.625 ft h = 2ft
φ = 0.75 (c + d)
λ = 1.0
fcʹ = 3000 psi
αs = 40 for interior column
B = 9 ft
(c + d)
Now, Vu = 496 – 6.12 (1.33 + 1.625)2 (c + d)
= 496 – 6.12 (8.732)
= 442.56 kips L = 9 ft
Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing
Now, Mu = 0.5 x 6.12 (9/2 – 1.33/2)2 x 9
= 405.04 k-ft
= 405.04 x 1000 x 12 = 4860480 lb-in
Again, Ru = 4860480 / 9 x 12 (19.5)2
= 118.35 psi
and, ρ = 0.85 x 3 / 60 [ 1 – √1 – {2 x 118.35 / 0.9 x 0.85 x 3000}]
= 0.0425 [1 – √1 – 0.1031 ]
= 0.0425 [1 – 0.9470] = 0.0425 x 0.053
= 0.00225
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing
Therefore, As = 0.00225 x (9 x 12) x 19.5
= 4.74 in.2
Now, minimum amount of steel for shrinkage (Ash) is
Ash = 0.0018 bh {for fy = 60 ksi}
= 0.0018 x (9 x 12) x 24
= 4.66 in.2
and, minimum amount of steel for flexure (Asf) is
Asf = 200 / fy (bd) {when fcʹ < 4500 psi}
= (200 / 60000) x {(9 x 12) x 19.5}
= 7.02 in.2 > As hence use this area of steel.
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
Problem on design of an Isolated Square Footing
Now referring Table A.4, select 9- #8 bars.
{no. of bars (n) = As / Ab
= 7.02 / 0.785 = 8.94 say 9
Therefore, Spacing b/w the bars = L – 2 x cover / n – 1
= 9 ft – 2 x 3 in. / 9 – 1
= (108 – 6) / 8 = 12.75 in.
Use 9- #8 bars @ 12.75 in. c/c in both directions.
Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Fareed Ahmed Memon
