ASSESSMENT OF WORKPLACE AND SAFETY

PRACTICES IN ILE-IFE IRON AND STEEL ROLLING

COMPANY ILE-IFE, OSUN STATE

BY

MUHAMMED RAMAT OPEYEMI

AU23C/PHS/207

SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH,

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCE, ATIBA UNIVERSITY
OYO, OYO STATE, NIGERIA

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE AWARD OF BACHELOR SCIENCE DEGREE IN
PUBLIC HEALTH

APRIL, 2025

i
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this research project titled “An Assessment of Workplace Hazards
and Safety Practices in Ife Iron and Steel Rolling Company, Osun State” was conducted
by Muhammed Ramat Opeyemi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of Degree in Public Health, Atiba University Oyo. This work is the original research of
the author. It has not been previously submitted, in whole or part, for the award of any
degree or certificate.

_________________ ______________________
Dr. Akinwumi I.T Date
Supervisor

_______________________ ______________________
Dr. Akinwumi I.T Date
Acting Head of Department

_______________________ ______________________
Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences Date

________________________
__________________
EXTERNAL EXAMINER Date

ii
 DEDICATION

This research work is dedicated to the Almighty God, whose guidance, protection, and
provision enjoyed throughout my academic journey.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allaah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. All praise is due to Allaah,
the Lord of all the worlds, for His countless blessings and guidance. May the peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon His noble Prophet, Muhammad (peace be upon him), his
household, his companions, and those who follow his path until the Day of Judgment.

I wish to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Tope Akinwumi, for his
exceptional mentorship, patience, and guidance throughout this journey. His unwavering
support has been invaluable. And to the distinguished lecturer in the Department of
Public Health Science, I say thank you all.

To my beloved husband, Sanusi Kehinde Alase., your love, encouragement, and steadfast
support have been my anchor. Thank you for standing by me every step of the way.

I am also deeply appreciative of the unwavering support from Abdulsalam and Khadija,
whose contributions and encouragement have been vital to my success.

To Tiamiyu Rasheed Ademola, your prayers, counsel, and steadfast support have been a
great source of motivation and strength.

May Allaah reward you all abundantly for your contributions to this achievement.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION...............................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION...................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................v

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................viii

CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of The Study........................................................................................1

1.2. Statement of The Problem.......................................................................................3

1.3.1 Broad Objective..........................................................................................................4

1.3.2 Specific Objectives.....................................................................................................4

1.4 Significance of The Study.......................................................................................4

1.5 Research Questions..................................................................................................5

1.6 Scope of The Study..................................................................................................5

1.7 Definition of keywords and terminologies..............................................................5

CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................7

LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................7

2.1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................7

2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH OF WORKERS...................................................9

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2.3 EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS ON THE HEALTH OF
WORKERS........................................................................................................................12

2.3.1 Occupational Accident..........................................................................................13

2.3.2 Occupational Diseases..........................................................................................15

2.4. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES

20

CHAPTER THREE...........................................................................................................22

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................................................22

3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................22

3.2 Study Design..........................................................................................................22

3.3 Description of the Study Area...............................................................................22

3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques.................................................................25

3.5 Study Population....................................................................................................26

3.6 Instrument for Data Collection..............................................................................26

3.7 Validity and Reliability Research Instrument........................................................26

3.8 Method of Data Collection....................................................................................27

3.9 Method of Data Analysis.......................................................................................27

3.10 Limitation of the Study..........................................................................................27

CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................28

RESULTS..........................................................................................................................28

4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................28

4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents.......................................................28

4.2 Workplace practice and safety use of appropriate.................................................30

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4.3 Causes of Occupational Hazards...........................................................................35

4.4 Prevention and Control Measures..........................................................................38

CHAPTER FIVE...............................................................................................................42

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................42

5.1 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS..............................................................................42

Prevention and Control Measures......................................................................................44

5.2 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................44

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................45

REFERENCES..................................................................................................................47

APPENDIX I.....................................................................................................................54

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 ABSTRACT

Occupational hazards remain a critical concern in industrial workplaces, posing

significant risks to workers health and safety. This study examines workplace and Safety
Practices in workplace hazards and Safety Practices in Ile-Ife Iron and Steel Rolling
Company, Osun State, Nigeria. Utilizing a survey design, data were collected from a
sample of workers using a structured questionnaire. Findings revealed prevalent physical
hazards, as result of poor lighting (47%) and exposed wires (29%), alongside frequent
exposure to harmful substances, particularly chemicals (35%). The study identified
inadequate training (82%), poor ergonomic design (76%), and communication gaps
(65%) as major contributors to workplace hazards. Preventive measures, including safety
training programs and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) provision, were reported but
inconsistently enforced. While 71% of respondents acknowledged the availability of
safety training for all employees, only 47% confirmed consistent enforcement of PPE
usage. In conclusion, addressing these gaps is vital for fostering a safer work
environment. Recommendations include regular training updates, enhancing ergonomic
workplace design, and establishing clearer communication channels to encourage
reporting safety concerns without fear, ultimately contributing to a robust safety culture
that supports employee well-being and the long-term sustainability of the organization.

Keywords: Occupational health, safety, hazards, preventive measures, workforce, Ife

Iron and Steel Rolling Company, ergonomic design, personal protective equipment
(PPE), safety training, communication.

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards

can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards
(biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. The International Labour
Organization (ILO) estimates that 160 million people from the world’s workforce suffer
from work-related diseases such as musculoskeletal diseases and mental health problems,
while 270 million fatal and non-fatal work-related accidents results in over 350, 000
casualties and over two million work-related deaths each year which are all attributable
to occupational hazards (International Labour Organization, 2016). These findings are
similar to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO) which estimated
occupational diseases worldwide to be 217 million cases (World Health Organization,
2016]. Evidence shows that many of these diseases are preventable but problems like
under reporting, poor surveillance and several other factors have been known to influence
occupational health hazards (Dolo, & Mafini, 2023) The burden caused by work-related
accidents and illnesses on workers’ health are incalculable. According to ILO, 4% of the
world’s annual Gross Domestic Profit (GDP) is lost as a result of occupational hazards as
employers are faced with loss of skilled staff, absenteeism, migration, early retirements
and high insurance premiums due to exposure from occupational accidents and diseases
(International Labour Organization, 2016).

Occupational hazard is defined as the “potential risk to the health of a person emerging
from an unhealthy environment” which is a significant public health issue. It can also be
referred to as any activity, materials, processes or situation that is likely to cause an
accident or disease at the work place (Vincoli, 2024). Although improvement in
occupational health have been seen in many developed countries, however, the protection

1
of workers from work-related disorders is not a priority in many developing countries,
partly because several other health issues have competed with occupational health. This
situation has existed for long owing to various socio-economic, cultural and political
challenges which often make occupational health not prioritized (Søvold et al, 2021).
This has made occupational health and safety which is a fundamental right in maintaining
workers’ wellbeing to remain neglected in developing countries (Søvold et al, 2021).

The lack of adequate laws and policies regulating the work environment exposes many
workers to hazards which may be life threatening. Occupational health and safety laws
represent only about 10% of the population in developing countries, omitting many major
hazardous industries and occupations like the health sector (Blanc, & Pereira, 2020).
Even in circumstances where occupational health and safety laws exist, workers are
being employed in conditions which not only deprive them of their dignity and value but
also expose them to a number of occupational accidents. This often results in the
deterioration of health and wellbeing as this is evident in many African countries where
occupationally acquired illnesses such as tropical diseases and poor nutrition affect their
performance at work (Blanc, & Pereira, 2020).

Although occupational hazards are mostly underreported due to inadequate research, it

has also revealed a lot of occupational diseases/ injuries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
with developing countries lacking the necessary expertise and resources to manage it
(Blanc, & Pereira et al, 2020). It has also been argued that the management of medical
waste poses a very high risk to healthcare in developing countries. This includes poor
handling, collection, sorting, segregation and disposal of medical waste such as sharps,
medical devices, blood and body tissues (Olaniyi et al, 2021). Unsafe disposal of medical
wastes is a major challenge in developing countries as it contributes largely to
occupational injuries and infections [Olaniyi et al, 2021). Additionally, Olaniyi et al
(2021.) found that the increase in occupational health hazards in developing countries are
largely blamed on Healthcare Workers (HCWs) not practicing universal safety
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precautions such as hand washing, wearing of gloves and the usage of Protective
Personal Equipment (PPE) (Olaniyi et al, 2021). This unsafe practice increases the risk of
injuries as well as transmission of infections to Health care workers (HCWs).

Occupational hazards as a result of exposure to infectious blood borne pathogens

including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and other
health related events are among the most serious health risks faced by Health care
workers (HCWs) in developing countries (Mengistu et al, 2022). These exposures do not
only affect the quality of care being delivered by Health care workers (HCWs) but also
affects the safety and well-being of care providers. Majority of these occupational health
hazards are known to occur in developing countries but only 4% of these hazards are
being reported with few papers on occupational hazards affecting HCWs in developing
countries. This research paper will bring to light the common occupational health hazards
with associated risk factors affecting Health care workers (HCWs) in developing
countries and to make recommendations to tackle these challenges.

1.2. Statement of The Problem

Several works are done by the people just to earn a living, but it is a pathetic matter that
several people take up job for their mouth without considering the level of their health.
So also the employers are only conscious of their worker productivity and less concern
about their health status and which actually predispose the lives of the employee into
danger as they encounter several injury and contraction of diseases in their workplace.
These diseases encounter in workplaces are classified into diseases due to physical agents
such as heat pyrexia, heat exhaustion, occupational deafness etc, biological agents, such
as brucellosis, anthrax and actinomycosis, and chemical agents, such as silicosis,
anthracosis. Also organic vegetable dusts such as Bagassossis and byssinosis are also
included here. They are irreversible fibrotic lung condition known as pneumoconiosis.
Occupational diseases could also result from the toxic effect of metals and their

3
compounds such as lead and mercuric poisoning. Other diseases of psychological origin
such as hypertension and industrial neurosis plus diseases such as occupational cancers
and occupational dermatitis can also occur. Occupational problems can also be informed
of physical injury, such as a cut, fracture, sprain and amputation that can result from a
work accident or from exposure in the working environment.

1.3.1 Broad Objective

The main objective of this study is to investigate workplace and safety practices in Ile-Ife
Iron and steel rolling company Ile-Ife, Osun State

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

i. To identify the hazards affecting health of workers in the study area

ii. To examine the effects of occupational hazards on the health of workers in the
study area

iii. To proffer possible solution to the problems of occupational hazards on the health
of workers in the study area

1.4 Significance of The Study

Most workers of the world, Nigeria in particular are bread winners in their homes, thus
the Justification for undertaking this study, as it affects the wellbeing and safety of
workers in their work place. It is therefore imperative and necessary to reduce the rate
and prevalence of occupational health problems.

A study of occupational health hazard among workers of the company will be of

immense importance for the planning and implementation of safety measures in the
company and also provide data for the assessment of safety in work place.
4
1.5 Research Questions

i. What are the hazards affecting health of workers in your working place?

ii. What are the effects of occupational hazards on the health of workers in work
place?

iii. What are the prevention and control measures to the problems of occupational
hazards on n the health of workers in your work place?

1.6 Scope of The Study

The Researcher limits his work to Ife Iron and steeling rolling company, Ile Ife, so as to
determine the conditions that predispose occupational hazard in a workplace

1.7 Definition of keywords and terminologies

KEYWORDS DEFINITIONS

Health Is the state of complete physical, mental and

social wellbeing not merely in the absence of
disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948)

Occupation Is any work man involved in to earn

livelihood

Occupational health and safety Is the maintenance and promotion of the

highest degree of physical, mental and social
wellbeing of all workers in their occupation,
promotion among the workers departure of
health caused by their working condition;
protection among workers condition adverse

5
 to health caused by their working condition;
maintenance and placement of workers in
their work place adapted to the physiological
and psychological function, in summary
adaptation of work to man and each man to
his job. (ILO/WHO, 1950)

Hazard Is anything capable of predisposing person to

injury.

Occupational hazard Is defined as a work material substance,

process or situation that predisposes to disease
or accident, or can directly cause disease or
accident to workers in the work place, and
even years after the workers might have left
the workplace

Pneumoconiosis This is a group of disease which result from

the effect of inhalation of various mineral dust
on lungs

Ergonomics [human factors engineering] According to

ILO. Ergonomic is the application of human
biological science in conjunction with
engineering science to achieve the optimum
mutual adjustment of man and his work, the
benefit being measured in term of human
efficiency and wellbeing.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. INTRODUCTION

Occupational Health is defines as the maintenance and promotion of the highest

degree of physical, mental and social wellbeing of workers in all occupation, the
prevention among workers of departure of health caused by their working conditions, the
protections of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to
health, the maintenance and placing of workers in occupational environment adapted to
his physiological and psychological equipment , and to summarized the adaptation of
work to man and of each man to his job (Rogers, & Schill, 2021).

The introduction of the health and safety work Act 1974, occupational health
hazards and work place environment has received the attention of the managements and
efforts to minimize hazards put in place. The health and welfare of the working force in
developing countries should be easy to attain as the problems are already well known in
most cases. However, this is not the case; due to lack of compliance with statutory
requirement by managements and also lack of interest in the health of workers by their
own trade unions as they only always struggle for increase in wages. Most industries take
advantage of this and refuse to comply with rules and regulations to protect the workers
from occupational health hazards. As countries undergo industrialization, the need for the
health care of workers on whom industrialization depends becomes important. There
were increase awareness by the public of workplace hazards and of the health risks that
may be associated with them. There was also need for the better enlightenment of the

7
employers of labour on the need for occupational health and safety (Blanc, & Pereira,
2020).

A worker may be exposed to five different types of hazards depending upon his
occupation. These are the physical, chemical, biological, mechanical and psychological
hazards. Occupational hazard is a worldwide problem affecting both developed and
developing countries. As a result of technological advances in industrial hygiene, many
toxic factors both physical and chemical that were highly prevalent in the early part of
the industrial revolution have been to a large extent controlled in the advanced countries.
However, developing countries and countries in transition face the traditional industrial
hazards in addition to widespread level of malnutrition, poverty and disease is devilling
the area (Jacobs, 2023).

The workers are susceptible to the development of occupational diseases. These

occupational diseases are regarded as disease arising in the course of employment. These
are classified into diseases due to physical agents such as heat pyrexia, heat exhaustion,
occupational deafness etc. biological agents, such as brucellosis, anthrax and
actinomycoses, and chemical agents, such as silicoses, anthracosis. Also organic
vegetable dusts such as Bagassossis and byssinosis are also included here. They are
irreversible fibrotic lung condition known as pneumoconiosis (Vanka, 2022).

Occupational diseases could also result from the toxic effect of metals and their
compounds such as lead and mercuric poisoning. Other diseases of psychological origin
such as hypertension and industrial neurosis plus diseases such as occupational cancers
and occupational dermatitis can also occur. Occupational problems can also be informed
of physical injury, such as a cut, fracture, sprain and amputation that can result from a
work accident or from exposure in the working environment. Work accident or
occupational accident constitutes an important cause of sickness absence in industries
particularly in developing countries. Certain occupations like mining, agriculture,

8
building and construction are inherently more accident prone than others. While part of
this is due to the intrinsic dangers of the work, there is little doubt that lack of safety
practices is characteristic of some sectors. This is particularly marked in the construction
industry where neglect of safety precaution is responsible for many serious injuries (Dolo
& Mafini, 2023).

Occupational health issues are often given less attention than

occupational safety issues because the former are generally more difficult to confront.
However, when health is addressed, so is safety, because a healthy workplace is by
definition also a safe workplace. The converse, though, may not be true - a so-called safe
workplace is not necessarily also a healthy workplace. The important point is that issues
of both health and safety must be addressed in every workplace. (Balali-Mood et al,
2021)

2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH OF WORKERS

Xiao et al, (2021) discussed the factors affecting health of workers can be
classified into:

i. PHYSICAL FACTORS such as heat, noise, vibration, poor ventilation,

confined space, air, pressure, explosion and electricity.
ii. CHEMICAL FACTORS such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide,
liquid e.g. smoke, fumes and moist dust.
iii. MECHANICAL FACTORS such as machinery equipment, tools and
transport work design.
iv. PSYCHO- SOCIAL FACTORS such as stress, poor work organization,
monotony, organization problems and culture clashes.

However, on the basis of these factors occupational hazards be classified as follows:

9
2.2.1. PHYSICAL HAZARD: These are normally recognized quickly since the activity
of most of them can be easily and immediately felt and perceived even before damage
occurs. For instance, high temperature which is most common in the work environment
(especially in the tropic) has a direct effect on the workers (causing heat cramps), which
indirectly reduces efficiency. Example of physical hazard are discussed as follows:

2.2.1.1. NOISE: Noise can be defined as wrong sound in the place at the wrong time.
Simply put, noise is an unwanted sound. Airborne sound at room temperature at a speed
of 344m/s.

The loudness or intensity and frequency are important characteristic of noise,

which can annoy a person.

The loudness in measured in decibels (db.). The decibel (db.) refers to the
smallest distinguishable noise.

Whisper produces 60-50, heavy street traffic 60-80 etc. a daily exposure up to
85db is about the limit people can tolerate.

However, the federal environmental protection agency (FEPA) recommended

90db (A) for 8hour working as well as peak sound pressure of 140db. (A) as exposure
limit for impulsive noise or impact noise (Xiao et al, 2021).

2.2.1.2. Ionizing Radiation: this is applied to radiation which has the ability to
penetrate tissues and deposits energy within them. When certain types of radiation pass
into material they interact with its atoms. Some forms of radiation have enough energy to
dislodge electrons from these atoms. When this happens it is called ionizing radiation.
Radiation that can split off electrons from atoms is ionizing radiation.

Types Of Ionizing Radiation

10
 i. ALPHA RADIATION (Α): +¿ vely charge, swift moving can penetrate 4cm
in air and 0.05mm in tissues, biologically very destructive. Penetration can be
stopped by clothing and intact skin.
ii. BETA- PARTICLES ( β ) – vely charge fast moving can penetrate 6.30cm in
air and 0. 06mm in tissues, penetration can be stopped with a sheet of
aluminum, plastic or glass.
iii. GAMMA (φ ) RAYS: this is high frequency electromagnetic radiation which
can penetrate 400m in air and 50cm in tissues. Penetration can be prevented
by a barrier of lead, steel or concrete.
iv. X-RAY: usually produced artificially, can penetrate 120-240m in air and 15-
30cm in tissues

2.2.1.3. Heat: heat is a form of energy stored or lost from the tissue resulting in
the rise and fall in the body temperature which can be measured by the thermometer;
however, workers can be exposed to heat in an occupational setting like steel rolling
company.

2.2.1.4. Vibration: vibration is another physical factor, which acts on man by

transmission of mechanical energy from sources of oscillation.

2.2.2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS: These are hazards associated with vapour, mists etc.
heavy metal exposure to acids and corrosive, liquid affects the health of works by
causing burns, irritation, inflammation etc., workers may be exposed to chemicals
topically (where they are absorbed through the skin), orally through ingestion, or by
inhalation. Major examples of chemical hazards include:

 Lead
 Mercury
 Arsenic

11
  Cadmium
 Copper
 Magnesium etc. (Xiao et al, 2021)

2.2.3. MECHANICAL HAZARDS: Mechanical hazards result from machines used at

work places. These could occur due to poor man machine relationship.

2.2.4. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS: These are hazards associated with emotional

instability, fear of victimization, lack of job satisfaction among other. The hazards can
result from faulty of command relationship (taking instruction from one person).

According to Xiao et al, (2021) also submitted that there are five 5 major causes of
injury or accident. Which are:

 HUMAN FACTOR Such as sex, age, experience, working hours and physical
factors
 PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS such as carelessness, frustration, ignorance and
overconfidence
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS such as temperature, noise, bad working tool and
poor illuminations
 UNSAFE ACT certain action and activities of workers without consideration of
health and safety. These are refusal to use PPE
 UNSAFE CONDITION certain acts activities attributed to Employee’s which
predispose workers to accident. They include in sufficient office

12
2.3 EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS ON THE HEALTH OF
WORKERS

Since Health is defined by WHO as the state of complete physical, mental and
social wellbeing and not merely in the absence of diseases or infirmity.

However, the health of individual is not merely affected by diseases alone but
physical hazard can result the occupational health problems (Magnavita, & Chirico,
2020). Thus, Occupational health problems could be discussed under the following
headings;

 Occupation accidents
 Occupation disease.

2.3.1 Occupational Accident

Occupational accidents occur in both developed and developing countries. They

arise from a conjunction of hazards and an unsuspecting person. The cause of accidents
can therefore be as a result of human or environment factors. The human factors include
the physical capabilities of the worker, which may not meet his job requirements.
Physiological factors such as age, sex working hours, experience and psychological
problems have effects on accident. The environmental factors that can cause accident are
faulty machine, poor illumination, and noise (Caporale et al, 2020).

The effect of occupational accidents has been tremendous among workers

worldwide. It has caused the loss of several lives, caused several disabling injuries and
has been responsible for a lot of sickness and absence from work. There is therefore need
to pay attention to prevention of occupational accident through safety practices.
Successful accident prevention requires some fundamental activities which include
adequate pre-placement examination, a study of all working areas to detect and eliminate

13
or control physical or environmental hazards which contribute to accidents, a study of all
operating methods and practices, education, instruction, training and discipline to
minimize human factors which contribute to accidents (Caporale et al, 2020).

The identification of predisposing factors in the cause of accidents is absolutely

fundamental to effective safety prevention measures. Also analysis and thorough
investigation of every accident, which results in a disabling injury, produce information,
which leads to counter measures that prevent or reduce the number of accidents. Equally,
the application of ergonomics has made significant contribution in the reduction of
occupational accidents. Ergonomics is concerned with fitting the job to the worker and
seeks to improve the match between the job and man’s physical abilities. Also in the
prevention of accidents, engineering controls are more reliable than protection dependent
on human factor. This can be in form of reducing noise levels to acceptable levels by
quieting down a machine or enclosing it. In the case of dangerous solvents, chemicals
vapour or fumes, they should be confined to a pipe or closed tank or their vapour should
be exhausted mechanically (Sotoodeh, 2024).

Accidents can be prevented by the modification of risk in the work place through
counseling, personal protective equipment and engineering controls. All these are safety
practices aimed at reducing occupational accidents. However, if it is impractical to
eliminate a course of accident by engineering revision or by safeguarding or to limit
exposure time to hazardous dust, mists or noise to acceptable levels by administrative
procedures then the use of personal protective equipment becomes mandatory.

The protective clothing are classified into two viz: the protection against hazards
in the working environment including weather e.g. heat and cold, contact protection
against hot or cold surfaces, protection against chemical hazards, protection against other
aspects of
the physical environments such as electromagnetic and high energy particulate radiation,

14
noise vibration protection against fire, impact protection by the use of safety helmets,
impact wear, body armour and hand gloves. These protect against cutting and penetrating
injuries. Eye protection and splash protection involve use of goggles, ant splash garment.
Protection against falls involves the use of safety harnesses.

However, when the need for a particular protective measure has been stressed and
understood, its effectiveness depends on the willingness of the workman to use it
properly. Several factors may influence and include the extent to which the men who
must wear the equipment understand its necessity, the ease and comfort with which it can
be worn with a minimum of interference with normal work procedures and available
economic, social and disciplinary sanction which can be used to influence the attitudes of
men. Safety practices focus on the preventable aspects of mortality and morbidity. It
concerns safe plan layouts, safety devices on machines and use of such devices by
employees. There is need to design equipment, control and jobs to fit the limitations of
human being so as to achieve safety.

Most accidents in the workplace happen when people are for some reason not
doing their work in the safest possible way. This may be because they do not know about
the safe practices they are supposed to follow or because they forget them simply because
they are being careless. The human factor operates at all levels in industry and is perhaps
the most potent factor for success or failure of a safety program. It is in order to ensure
maximum safety at work that the initial interventions were largely centered on legislative
controls of the work practices considered injurious to health.

The health and safety at work Act, 1974 in Britain detailed ways in which health
and safety could be protected in the work place. It placed an obligation on employers to
provide as far as is reasonable practicable a healthy and safe work place for every
working man and woman. It requires employers to take reasonable precautions for their
safety and that of their colleagues at work.

15
 In Nigeria we have the factory and Allied Matters Decree and later and Act of
1987. In other words, everyone is responsible for making sure that work is safe. Safety at
work is important that the various rules and regulations for everyone at a workplace
should be obeyed. The United Nations in its universal declaration of human rights
recognized the right of all people to just and favourably condition of work. It is therefore
important to realize the need for safety at the workplace in Nigeria and world over.

2.3.2 Occupational Diseases

Several definitions of the term “occupational disease” exist. However, for the
purpose of the Protocol of 2002 to the Occupational Safety and Health Convention of
International Labour Organization (ILO), the term ‘occupational disease’ covers any
disease contracted as a result of an exposure to risk factors arising from work activity”
(ILO P155 - Protocol of 2002). The ILO Employment Injury Benefits Recommendation
(R121 - Employment Injury Benefits Recommendation, 1964.) defines occupational
diseases more precisely in the following terms: “Each Member should, under prescribed
conditions, regard diseases known to arise out of the exposure to substances and
dangerous conditions in processes, trades or occupations as occupational diseases.

Categories of Occupational diseases according to (ASUSU, 2001)

1. Occupational Lung Diseases

2. Occupational Dermatitis
3. Occupational Cancer
4. Occupational injuries/accident
5. Occupational asphyxiation

2.3.3.1 OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASES: Are occupational diseases affecting

the respiratory system, including occupational asthma, black lung disease (coal worker’s
pneumoconiosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), mesothelioma,

16
and silicosis. Infectious lung diseases can also be acquired in an occupational context.
Exposure to substances like flock and silica can cause fibro sing lung disease, whereas
exposure to carcinogens like asbestos and beryllium can cause lung cancer. Occupational
cases of disease may be misdiagnosed as COPD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or a
myriad of other diseases; leading to a delay in identification of the causative agent.
(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 2012 and Mridu2012)

2.3.3.1.1 PNEUMOCONIOSIS: Is an occupational lung disease and a restrictive lung

disease caused by the inhalation of dust, often in mines and from agriculture (Vinay
2013)

2.3.3.1.1.1 SILICOSIS: Is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation

of crystalline silica dust, and is marked by inflammation and scarring in the form
of nodular lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs. It is a type of pneumoconiosis.

2.3.3.1.1.2 ASBESTOSIS: Is long term inflammation and scarring of the lungs due
to asbestos (Manuals Professional Edition 2014) Symptoms may include shortness of
breath, cough, wheezing, and chest pain.

2.3.3.1.1.3 COAL WORKERS' PNEUMOCONIOSIS (CWP): Also known as black

lung disease or black lung, is caused by long exposure to coal dust. It is common in coal
miners and others who work with coal. It is similar to silicosis from inhaling silica dust
and to the long-term effects of tobacco smoking.

2.3.3.1.1.4 BARATOSIS: Occurs as a result of inhalation of barium peroxide during

mining. It also occurs among ink, glass, insecticide manufactures.

2.3.3.1.1.5 STANNOSIS: Is a benign non-fibrotic pneumoconiosis caused by exposure to

tin oxides including stannous oxide (SnO) and stannic oxide (SnO2)

2.3.3.1.1.6 SIDEROSIS: Is the deposition of iron in tissue.

17
2.3.3.1.2 BYSSINOSIS: Also called "brown lung disease" or "Monday fever", is
an occupational lung disease caused by exposure to cotton dust in inadequately ventilated
working environments.

Symptom

 Breathing difficulties
 Chest tightness
 Wheezing
 Cough

2.3.3.1.3 ENTRINSIC ALLERGIC ALVEOLITISI: extrinsic allergic alveolitis there is

diffuse, granulomatous inflammation of the lung parenchyma and airways in people who
have been sensitized by repeated inhalation of organic antigens in dusts (e.g., from dairy
or grain products, animal dander and protein and water reservoir vapourisers)
( Boyd2006)

2.3.3.1.3.1 BAGASSOSIS: an interstitial lung disease, is a type of hypersensitivity

pneumonitis attributed to exposure to moldy molasses (bagasse).(Yang, et al 1994)

2.3.3.1.3.2 FARMER'S LUNG (not to be confused with silo-filler's disease) is

a hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by the inhalation of biologic dusts coming
from hay dust or mold spores or any other agricultural products (Enelow, 2008)

2.3.3.2 OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS: This is an occupational skin diseases

characterized by local inflammation of the skin resulting directly from or aggravated by
the working environment (ILO) it occurs in workers of all ages and in any work setting.
It is the commonest occupational diseases and responsible for enormous loos of working
hours.

CAUSES OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

18
 The causes of contact dermatitis are chemical, physical, mechanical and biological
agent.

2.3.3.3 OCCUPATIOINAL CANCER is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell

growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body (WHO 2014).

The sites mostly affected are skin, lungs, bladder and blood cells.

2.3.3.4.1 SKIN CANCERS: Are cancers that arise from the skin. They are due to the
development of abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of
the body. (National Cancer Institute 2014)

2.3.3.4.2 LUNG CANCER: Also known as lung carcinoma (Merck Manual

Professional Edition 2007) is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell
growth in tissues of the lung( "Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment 2015)

2.3.3.4.3 BLADDER CANCER: Is any of several types of cancer arising from

the tissues of the urinary bladder (National Cancer Institute 2007)

2.3.3.4.4 BLOOD CANCER: Leukaemia is cancer of blood-forming tissues, including

bone marrow. Many types exist such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, acute myeloid
leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

2.3.3.5 OCCUPATIONAL INJURY: An Occupational injury is any personal injury,

disease or death resulting from an occupational accident; an occupational injury is
therefore distinct from an occupational disease, which is a disease contracted as a result
of an exposure over a period of time to risk factors arising from work activity.

19
 2.3.3.6 OCCUPATIONAL ASPHYXIATION (SUFFOCATION): This is a condition
where there is insufficient or lack of oxygen supply to the blood stream, and the tissue do
not receive adequate supply of oxygen. The causes of this health problem are as follows:

2.3.3.6.1 Absence or insufficient oxygen to breath in an environment e.g. confined area,

inhalation of poisonous gases or water.

2.3.3.6.2 Failure of lungs and heart from functioning properly as a result of an accident or
disease.

ASSOCIATED EFFECTS OF CONSTANT NOISE POLLUTION

According to Pretzsch, et al, (2021) Apart from damage to hearing, exposure to

constant and excessive noise can cause other health problems including:

 Headache
 Elevated blood pressure
 Fatigue
 Irritability
 Digestive disorders
 Increased susceptibility to colds and other minor infections.

2.4. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS PREVENTION AND CONTROL

MEASURES

Every year millions of people in the European Union (EU) are injured at work or
have their health seriously harmed in the workplace. Occupational accidents and diseases
cause great human suffering and loss and the economic cost is also high. Prevention is
the guiding principle for occupational safety and health (OSH) legislation in the EU. In
order to avoid accidents from happening and occupational diseases from occurring, EU

20
 wide minimum requirements for safety and health protection at the workplace have been
adopted across the Member States (Cefaliello, 2020). This article provides an overview
of prevention and control strategies.
 Elimination/minimization of the hazard -- Designing the facility, equipment, or
process to remove the hazard, or substituting processes, equipment, or materials to reduce
the hazard;

 Enclosure of the hazard using enclosed cabs, enclosures for noisy equipment, or other
methods;

 Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards, blast shields, welding curtains, or
other methods; or

 Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local and exhaust ventilation.

Administrative controls include:

 Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe work practices;

 Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to control temperature extremes and
ergonomic hazards);

 Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials;

 Alarms, signs, and warnings;

 Buddy system; or

 Training.

Personal Protective Equipment such as respirators, hearing protection, protective

clothing, safety glasses, and hardhats is acceptable as a control method in the following
circumstances:

 When engineering controls are not feasible or do not totally eliminate the hazard;

21
 While engineering controls are being developed;
 When safe work practices do not provide sufficient additional protection; or
 During emergencies when engineering controls may not be feasible.

After reviewing the list of hazards, consider what control methods will eliminate
or reduce them. The most effective controls are engineering controls that physically
change a machine or work environment to prevent employee exposure to the hazard. The
more reliable or less likely a hazard control can be circumvented, the better. If this is not
feasible, administrative controls may be appropriate. This may involve changing how the
task is performed.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter provides an outline of the research methods employed in conducting the
study. It delves in to study design, description of the study area, sample size & sampling
techniques, study populations, instrument for data collection, validity and reliability of
instruments.

3.2 Study Design

This design which was adopted for the survey research is to enable researcher to put
research together to answer questions and to enable the researcher with the current state
of things as far as the topic of the researcher is concerned.

22
3.3 Description of the Study Area.

Ife Iron and Steel Rolling Company is located at plot no. 39, Fashina Village, Ile-
Ife-Ibadan expressway at Ile Ife, Ife Central-Local Government Area State of Osun,
Nigeria. Fashina Village is located along Ile-Ife/Ibadan Federal Trunk A road between
the campuses of the Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) and the Oduduwa University
Ile-Ife, Osun State, South West Nigeria. Fashina is a satellite village of Ile-Ife, an ancient
Yoruba town. Ile-Ife is about 218 kilometres Northeast of Lagos. The estimated
population for the four Local Government Areas (Ife Central, Ife East, Ife North and Ife
South) that constitute Ifeland stood at 886,000 as at 2016 (NPC, 2016). The ancient city
sits on an area covering about 1,791 km². The maximum temperature of Ile-Ife ranges
from 40 C and 160 C depending on the time of the year. Ile-Ife is located between
latitudes 7°28′N and 7°45′N and longitudes 4°30′E and 4°34′E. Mostly low-income
earners who engage in farming, trading and other commercial activities inhabit Fashina
village. The village is about 470m in length starting east from IISNL location and ending
west of Coker village and north of Ogunwusi community. This company is mainly into
building materials, construction, iron rod.

23
 The company is located at latitude 7°29'44''N and longitude 4°28'37''E. This
company specializes in the production and distribution of building materials, particularly
iron rods, and plays a significant role in the construction sector. The area is characterized

by industrial activity, providing employment opportunities for local residents and

contributing to regional economic development.

Figure 3.1 showing the map of the study area

Map: Source Google Map

24
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques

A simple random sampling technique was employed to select participants for this
study. This approach ensured that every worker in the company had an equal chance of
being included in the survey, reducing bias and enhancing the representativeness of the
data. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed to respondents, based on the
company’s workforce size and the study's scope.

The sample size formula developed by Meyer (2024) was adopted for this research.

Sample Size = [z2 * p(1-p)] / e2 / 1 + [z2 * p(1-p)] / e2 * N]

o N = population size
o z = z-score
o e = margin of error
o p = standard of deviation

N = 117
z = 99% accuracy which is equal to 2.58
e = 0.05
p = 0.5

= [2.582 * 0.5(1-0.5)] / 0.052 / 1 + [2.582 * 0.5(1-0.5)] / 0.052 * 117]

= 100
Therefore, the sample size is 100.

25
3.5 Study Population

The study population comprised workers employed at Ife Iron and Steel Rolling
Company. These individuals are directly involved in various industrial operations,
including manufacturing, maintenance, and administrative tasks, making them well-
positioned to provide valuable information about workplace hazards, safety practices, and
their impact on employee health and productivity. The inclusion of workers from
different departments ensured a comprehensive understanding of the workplace
environment.

3.6 Instrument for Data Collection

The instrument used was a questionnaire designed to elicit response from the subject
of the study. The researcher modified the questions in a simple form that makes the
respondents to understand easily. It was divided into section – section A (Bio-data) and
Section B (Research Question).

3.7 Validity and Reliability Research Instrument

The structural questionnaire was constructed from the research question given to the
supervisor; this is to ensure that the instrument measure what is supposed to measure as
well as to make correction were necessary.

26
3.8 Method of Data Collection

The Researcher visited Ife Iron and Steel Rolling Company with hundred (100)
copies of the questionnaire after which necessary permission was obtained from the
appropriate authorities.

The researcher personally administered the questionnaire to the respondents who

were selected for the study. The researcher then collected and collated all the
questionnaire data information.

3.9 Method of Data Analysis

Data collected were analyzed using simple percentage table.

3.10 Limitation of the Study

The study is restrained due to time and financial factor as only limited people could
be reach in the administration of few questionnaires produced.

27
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the analysis and findings of the research. It addresses the research
objectives and questions established in chapter one. A total of 100 questionnaires were
distributed, and date from 85 respondents retrieved were suitable for the study.

4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

This section provides a nuanced understanding of the demographic characteristics of the
surveyed population, setting the context for analyzing responses to subsequent survey
questions related to occupational hazards and workplace safety with 85 respondents.

Table 4.1: Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents

Variable Frequency Percentage

Sex
Male 65 76.5%
Female 20 23.5%
Total 85 100%
Age Range
20-29 25 29.4%
30-40 35 41.2%
41-49 15 17.6%
50-Above 10 11.8%
Total 85 100%
Marital Status
Single 30 35.3%
Married 55 64.7%
Total 85 100%
Religion
Christian 50 58.8%
Muslim 35 41.2%
Total 85 100%
Ethnic Group
Yoruba 42 49.4%
Ibo 28 32.9%
Hausa 15 17.6%
Total 85 100%

28
Department
Administrative 20 23.5%
Marketing 25 29.4%
Manufacturing 30 35.3%
Others 10 11.8%
Total 85 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2025

The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents were presented as follows:

Sex: reveals a higher representation of male respondents, constituting 76.5% of the total
sample. Female respondents make up the remaining 23.5%, indicating a gender
imbalance in the survey.

Age: demonstrates a diverse age distribution among the respondents. The majority fall
within the 30-40 age range, comprising 41.2% of the total. This indicates a workforce
with a significant presence in the middle-age bracket.

Marital Status: The marital status distribution in Table 3 highlights that the majority of
respondents (64.7%) are married, indicating insights from individuals with family
responsibilities. Single respondents constitute 35.3% of the sample.

Religion: indicates that the survey population is predominantly Christian, with 58.8% of
respondents following this religion. The remaining 41.2% adhere to the Islamic faith,
reflecting religious diversity.

Ethnics: The ethnic distribution in Table 4.5 demonstrates diversity, with the Yoruba
ethnic group being slightly more prevalent at 49.4%. This indicates representation from
different cultural backgrounds within the surveyed population.

Working Departments: showcases the distribution of respondents across various

departments. Manufacturing roles have the highest representation at 35.3%, followed
closely by marketing roles at 29.4%. Administrative roles constitute 23.5%, and the

29
remaining 11.8% belong to other departments. This diversity ensures a comprehensive
understanding of perspectives from different functional areas within the organization.

4.2 Workplace practice and safety use of appropriate

This section offers a comprehensive understanding of the workplace safety practices,

perceived hazards, and the overall safety culture within the surveyed population. They
provide valuable insights for organizations to strengthen existing safety measures and
address specific areas of concern raised by employees.

Table 4.2: Training Received on Safety Procedures and Hazard Recognition

Training Type Frequency Percentage (%)

Safety Walkthrough 15 18

Interactive Workshops 35 41

Online E-learning Modules 10 12

All of the Above 20 24

Other (Specify) 5 6

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

The majority of respondents (41%) participated in interactive workshops, indicating this

as the most common training method. However, 6% mentioned other forms of training,
suggesting areas for potential inclusion in training programs.

30
Table 4.3: Awareness of Emergency Evacuation Procedures

Procedure Known Frequency Percentage (%)

Alert 25 29

Call for Help 20 24

Assist Others 15 18

Evacuation Announcement 10 12

All of the Above 15 18

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

About 29% of respondents are aware of the "Alert" procedure, while 18% are familiar
with all procedures, showing room for improvement in evacuation awareness programs.

Table 4.4: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Encouraged to Use

PPE Type Frequency Percentage (%)

Overall 20 24

Helmets 30 35

Hand Gloves 10 12

Face Goggles 5 6

All of the Above 20 24

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

31
Helmets are the most encouraged PPE (35%), while face goggles are the least (6%),
indicating an opportunity to emphasize comprehensive PPE use.

Table 4.5: Physical Hazards Noticed

Hazard Frequency Percentage (%)

Exposed Wires 25 29

Slippery Floors 20 24

Lighting 40 47

Total 85 100

Lighting hazards are the most commonly noticed (47%), indicating the need for
immediate corrective measures, such as better lighting systems.

Table 4.6: Harmful Substances Regularly Exposed To

Substance Frequency Percentage (%)

Chemicals 30 35

Dust 25 29

Fumes 20 24

All of the Above 10 12

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

32
A significant proportion (35%) are exposed to chemicals, which underscores the
importance of proper handling protocols and PPE.

Table 4.7: Ventilation Systems in the Workplace

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 50 59

No 20 24

Not Sure 15 18

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

While 59% of respondents confirm proper ventilation, 18% are unsure, highlighting a
need for better communication regarding workplace safety infrastructure.

Table 4.8: Frequency of Safety Inspections and Audits

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes, Regularly 40 47

Occasionally 35 41

No 10 12

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

33
Although 47% report regular safety inspections, 41% indicate occasional checks,
suggesting the need for more consistent auditing.

Table 4.9: Types of Hazards Constantly Exposed To

Hazard Type Frequency Percentage (%)

Physical 35 41

Micro and Macro 20 24

Chemical 15 18

Man-to-Machine Hazards 15 18

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

Physical hazards are the most reported (41%), followed by micro/macro hazards. This
indicates prioritization for mitigation efforts.

Table 4.10: Encouragement to Report Safety Concerns

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes, Encouraged and Comfortable 50 59

Encouraged but Not Comfortable 25 29

No Encouragement to Report 10 12

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

34
While 59% feel encouraged and comfortable reporting, 29% are hesitant, and 12% lack
encouragement entirely, suggesting a need for fostering a more supportive reporting
culture.

4.3 Causes of Occupational Hazards

This section provides a nuanced understanding of the perceived causes of occupational

hazards within the surveyed population. The findings underscore the importance of
addressing issues related to training, equipment, ergonomic design, communication, and
exposure to hazardous substances to enhance workplace safety and employee well-being.

Table 4.11: Working Hours

Working Hours Frequency Percentage (%)

4 Hours Per Day 10 12

8 Hours Per Day 50 59

12 Hours Per Day 20 24

16 Hours Per Day 5 6

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

A majority (59%) of respondents work the standard 8 hours per day, but 24% work 12
hours, and 6% work 16 hours, potentially leading to fatigue and associated health risks.

35
Table 4.12: Contribution of Inadequate Training and Lack of Proper Equipment to
Workplace Hazards

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 30 35

Agree 40 47

Disagree 10 12

Strongly Disagree 5 6

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

A large proportion (82%) of respondents either strongly agree or agree that inadequate
training and lack of proper equipment are significant contributors to workplace hazards.

Table 4.13: Poor Ergonomic Design and Health Issues

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 25 29

Agree 40 47

Disagree 15 18

Strongly Disagree 5 6

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

36
About 76% of respondents acknowledge the impact of poor ergonomic design on health
issues, underscoring the importance of ergonomic improvements in the workplace.

Table 4.14: Inadequate Communication and Occupational Hazards

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 20 24
Agree 35 41
Disagree 20 24

Strongly Disagree 10 12

Total 85 100
Source: Field Survey, 2025

A combined 65% of respondents agree that communication gaps contribute to

occupational hazards, indicating a need for better management-worker communication
practices.

Table 4.15: Health Risks from Hazardous Substance Exposure

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 40 47

Agree 30 35

Disagree 10 12

Strongly Disagree 5 6

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

37
The majority (82%) strongly agree or agree that exposure to hazardous substances
without safeguards poses significant health risks, highlighting critical safety concerns in
the workplace.

4.4 Prevention and Control Measures

This section provides valuable insights into the preventive and control measures in place
within the surveyed workplaces. They highlight areas of strength and potential
improvement, guiding organizations in enhancing safety practices and fostering a secure
working environment for their employees.

Table 4.16: Provision of Safety Training Programs

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes, for all employees 60 71

Yes, but only for some employees 20 24

No, there are no safety training 5 6

programs

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

A majority (71%) of respondents report that safety training programs are provided to all
employees, indicating a strong commitment to workplace safety. However, 24% indicate
limited access, suggesting a need for broader program implementation.

38
Table 4.17: Reporting System for Safety Concerns

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes, with clear reporting procedures 55 65

Yes, but reporting is not encouraged 20 24

No, there is no reporting system 10 12

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

While 65% confirm the presence of a clear reporting system, 24% feel discouraged from
reporting, and 12% indicate a lack of systems altogether, highlighting an opportunity to
improve reporting culture and accessibility.

Table 4.18: Regular Safety Inspections and Audits

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes, regularly and consistently 50 59

Occasionally 30 35

No, there are no safety inspections 5 6

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

A significant proportion (59%) report consistent safety inspections, while 35%

experience occasional inspections. This suggests a need for more systematic auditing
practices to ensure comprehensive hazard management.

39
Table 4.19: Provision and Enforcement of PPE

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes, and it's enforced 40 47

Yes, but not consistently enforced 35 41

No, PPE is not provided or encouraged 10 12

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

While 47% confirm the provision and enforcement of PPE, 41% indicate inconsistencies,
and 12% lack access to PPE altogether. This points to a need for stricter enforcement
policies.

Table 4.20: Procedures for Controlling Exposure to Hazardous Substances

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes, with clear protocols and safety 50 59

measures

Yes, but they are not consistently followed 25 29

No, there are no procedures in place 10 12

Total 85 100

Source: Field Survey, 2025

40
Clear protocols for controlling exposure to hazardous substances exist for 59% of
respondents, but 29% experience inconsistent adherence, and 12% report no procedures.
This underscores the need for compliance monitoring.

41
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the hazards

affecting workers' health, the underlying causes of occupational hazards, and the existing
prevention and control measures within the surveyed workplaces. Each dimension of
workplace safety is analyzed below, drawing on the data presented in previous sections to
highlight key insights and implications.

Workplace Hazards and Safety Practices

The data reveal that lighting (47%), exposed wires (29%), and slippery floors (24%) are
the most commonly reported physical hazards. Furthermore, 35% of respondents are
regularly exposed to hazardous chemicals, with dust (29%) and fumes (24%) also
frequently encountered. These findings emphasize the need for targeted hazard mitigation
measures, such as improved lighting systems, safe handling of chemicals, and routine
workplace maintenance. These findings are consistent with prior research, such as that of
Adamopoulos, & Syrou, (2022), which highlighted poor lighting and electrical hazards as
significant contributors to workplace accidents. Similarly, the regular exposure of
workers to hazardous substances, particularly chemicals (35%), aligns with the
observations of Che Huei (2020), who documented chemical exposure as a primary
occupational risk in industrial environments.

Training on safety procedures emerged as a critical area of workplace practice, with 41%
of respondents having participated in interactive workshops, the most common form of
training. However, only 24% reported receiving comprehensive training across all

42
formats. This gap suggests that organizations need to adopt a more holistic approach to
safety training, ensuring employees are equipped to recognize and manage a broad
spectrum of workplace hazards. This disparity reflects findings by Caporale et al. (2020),
who emphasized the need for diverse and comprehensive training approaches to ensure
workers are equipped to manage a range of occupational hazards effectively.

Causes of Occupational Hazards

The study highlights several contributing factors to workplace hazards. Inadequate

training and lack of proper equipment are recognized as significant contributors by 82%
of respondents. Similarly, 76% agreed or strongly agreed that poor ergonomic design
exacerbates health issues, emphasizing the importance of designing workstations and
equipment with ergonomic principles in mind. This finding aligns with studies such as
that by Zahiri Harsini et al. (2020), which demonstrated the direct correlation between
inadequate safety training and increased workplace accidents. Similarly, 76% of
respondents agreed or strongly agreed that poor ergonomic design exacerbates health
issues, a concern echoed in research by Sundstrup et al (2020), which highlighted the
critical role of ergonomic interventions in reducing musculoskeletal disorders and
improving worker productivity.

Communication gaps between management and workers also emerged as a notable

factor, with 65% of respondents indicating that ineffective communication contributes to
occupational hazards. This reflects findings from a study by Zara et al. (2023), which
identified ineffective communication as a recurring theme in occupational hazard
management, often leading to delayed identification and mitigation of risks.

Moreover, exposure to hazardous substances without proper safeguards was identified as

a critical health risk, with 82% of respondents expressing a concern substantiated by
research from Zhou et al. (2024), which underscored the long-term health impacts of
chemical exposure in industries without robust safety protocols.

43
Prevention and Control Measures

The findings reveal a mixed picture of workplace safety measures. While 71% of
respondents confirmed the availability of safety training programs for all employees,
24% reported that such training is only available to a subset of workers. This aligns with
the findings of Vanka et al. (2022), who reported similar disparities in safety training
access across diverse industries, suggesting that inconsistent implementation undermines
the effectiveness of such initiatives.

Similarly, while 65% of respondents acknowledged the presence of clear reporting

procedures, 24% felt discouraged from reporting safety concerns, and 12% indicated that
no reporting system exists. These findings align with the work of Søvold et al, (2021),
who highlighted the importance of fostering a safety culture that encourages open
communication and reporting of hazards without fear of retaliation. This highlights the
importance of creating a supportive environment where employees feel confident in
raising safety issues without fear of retaliation.

Regular safety inspections were reported by 59% of respondents, but 35% noted that
inspections occur only occasionally. Additionally, although PPE provision was
confirmed by 88% of respondents, only 47% reported consistent enforcement of its use.
These findings are consistent with the work of Adamopoulos, & Syrou (2022), who
emphasized that inconsistent enforcement of safety policies often leads to diminished
compliance and increased risk of workplace accidents.

5.2 CONCLUSION

This study on occupational hazards, causes, and preventive measures at Ife Iron and Steel
Rolling Company in Ile-Ife, Osun State, highlights crucial aspects of workplace safety
and health practices. The results indicate that although interactive seminars offer
employees participatory safety training, there are still gaps in their knowledge of

44
emergency procedures and use of personal protective equipment. Workers are aware of
chemical exposure and physical problems including dim lighting and slick flooring, but
some are not fully aware of all the risks. Inadequate training, poor ergonomic design,
excessive work hours, and poor communication are all contributing causes to workplace
dangers. There are safety inspections and training programs in place, but they need to be
more consistent, especially when it comes to PPE enforcement. Regular safety
inspections and promoting the use of protective gear could improve workplace safety by
addressing these issues.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings, the following recommendations are made to enhance workplace
safety and mitigate occupational hazards:

1. Enhanced Training Programs: The Company should consider enhancing its

safety training programs, with a focus on addressing specific hazards identified in
the study. This could include targeted training on handling hazardous substances,
improving ergonomic practices, and enhancing communication skills.

2. Promotion of PPE Usage: While overall and hand gloves are commonly
encouraged, efforts should be made to promote the consistent use of all
recommended personal protective equipment, including "Face Google." This may
involve awareness campaigns and training sessions emphasizing the importance
of complete PPE usage.

3. Communication Improvement: The organization should explore ways to

improve communication between management and workers. This could involve
regular feedback sessions, open forums, and the establishment of clear
communication channels to address safety concerns promptly.

45
 4. Ergonomic Design Considerations: The Company should assess and, if
necessary, redesign workstations and equipment to adhere to ergonomic
principles. This can contribute to the overall well-being of the workforce and
prevent health issues related to poor ergonomic design.

5. Consistent Adherence to Safety Protocols: There should be a renewed emphasis

on consistently following safety protocols, especially those related to handling
hazardous substances. Regular training refreshers and periodic audits can help
reinforce adherence to established safety measures.

Implementing these recommendations can contribute to the overall improvement of

workplace safety and the well-being of the working population at Ife Iron and Steel
Rolling Company.

46
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APPENDIX I

QUESTIONNAIRE
ATIBA UNIVERSITY OYO, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE
Dear Respondent,
I am a final year student of the above-named institution, conducting research on the
‘topic” Assessment of Workplace and Safety Practices in Ile-Ife Iron and Steel
Rolling Company Ile-Ife, Osun State.
This research is one of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science (BSc) in
Public Health Science.
Participation in this study is entirely voluntary. The information provided by you will be
used strictly for the purpose of this research and handled with strict confidentiality.
Therefore, I solicit your sincere and honest response to the questions below. No answer is
wrong, and you are not required to write your name.
Thank you.

54
SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
INSTRUCTION: indicate your answer by ticking (√ ) the appropriate box
1. Sex: (A) Male ( ). (B) Female ( )
2. Age: (A) Less than 20 ( ). (B) 20-29 ( ). (C) 30-40 ( ). (D) 41-49 ( ). (E) 50-
Above ( )
3. Marital status: (A) Single ( ). (B) Married ( ) Others- Literate ( )
4. Religion: (A) Christian ( ). (B) Muslim ( ). (C) Traditional ( ). (D) Others ( )
5. Ethnic Group: (A) Yoruba ( ). (B) Ibo ( ). (C) Hausa ( ). (D) Others ( ).
6. Department: (A) Administrative ( ). (B) Marketing ( ) (C) Manufacturing ( )(D)
Others (
SECTION B: RESEARCH QUESTIONS.
INSTRUCTION: Indicate your answer by ticking (√ ) the appropriate box
Research Question one: What are the hazards affecting the health of workers in
your Working place?
7. What training have you received on safety procedures and hazard recognition in
your workplace? a. safety walkthrough b. interactive workshops
c. online E-learning modules d. all of the above e. other
mention _____________
8. Which of the of the emergency evacuation procedures in case of a workplace
hazard or disaster do you know? a. Alert b. call for help
c. assist others d. evacuation announcement e. all of the
above
9. Which of the personal protective equipment (PPE) are you encouraged to use?
a. overall b. helmets c. hand glove d. face Google e. all
of the above
10. Which of the physical hazards in your workplace do you notice a. exposed
wires b. slippery floors c. lighting
11. Which harmful substances do you regularly exposed to as part of your job?
a. chemicals b. dust, c. fumes d. all of the above

55
 12. Does your workplace have proper ventilation systems in place to mitigate
exposure to airborne contaminants? Yes ( ) No ( )
Not sure ( )
13. Are safety inspections and audits conducted regularly in your workplace to
identify and address hazards? Yes, regularly ( ) Occasionally ( )
No ( )
14. What types of hazard do you constantly expose to? a. physical b. micro and
macro c. chemical d. man to machine hazards
15. Are you encouraged to report safety concerns or incidents, and do you feel
comfortable doing so without fear of retaliation? a. Yes, encouraged and
comfortable ( ) b. Encouraged but .not comfortable ( )
c. No encouragement to report ( )
Research Question Two: What are the causes of occupational hazards on the health
of workers in working place?
16. How long is your working hours a. 4 hours per day b. 8 hours per day
c. 12 hours per day d. 16 hours per day
17. Are inadequate training and lack of proper equipment significant contributors to
workplace hazards? a. Strongly Agree ( ) b. Agree ( ) c.
Disagree ( ) d. Strongly Disagree ( )
18. Do you think that poor ergonomic design of workstations and equipment can lead
to health issues for workers? a. Strongly Agree ( ) b. Agree ( )
c. Disagree ( ) d. Strongly Disagree ( )
19. Is inadequate communication between management and workers a potential
cause of occupational hazards? a. Strongly Agree ( ) b. Agree ( )
c. Disagree ( ) d. Strongly Disagree ( )
20. Do you believe that exposure to hazardous substances and chemicals without
proper safeguards can pose health risks to employees? a. Strongly Agree ( )
b. Agree ( ) c. Disagree ( ) d. Strongly disagree (
)

56
Research Question Three: What Are the Prevention and Control Measures to the
Problem of Occupational Hazards in Your Work Place?
21. Are safety training programs provided to all employees to educate them about
potential workplace hazards? a. Yes, for all employees ( ) b. Yes, but only for
some employees ( ) c. No, there are no safety training programs ( )
22. Is there a clear and accessible reporting system in place for employees to report
safety concerns or incidents? a. Yes, with clear reporting procedures ( ) b. Yes,
but reporting is not encouraged ( ) c. No, there is no reporting system
( )
23. Are regular safety inspections and audits conducted in your workplace to identify
and address potential hazards? a. Yes, regularly and consistently ( )
b. Occasionally ( ) c. No, there are no safety inspection ( )

24. Does your workplace provide and encourage the use of personal protective
equipment (PPE) to mitigate hazards? a. Yes, and it's enforced ( ) b. Yes,
but not consistently enforced ( ) c. No, PPE is not provided or encouraged
( )
25. Are there procedures in place to address and control exposure to hazardous
substances, such as chemicals or fumes? a. Yes, with clear protocols
and safety measures ( ) b. Yes, but they are not consistently
followed ( ) c. No, there are no procedures in place ( )

57