Engr. Romavel V.
Tiosing
Faculty, Math and Physics Department
College of Arts and Sciences
WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER
• Work done by a constant force
• Work done by a varying force
• Work done by a multiple forces
• Work done by a spring
• Kinetic Energy
• Gravitational Potential Energy
• Work-Energy Theorem
• Conservation of Energy
• Power © Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To solve work problems involving different
scenarios which involves the constant force,
varying force, multiple forces, and by the spring
To study the concept about the Kinetic Energy
and Gravitational Potential Energy
To familiarize with the concept of Work-Energy
Theorem and Law of Conservation of Energy
To analyze problems involving power
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE
The work (W) done on a system by an agent exerting
a constant force on a system is the product of the
magnitude F of the force, the magnitude of the
displacement of the point of application of the force,
and where θ is the angle between the force and
displacement vectors:
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
NOTE:
The work is a scalar quantity, even though it is defined
in terms of two vectors.
It is worth noting that the product of two vectors
generates a scalar quantity.
Also, force does no work on object if the force does
not move through a displacement. If = 0, it gives
W = 0.
The work done by a force on a moving object is zero
when the force applied is perpendicular to the
displacement of its point of application. © Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
The sign of the work also depends on the direction of
F relative to ∆d. The work done by the applied force
on a system is positive when the projection of F onto
∆d is in the same direction. However, when the
projection of F onto ∆d is in the direction opposite
the displacement, W is negative.
The SI unit of work is Newton∙meter
. This combination of units is referred as Joules.
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
Example 1:
Mr. Hermie Valencia is cleaning the floor and pulls a
vacuum cleaner with a force of magnitude F = 50.0 N at
an angle of 30º with the horizontal. Calculate the work
done by the force on the vacuum cleaner as the vacuum
cleaner is displaced 3.00m to the right.
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
Example 2:
A block of mass m = 2.50 kg is pushed a distance d =
2.20 m along a frictionless, horizontal table by a
constant applied force of magnitude F = 16.0N directed
at an angle θ=25º below the horizontal as shown in the
figure. Determine the work done on the block by:
(a)the applied force;
(b)the normal force exerted by the table;
(c)the gravitational force;
(d)the net force on the block.
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
Example 3:
A particle moving in the xy-plane undergoes a
displacement given by as a
constant force acts on the particle.
Calculate the work done by on the particle.
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
WORK DONE BY A VARYING FORCE
Consider a particle being displaced along the x-
axis under the action of a force that varies with
position.
The particle is displaced in the direction of
increasing x from to .
In such situation, we cannot use
to calculate the work done by the force because
this relationship applies only when F is constant
in magnitude and direction. © Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
Example 4:
A force acting on a particle varies with x as
shown in the figure. Calculate the work done
by the force on the particle as it moves from x
= 0 to x = 6.0 m.
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
Example 5:
The force acting on a particle varies as shown in the figure.
Find the work done by the force on the particle as it moves:
(a)from x = 0 to x = 8.0 m,
(b)from x = 8.0 m and x = 10.0 m, and
(c)from x = 0 to x = 10.0 m.
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
WORK DONE BY MULTIPLE FORCES
If more than one force acts on a system and the
system can be modeled as a particle, the total
work done on the system is the work done by the
net force:
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
If the system cannot be modeled as a
particle, then the total work is equal to
the algebraic sum of the work done by
the individual forces:
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
Example 6:
Four forces are acting on a ball along a horizontal plane. The
force with 2 N is acting along the plane, 4 N with 30º from the
horizontal line, 5 N perpendicular to the plane, and 3N 60º from
the horizontal line. What is the net work done of all these forces
for the ball to travel a horizontal distance of 5 m as shown in
the figure?
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
WORK DONE BY THE SPRING
For many springs, if the spring is either stretched or
compressed a small distance from its unstretched
configuration, it exerts on the block a force that can be
mathematically modeled as:
Where:
x – is the position of the block relative to its equilibrium
(x = 0) position
k - spring constant / force constant / modulus.
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
This is also called as Hooke’s Law.
The force exerted by the spring is always directed
opposite to the displacement from equilibrium.
is also called the restoring
force.
When x is positive (spring is
stretched), is negative.
When x = 0 (at the equilibrium
position), is 0.
When x is negative (spring is
compressed), is positive.
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
WORK DONE BY THE SPRING
If the block undergoes an arbitrary displacement from
x = to x = , the work done by the spring force on
the block is
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
The applied force is equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction to
the spring force .
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
Thus, for an arbitrary displacement of the
block, the work done on the system by the
applied force is:
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
WORK
Example 7:
A common technique used to measure the force constant of a spring is
demonstrated by the setup in figure. The spring is hung vertically, and an
object of mass m is attached to its lower end. Under the action of its
weight, the spring stretches a distance d from its equilibrium position.
(a) If a spring is stretched 2.0 cm by a
suspended object having a mass of
0.55 kg. What is the force constant of
the spring?
(b) How much work is done by the
spring on the object as it stretches
through the distance?
© Engr. Romavel V. Tiosing
