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Technological University (Sagaing)

Department Of Electrical Power Engineering

EP - 32021
Self – Excited DC Motor

Presented By

Group – IV
(Third Year, Second Semester) Date: 11.9.2024

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 Group - IV

Mg Thu Htet San

III Ep-4

Ma Mya Thant Thant Win

III Ep-5

Ma May Thiri Kyaw

III Ep-13

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 Outline of Presentation

• Details about DC Motor

• How does a DC Motor Works?
• Working Principle of DC Motor
• Types of DC Motors
• Block Diagram of Types of DC Motors
• Self-Excited DC Motor
• Details about Shunt Wound Self-Excited DC Motor
• Details about Series Wound Self-Excited DC Motor
• Details about Compound Wound Self-Excited DC Motor
• Details about Cumulative Compound DC Motor
• Details about Differential Compound DC Motor
• Details about Short Shunt Compound DC Motor
• Details about Long Shunt Compound DC Motor
• Applications of Each Types of DC Motors

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 DC Motor

• A DC motor, or direct current motor, is an

electrical machine that converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy through the creation of a
magnetic field powered by direct current.
• When a DC motor is energized, it generates a
magnetic field in its stator.
• This magnetic field interacts with magnets on
the rotor, causing it to rotate.
• To ensure continuous rotation of the rotor, the
Figure 1 - Brushed DC Electric Motor
commutator, connected to brushes that are
linked to the power source, supplies current to
the motor’s wire windings.

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 DC Motor Diagram

Figure shows the construction & all parts of a dc motor.

Figure 2 - Construction of a DC Motor

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 Components in a DC Motor

Field Coil or Stator

➢ The stator is the DC motor’s stationary component. Its primary function is to serve as
the device’s solid outer frame and to generate a magnetic field.

Yoke
➢ The yoke is the outer cover which provides the structural strength to the motor by
acting as a frame. It is usually made of any low-reluctance magnetic material such as
rolled steel, silicon steel or cast iron.

Field Winding
➢ The field winding is the copper wire wound around the pole to generate a magnetic
field when a direct current is passed through it. Depending on the type of motor, the
field winding can be connected in series or in parallel to the armature.

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 Poles and Pole Shoes

➢ The pole is fixed to the yoke of the motor casing with a pole shoe at the other end.
Usually made of laminated wrought iron or thin cast steel, the poles produce a
magnetic field when excited by the field coil. The pole shoe is only a tiny air gap away
from the armature. It is shaped in such a way as to maximize the magnetic flux that
passes to the armature.

Armature Core

➢ The armature core is a drum-like material that is keyed to the motor shaft. It has a
large number of slots to hold the armature winding along its periphery. The core is
usually made of high permeability and low reluctance material such as silicon steel. It
also has holes for air circulation and cooling, and laminated construction to minimize
eddy current losses.

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 Armature Winding
➢ The armature windings are crucial for creating the magnetic flux of the rotor. This is
where the conversion of electrical energy takes place into mechanical energy.
Depending on the operating voltages and current of the motor, the winding is
classified as wave winding and lap winding.

Commutator
➢ The commutator is mounted on the motor shaft and connects to the armature
windings. It is made of segments of hard-drawn copper insulated from one another
with mica. Its function is to convert torque that alternates to unidirectional torque on
the armature.

Carbon Brushes
➢ The brushes of a DC motor are made with graphite and carbon structure. These
brushes conduct electric current from the external circuit to the rotating commutator.
Hence, the commutator and the brush unit are concerned with transmitting the power
from the static electrical circuit to the mechanically rotating region or the rotor.

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 How does a DC Motor Works?

❑ When the main supply is applied to the armature conductors and field magnets are
excited, the conductors experience a force that tends to rotate the armature.
❑ Armature conductors under N-pole are assumed to carry current downwards, and the
S-poles carry upwards. By Fleming’s Left-hand rule, the direction of the force on each
conductor can be found in the figure.

Figure 3 - Multipolar DC Motor

❑ The force ‘F’ experienced by each conductor tends to rotate the armature in the anti-
clockwise direction. The continuous and unidirectional torque is developed by a
commutator which reverses the current in each conductor as it passes from one pole to
another.
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 Working Principle of DC Motor

The basic working principle of a DC motor is that whenever a current-carrying

conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. This force is known as the
Lorentz force, and it is responsible for the rotation of the motor's armature.
When current flows through these coils, they create a magnetic field that
interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnets or electromagnets. This
interaction creates a force that causes the armature to rotate. The rotation of the armature
is transferred to the output shaft in the motor, which can then be used to do work, such as
driving a pump, fan, or other machine.

➢ DC motors are often preferred over other types of motors due to their precise speed
control, which is crucial for industrial machinery.
➢ They can start, stop, and reverse instantly, providing essential control over the
operation of production equipment.
➢ DC motors have applications in a variety of instruments ranging from industrial
equipment to household appliances.

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 Types of DC Motors

DC motors are used extensively across engineering and technology fields,

powering devices as small as electric shavers and as large as automobiles. To meet
diverse needs, various types of DC motors are designed for specific applications. There
are different types of DC motors, each with beneficial characteristics that are useful for
specific applications.

❖ Permanent Magnet DC Motor (PMDC Motor)

❖ Separately-Excited DC Motor
❖ Self-Excited DC Motor
❖ Shunt Wound DC Motor
❖ Series Wound DC Motor
❖ Compound Wound DC Motor
❖ Differential Compound DC motor
❖ Short shunt DC Motor
❖ Long shunt DC Motor

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 Block Diagram of Types of DC Motors

DC Motor

Separately-Excited Self-Excited Permanent Magnet

Shunt Excited Series Excited Compound Excited

Cumulative Differential
Compound Compound

Long Shunt Short Shunt

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 Self-Excited DC Motor

In case of self excited DC motor, the field winding is connected either in series
or in parallel or partly in series, partly in parallel to the armature winding. They also have
a single source of power. Based on this, self excited DC Motors can be classified as:

➢ These types of dc motors are characterized by the connection of field winding in

relation to the armature namely.

1. Shunt wound DC motor

‣ In which field winding is connected in parallel with the armature.

2. Series wound DC motor

‣ In which the field winding of the motor is connected in series with the armature.

3. Compound wound DC motor

‣ Which has two field windings: one connected in parallel with the armature and the
other in series with it.
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 Shunt Wound Self-Excited DC Motor

In shunt-wound DC motors, the armature winding and field coil are connected
in parallel to the power source. The parallel connection means that the current is split
between the two components. the field windings are exposed to the entire terminal
voltage as they are connected in parallel to the armature winding. A DC shunt motor has
a constant speed that doesn’t change with varying mechanical loads.

Figure 4 - Shunt Wound DC Motor

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 Construction of a Shunt Wound DC Motor

The construction of a dc shunt motor is pretty similar to other types of DC

motor. One key design feature of the DC shunt motor is its ability to generate high torque.
To achieve this, the armature winding must carry a higher current than the field winding,
and the field winding must have many turns to increase flux linkage.

➢ The armature winding must be exposed to an amount of current that’s much higher
than the field windings current, as the torque is proportional to the armature current.
➢ The field winding must be wound with many turns to increase the flux linkage, as flux
linkage between the field and armature winding is also proportional to the torque.

✓ Keeping these two facts, a DC shunt motor has been designed in a way, that the field
winding possess much higher number of turns to increase net flux linkage and are
lesser in diameter of conductor to increase resistance (reduce current flow) compared
to the armature winding of the DC motor. And this is how a shunt wound DC motor is
visibly distinguishable in static condition from the DC series motor (having thicker
field coils).
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 DC Shunt Motor Equations

To understand the characteristic of these types of DC motor, let’s consider the

basic voltage equation given by,
E = Eb + Ia Ra
⁎ When the DC voltage (V) is applied to the field and armature winding, the back EMF
(Eb) is induced in the armature winding, which opposes the applied voltage.

➢ The armature current is ;

Ia= Eb/Ra
Where,
E = supply voltage
Eb = back emf
Ra = armature resistance

✓ The shunt wound DC motor is a constant speed motor, as the speed does not vary here
with the variation of mechanical load on the output.
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 Back EMF (Eb)

➢ The applied voltage (V) is equal to the sum of Ia Ra (voltage drop) and back EMF(Eb).

E = Ia Ra + Eb ……….(1)

Ia = It - Ish ………. (2)

E = Eb + ( It - Ish) Ra ………. (3)

➢ The field current is ;

Ish= V/ Rsh ………. (4)

Where,
Rsh = resistance of field winding
Ish = field winding current

⁎ The field current remains constant for a fixed applied DC voltage(V).

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 ➢ The torque of the DC motor is proportional to the product of the flux and the armature
current.
Ta α Φ Ia
Ta α Ia ( Φ = constant)

➢ The speed of the motor is directly proportional to the back EMF(Eb) and reciprocal to
the flux.
N α Eb / Ф

⁎ DC shunt motor should not be started at heavy loads.

❖ The DC shunt motor should not be started at heavy load. The back EMF (Eb) is zero
when the motor is started. The DC shunt motor draws a large armature current
because the back EMF is zero at the start. If the motor is started at a heavy load, the
armature current exceeds to a greater extent. The large armature current causes
heating in the armature winding, and the insulation of the armature winding might
fail. Therefore, the DC shunt motor should not be started at heavy loads.

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 Advantages of DC Shunt Wound Motor

The following are the advantages of a shunt-wound motor:

1. DC shunt motors can be used for heavy industrial applications where torque and
speed are a wide range.
2. A shunt-wound motor capable of running at a predetermined speed.
3. The power supply of a DC motor is inexpensive.

Disadvantages of DC Shunt Wound Motor

The following are the disadvantages of shunt-wound motor:

1. Installation of DC shunt-wound motors is expensive compared with other types of

motors.
2. Because shunt motors are constant-speed motors, this would be a disadvantage
where it is necessary to operate under variable speeds.
3. The shunt-wound motors are inaccurate in low-speed operation.
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 Series Wound Self-Excited DC Motor

In series-wound DC motors, the field winding and the armature coil are connected in
series to the power supply. This means the same current flows through the coil and
armature. Since these types of motors can work both with DC and AC, they are also
called universal motors. Series motors always rotate in the same direction, and their speed
depends on the mechanical load.

Series
field

Figure 5 - Series Wound Self-Excited DC Motor

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 Construction of Series-Wound DC Motor

A series-wound DC motor is also similar to other types of DC motors. However,

the wiring of the field and armature coils in a series-wound DC motor is clearly different
from other types.
Series-wound DC motor has field coil connected in series to the armature
winding. For this reason, relatively higher current flows through the field coils, and its
designed accordingly as mentioned below.

1. The field coils of a DC series motor have fewer turns because the armature current
flows through them, needing fewer turns to produce the required magnetic force.

Figure 6 - Field winding with thicker diameter & fewer turns

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 2. The wire is heavier, as the diameter is considerable increased to provide minimum
electrical resistance to the flow of full armature current.
3. In spite of the above-mentioned differences, about having fewer coil turns the
running of this DC motor remains unaffected, as the current through the field is
reasonably high to produce a field strong enough for generating the required amount
of torque. To understand that better let's look into the voltage and current equation of
DC series motor.

DC Series Motor Equations

Let the supply voltage and current given to the electrical port of the motor be
given by E and It (total current) respectively.
Since the entire supply current flows through both the armature and field
conductor,
It = Ise = Ia
Where, Ise is the series current in the field coil and Ia is the armature current.
➢ Now form the basic voltage equation of the DC motor.
E = Eb + Ia Ra + Ise Rse
Where, Eb is the back emf, Rse is the series coil resistance and Ra is the armature
resistance.
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 Since Ise = Ia, we can write,
E = Eb + Ia (Ra + Rse )
▪ This is the basic voltage equation of a series-wound DC motor.
✓ The field flux like in the case of any other DC motor is proportional to field current.

Ise ∝ Ф
Since,
It = Ise = Ia

Ise ∝ Ia ∝ Ф

• This mean that the field flux is proportional to the entire armature current or the total
supply current. And for this reason, the flux produced in this motor is strong enough to
produce sufficient torque, even with the bare minimum number of turns it has in the
field coil.

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 Advantages of Series-Wound DC Motor

The following are the advantages of a series-wound motor:

1. The starting torque of a DC series motor is relatively high compared to other motors,
so such motors are widely used for traction applications.
2. It can be used for AC or DC supply; therefore, it is also known as a universal motor.
3. A Shunt motor develops more power for the same construction size than a DC shunt
motor.

Disadvantages of DC Series Wound Motors

The following are the disadvantages of a series-wound motor:

1. The speed control and regulation of the DC series motor are not good enough.
2. DC series motors need to be loaded before starting. Therefore, the DC series motors
are not good to use, where the load is not applied in the initial stage.

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 Compound Wound Self-Excited DC Motor

The compound excitation characteristic in a DC motor can be obtained by

combining the operational characteristic of both the shunt and series excited DC motor.
The compound wound self excited DC motor or simply compound wound DC motor
essentially contains the field winding connected both in series and in parallel to the
armature winding as shown in the figure below:

Figure 7 - Compound Wound Self-Excited DC Motor

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 Compound Wound DC Motor Characteristics
➢ Since a compound wound motor is basically formed by the combination of a shunt
wound DC motor and a series-wound DC motor, it has better closure properties of
both these types.
➢ A shunt wound DC motor is offered with a highly efficient speed regulation
characteristic, while a DC series motor has high starting torque. So, the compound
wound DC motor makes a compromise in terms of both these characteristics and has a
good combination of proper speed regulation and high starting torque.
➢ However, its initial torque is not as high as in the case of a DC series motor, nor is its
speed regulation as good as a DC shunt motor. The overall characteristics of a DC
shunt motor come in between these two extreme limits.

Types of Compound Wound DC Motor

The excitation of compound wound DC motor can be of two types depending on
the nature of compounding;

❖ Cumulative Compound DC Motor

❖ Differential Compound DC Motor
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 Cumulative Compound DC Motor

A compound wound DC motor is said to be cumulatively compounded when the

shunt field flux produced by the shunt winding assists or enhances the effect of main
field flux, produced by the series winding.

Фtotal = Фseries + Фshunt

Figure 8 - Cumulative Compound DC Motor

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 Differential Compound DC Motor
In a differential compound DC motor, the shunt and series windings are
arranged so the shunt field’s flux reduces the series field’s flux, leading to a decrease in
overall magnetic field strength and torque.

Figure 9 - Differential Compound DC Motor

Фtotal = Фseries - Фshunt

✓ The net flux produced in this case is lesser than the original flux and hence does not
find much of a practical application.
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 Compound Motors depending on the Arrangement
Both the cumulative compound and differential compound DC motor can either
be of short shunt or long shunt type depending on the nature of arrangement.

❖ Short Shunt Compound DC Motor

❖ Long Shunt Compound DC Motor

Short Shunt Compound DC Motor

If the shunt field winding is only parallel to the armature winding and not the
series field winding, then it is known as short shunt DC motor or more specifically short
shunt type compound wound DC motor.

Figure 10 - Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor

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 Long Shunt Compound DC Motor

If the shunt field winding is parallel to both the armature winding and the series
field winding, then it is known as long shunt type compounded wound DC motor or
simply long shunt DC motor.

▪ The circuit diagram of a long shunt DC motor is shown in the diagram below.

Figure 11 - Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor

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 Advantages of DC Compound Wound Motor

The following are the advantages of a compound wound motor:

1. The motor can quickly start and stop.

2. The reversing and acceleration of the motor can do fast.

Disadvantages of DC Compound Wound Motor

The following are the disadvantages of a compound wound motor:

1. The operation and maintenance costs of compound wound motors are expensive.
2. DC motors cannot operate in a dangerous situation where there is a spark in the
brush of the motor.

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 Applications of Each Types of DC Motors

Series motor ;
❖ It is used where very high starting torque and variable speed are required, such as
electrical fraction work, electric locomotives, trolleys, cranes, hoists, and conveyors.
Air compressors, vacuum cleaners, hair dryers, sewing machines, etc.

Shunt motor ;
❖ It is used where constant speed is required with low starting torque, such as for lathes,
centrifugal pumps, fans, reciprocating pumps, drilling machines, and boring
machines. Spinning and weaving machines etc.

Compound motor ;
❖ It is used where sudden loads are applied or removed, such as for shears, punches,
coal-cutting machines, elevators, conveyors, heavy planners, rolling mills, ice
machines, printing presses, air compressors etc.

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 T K
H A
N S

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