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Task 3

The document explains SQL concepts including grouping rows with GROUP BY, filtering with WHERE and HAVING clauses, and the differences between them. It also defines relations (tables), tuples (rows), attributes (columns), Cartesian products, set theory concepts, keys (primary, foreign, candidate, composite, unique), and various types of joins (inner, left, right, outer, cross). Each concept is illustrated with examples and code snippets.

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praveenradiant7
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10 views3 pages

Task 3

The document explains SQL concepts including grouping rows with GROUP BY, filtering with WHERE and HAVING clauses, and the differences between them. It also defines relations (tables), tuples (rows), attributes (columns), Cartesian products, set theory concepts, keys (primary, foreign, candidate, composite, unique), and various types of joins (inner, left, right, outer, cross). Each concept is illustrated with examples and code snippets.

Uploaded by

praveenradiant7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TASK–3

1. Grouping the rows, Where and Having Clauses , Diff b/w where and having

Grouping the rows . Group by function is used to group the rows based on a column we
specify.

Where – used to filter rows based on a condition , where keyword is used to filter before
grouping

Having – Filters groups based on aggregation . used usually only after groupby.

Ex :
Took an ecommerce table data.

code snippet:
select orderid, sum(totalamount) as amount
from ecommerce
group by OrderID
having sum(totalamount) > 1000;

output:

Difference between where & having keyword :

Where Having

It filters rows based on the given condition Filter after aggregation


Cannot has aggregate function Can work well with aggregate functions
Used before groupby Used after groupby

Aggregate functions :
SUM (), AVG(), MIN(), MAX(), COUNT()
TASK–3

2. What is a RELATION or TABLE .

Relation is a set of rows containing values that is grouped under the column.
Table stores the rows and columns and represents data for a specific entity like
students , employees , etc,.

3. Tuple and Attribute

Tuples is the ROWS in the table .


Attributes are the COLUMNS in the table

CREATE TABLE emp (


EMPLOYEE_ID INT,
EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR(20),
EMPLOYEE_AGE INT
);

INSERT INTO emp VALUES ( 101 , 'PRAVEEN' , 24),(102 , 'AKHIL'


, 25) ;

SELECT * FROM emp;

Attributes -> employee_id , employee_name, employee_age.


Tuples -> the data in the rows 101, 102, etc …

4. Cartesian Product

Cartesian product is combining every row of one table with every row of another table.
so table 1 has x rows and table 2 has y rows, then it is x * y.

select * from students, emp;

5. Set theory concepts

Set → A table or relation.


Subset → A portion of the table.
TASK–3

Union → Combines rows from two sets (tables).


Intersection → Finds common rows between two sets.

6. KEYS

Primary Key Uniquely identifies each row in a table. No NULL should be .


Foreign Key Refers to a primary key in another table. used for relationships.
Candidate Key Any attribute (or group of attributes) that can uniquely identify a row.

Composite Key Combines multiple attributes to act as a primary key.

Unique Key Ensures all values are unique but allows one NULL (depends on DBMS).

7. JOINS

Inner join – Returns matching rows from both the tables .

Left join – Returns all rows from left table and matching rows from right table.

Right join – Returns all rows from right table and matching rows from left table.

Outer or Full outer join – Returns rows if there is a match in one or both tables
including all the data.

Cross join – x * y , cartesian product of two tables.

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