GROWTH AND YIELD OF RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.
) APPLIED WITH ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC FERTILIZER
Joemarie G. Alamo
LadyHeart M. Satingasin
College of Education
Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology
Barangay Doroluman Arakan, Cotabato
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the effects of organic fertilizer (chicken dung) and its combination with inorganic
fertilizer (urea) on the growth and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Conducted over 45 days in Datu
Ladayon, Arakan, Cotabato, a complete randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and three
replications was used. Results indicated that chicken dung significantly improved plant height,
particularly by day 40, compared to control and combined treatments. However, statistical analyses
revealed no significant differences in yield parameters such as tuber length, circumference, and weight.
Findings support the use of organic fertilizers to enhance sustainable radish production while suggesting
further study on combined nutrient management strategies.
KEYWORDS: Radish, Organic Fertilizer, Chicken Dung, Urea, Growth, Yield, Split Plot
INTRODUCTION
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a fast-growing root vegetable widely cultivated in many countries
including the Philippines. It belongs to the family Brassicaceae and is grown mainly for its edible tuberous roots.
Radish is known for its high nutritional value, particularly its rich content of vitamin C, calcium, and other essential
minerals. It also contains beneficial compounds that make it useful in addressing certain health conditions such as
urinary tract disorders and digestive issues. In addition, both the roots and leaves of radish are consumed, while the
seeds have been found to contain oils that are used for industrial and edible purposes.
In many rural and agricultural communities, especially in tropical countries, radish is an important vegetable crop.
Its short maturity period makes it ideal for smallholder farmers who rely on fast-yielding vegetables for income and
food supply. However, the yield and overall quality of radish are affected by soil fertility, which in turn is influenced
by the type and amount of fertilizer applied. Traditionally, both organic and inorganic fertilizers have been used to
improve crop productivity.
Organic fertilizers such as chicken dung are widely used due to their ability to improve soil structure, increase water
retention, and enhance microbial activity. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers such as urea provide a readily
available source of nutrients, especially nitrogen, which is essential for plant growth and development. However,
excessive use of chemical fertilizers has been linked to environmental problems such as water pollution, soil
degradation, and reduced soil biodiversity. Because of these challenges, there is now a growing interest in the use of
integrated nutrient management. This approach involves combining organic and inorganic fertilizers to maximize
their individual benefits. Organic fertilizers help in maintaining long-term soil fertility, while inorganic fertilizers
provide immediate nutrient supply for better crop growth and higher yields. The combination of both has shown
promising results in various crops and is considered a sustainable farming practice.
In the context of this study, the researchers aim to assess the effect of organic fertilizer (chicken dung) and the
combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers (chicken dung + urea) on the growth and yield of radish. The
study was conducted in a split plot garden using a complete randomized design (CRD). It focused on determining
the effectiveness of these fertilization methods in enhancing plant height, tuber size, and yield performance of
radish.
This research is significant as it may help farmers improve radish production by adopting a more effective and
environment-friendly fertilization approach. It may also serve as a guide for future studies related to vegetable
production and sustainable agriculture. The findings of this study can provide practical information to support local
farmers in making informed decisions in managing their soil and crop nutrition for better productivity.
Objective of the Study
1. To determine the growth and yield of radish (Raphanus Sativus) as applied with organic fertilizer
(chicken dung) and combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in split plot garden.
2. To analyze the response of radish (Raphanus Sativus) applied with organic fertilizer (chicken dung) and
combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in split plot garden.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
A Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and three replications was implemented.
Treatments:
T0 – Control
T1 – 1 kg. of Chicken Dung /per plot
T2 – 1 kg. of Chicken and ½ kg. of Urea / per plot
Time and Place of the Study
This study was conducted from July- August, 2024 at Datu Ladayon, Arakan Cotabato for the period of
forty-five (45) days.
Procedure
Land was prepared and plots were laid out. Radish seedlings were transplanted and treated with the respective
fertilizers on days 15, 30, and 40 following the defined application matrix. Cultural practices such as irrigation,
weeding, and pest control were uniformly applied.
Data Collection
Plant Height (every 15 days)
Tuber Length
Tuber Circumference
Root Weight
Total Yield per Plot
Statistical Analysis
One- way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test were used to determine statistical significance among
treatment effects.
Result and Discussion
The results of the study aimed at determining the growth and yield of radish (Raphanus Sativus) under
different fertilizer treatments, specifically organic fertilizer (chicken dung and a combination of both). The analysis
is conducted using split plot design, and the data is analyzed through descriptive statistics, tests of between-Subjects
effects, and pairwise comparisons.
Table 1. Average Height of Radish (Raphanus Sativus) in Three Replications after 15 Days Planted Separately in
3 Plots (With Chicken Dung, With Combined Chicken Dung and Urea).
T0 T1 T2
7.250 7.250 7.250
8.150 8.150 8.150
Average Height 8.675 8.675 8.675
Of Radish in three 8.525 8.525 8.525
replications in 15 days 8.275 8.275 8.275
8.825 8.825 8.825
8.825 8.825 8.825
8.300 8.300 8.300
8.950 8.950 8.950
8.075 8.075 8.075
Overall Mean 7.813 8.500 8.028
The table presents the average height of radish plants under three fertilization treatments measured over 15
days. The results revealed that chicken dung fertilizer has the highest mean in terms of height, suggesting its
efficacy in promoting growth within this period. On the other hand, control had the lowest average height, indicating
it was the least effective. However, plant growth typically shows natural variability, even under similar condition.
This finding implies that chicken dung is rich in organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium, which improve soil fertility and support plant growth. Studies have shown that organic fertilizers
enhance plant height in the early stages of development by promoting root and shoot vigor (Kumar et al.,2020),
while the urea provides a quick nitrogen source, it lacks the additional nutrients and organic matter that organic
fertilizers supply. The reduced performance of T0 aligns with findings that synthetic fertilizers can lead to nutrient
imbalances and fail to improve soil structure (Smith et al., 2021).
The control plot showed moderate growth (7.813cm), indicating that the soil had a baseline fertility level
sufficient to support early radish development.
Table 2. Average Height of Radish (Raphanus Sativus) In Three Replications After 30 Days Planted Separately
In 3 Plots (Chicken Dung, With Combined Chicken Dung and Urea).
T0 T1 T2
16.925 18.325 17.550
17.200 15.825 17.200
Average Height 15.675 17.100 11.325
Of Radish in three 12.750 18.575 18.650
replications in 30 days 15.775 18.075 16.475
16.475 18.475 17.525
16.175 16.450 16.875
15.200 16.800 15.900
15.675 15.167 16.475
14.400 18.375 15.125
Overall Mean 15.625 17.317 16.310
The table shows the average height of radishes under three fertilization treatments after 30 days, offering
insight into the impact of various fertilizer regimes. Based on this finding, the result shows that chicken dung
yielded the tallest radishes on average, indicating its superior effectiveness for plant growth. While control resulted
in the shortest radishes, showing its limitations compared to organic or combined treatments. Consistently, chicken
dung produces favorable results across replications, highlighting its potential as an effective organic fertilizer.
On the other hand, control showed the lowest mean growth, likely due to limited nutrient diversity or
possible over- concentration of nitrogen, which can inhibit balanced development (Rahman et. 2021). And combined
treatment of both urea and chicken dung did not outperform chicken dung alone, suggesting that the mixture of
organic and synthetic inputs may not provide a synergistic effect or that nutrient interactions could have hindered
growth. This could reflect inconsistent nutrient availability, environmental effects, or plant responses to treatments.
This finding implies that organic fertilizers like chicken dung improve soil structure, enhance microbial
activity, and provide a slow-release nutrient supply. These factors contribute to better root and shoot development,
as confirmed by Ali et al. (2020).
Control Urea primarily supplies nitrogen, which is critical for growth but insufficient on its own. Excess
nitrogen can suppress the uptake of other essential nutrients like potassium and phosphorus, negatively impacting
overall growth (Kumar et al., 2022). While the combined treatment underperformed relative to chicken dung alone.
This might be due to nutrient imbalances or antagonistic effects between organic and synthetic inputs, which have
been noted in similar studies (Zhang et al., 2020).
Table 3. Average Height of Radish (Raphanus Sativus) In Three Replications After 40 Days Planted Separately
In 3 Plots (Chicken Dung, With Combined Chicken Dung and Urea).
T0 T1 T2
30.75 32.68 33.75
27.73 33.90 34.85
Average Height 30.58 35.03 31.80
Of Radish in three 30.27 34.17 29.40
replications in 40 days 29.60 32.95 30.75
31.40 33.85 32.28
28.98 35.03 31.55
30.70 33.68 32.73
32.93 31.78 32.50
27.88 33.98 34.10
Overall Mean 30.08 33.70 32.37
The table compares the average height of radishes under three fertilization treatments measured after 40
days.
The result shows that chicken dung had the tallest radishes on average (33.70 cm), suggesting its superior
performance in promoting growth over this period. And control had the shortest radishes on average (30.08 cm),
indicating that synthetic fertilizer alone may not be as effective as organic or combined treatments. Also, urea
showed variability and the lowest overall mean, with some replicates (e.g., 27.73 cm) significantly underperforming.
This highlights possible challenges with nutrient imbalances or leaching effects associated with urea (Kumar et al.,
2022).
Chicken dung supports plant growth by providing a slow-release source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium, as well as enhancing microbial activity and soil structure. These benefits likely explain its strong and
consistent performance, corroborated by studies on organic fertilizers' role in improving crop yields (Ali et al.,
2020).
While control provides a rapid nitrogen source, its lack of other essential nutrients (e.g., potassium and
phosphorus) and susceptibility to leaching or volatilization may explain the lower performance. Excess nitrogen can
also disrupt nutrient uptake, as noted by Zhang et al. (2021).
The mixed results from combining chicken dung and urea suggest the need for optimized nutrient ratios to
prevent potential antagonism or over-application effects. While combined applications can be beneficial, their
success depends on balanced application techniques (Rahman et al., 2022).
Table 4. Yield of the Radish (Raphanus Sativus) In Terms Of Average Length in Three Replications
T0 T1 T2
25.95 23.90 23.90
21.85 27.13 20.40
Average Length of 19.33 18.00 21.08
Tubers in Three 23.40 16.80 18.18
replications 24.38 24.78 23.10
21.03 22.30 27.70
25.50 22.03 22.73
22.25 24.05 26.68
19.25 21.68 23.60
19.50 20.53 22.45
Overall Mean 22.24 22.12 22.98
The table provides data on the average length of radish tubers under three fertilization treatments, evaluated
across three replications. The interpretation highlights how each treatment influences tuber development based on
recent agricultural studies
The table shows that combined chicken dung and urea had the longest average tubers (22.98 cm),
suggesting potential benefits from blending organic and synthetic fertilizers.
This implies that combined treatment achieved the highest overall performance, likely due to the
synergistic effects of organic (chicken dung). Organic matter improves soil structure and microbial activity, while
synthetic fertilizers provide readily available nutrients (Rahman et al., 2022). Chicken dung’s high organic content
supports steady nutrient release and enhances soil health, fostering favorable conditions for tuber elongation (Ali et
al., 2020).
Another implication is that combined treatment (Plot 2) achieved the highest overall performance, likely
due to the synergistic effects of organic (chicken dung) and control. Organic matter improves soil structure and
microbial activity, while synthetic fertilizers provide readily available nutrients (Rahman et al., 2022).
Table 5. Yield of the Radish (Raphanus Sativus) In Terms Of Average Circumference in Three Replications
T0 T1 T2
13.00 12.00 12.75
11.75 11.75 11.25
Average Circumference 12.50 12.25 12.25
of Tubers in Three 13.25 12.25 12.75
replications 14.00 13.75 12.75
15.50 11.25 13.75
13.00 12.50 13.25
12.50 13.25 11.25
12.50 14.75 14.25
13.00 13.00 13.00
Overall Mean 13.10 12.68 12.73
The table presents data on the average circumference of radish tubers under three different fertilization
treatments across three replications. The interpretation is supported by recent agricultural research and highlights the
implications of each treatment for tuber development.
Control produced the largest average tuber circumference (13.10 cm), suggesting its strong role in
promoting tuber size due to its high nitrogen content. Combined Chicken Dung and Urea performed slightly better
than Chicken Dung alone (12.73 cm), indicating some synergy between organic and synthetic fertilizers. However, it
did not surpass the control.
Chicken dung enhances soil organic matter and microbial activity, contributing to steady tuber growth (Ali
et al., 2020). When combined with urea, additional nitrogen boosts growth, but the benefits appear marginal
compared to u control alone.
Table 6. Yield of the Radish (Raphanus Sativus) In Terms Of Average Weight in Three Replications
T0 T1 T2
13.00 12.00 12.75
11.75 11.75 11.25
Average Weight of 12.50 12.25 12.25
Tubers in Three 13.25 12.25 12.75
replications 14.00 13.75 12.75
15.50 11.25 13.75
13.00 12.50 13.25
12.50 13.25 11.25
12.50 14.75 14.25
13.00 13.00 13.00
Overall Mean 13.10 12.68 12.73
The table presents the average weight of radish tubers under three fertilization treatments across three
replications. The data provides insight into the effects of different fertilization methods on tuber weight, a key
parameter of yield quality.
Control yielded the highest overall tuber weight (13.10 g), suggesting its effectiveness in enhancing
biomass production through nitrogen availability.
Chicken Dung displayed moderate performance (12.68 g), attributed to its ability to enhance soil structure
and nutrient availability over time. Organic fertilizers like chicken dung enrich soil with organic matter, fostering
better water retention and microbial activity, which indirectly benefit tuber growth (Ali et al., 2020).
Combined Fertilizer provided slightly higher weights than Chicken Dung alone (12.73 g), demonstrating a
potential synergistic effect of combining organic and synthetic fertilizers.
Table 7. Significant Difference Of The Average Growth In Terms Of Height Of Radish Planted Separately In 3
Plots (With Chicken Dung, With Combined Chicken Dung And Urea) In 15 Days.
HEIGHT DIFFERENCE IN 15 DAYS
ANOVA
MEANS
Sum of Df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Between Groups 2.470 2 1.235 1.612 .218
Within 20.680 27 .766
Groups
Total 23.150 29
The table presents an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the difference in height of radish plants over 15
days under different fertilization treatments. The key metrics (Sum of Squares, degrees of freedom, Mean Square, F-
statistic, and significance value) allow the researcher to determine if the differences between the groups are
statistically significant.
The p-value 0.218 indicates that the observed differences in plant height between treatments are not
statistically significant at the conventional 0.05 level.
The ANOVA results suggest that the differences in plant height after 15 days between the three treatments
(No Fertilizer, Chicken Dung, Combined Chicken Dung and Urea) are not statistically significant. The lack of
significant differences indicates that, during this early growth phase, the type of fertilization used did not have a
pronounced impact on plant height.
Meaning, the 15-day period may be too short for the fertilizers to exhibit measurable effects on radish
growth, especially for organic fertilizers like chicken dung, which release nutrients slowly over time (Ali et al.,
2020). External factors such as soil quality, water availability, and uniform growth patterns may have masked
potential differences between treatments. A limited number of replications may have reduced the statistical power to
detect significant differences.
This finding implies that fertilization effects might become more apparent over a longer duration, as
fertilizers require time to influence plant growth significantly. Slow-releasing fertilizers, such as chicken dung,
might show delayed benefits, emphasizing the need for longer-term monitoring.
Table 8. Significant Difference of the Average Growth In Terms Of Height of Radish Planted Separately In 3
Plots (With Chicken Dung, With Combined Chicken Dung and Urea) In 30 Days
HEIGHT DIFFERENCE IN 30 DAYS
ANOVA
MEANS
Sum of Mean F Sig.
Squares Df Square
Between Groups 14.487 2 7.244 3.018 0.66
Within 64.810 27 2.400
Groups
Total 79.927 29
The table presents an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the difference in radish plant height over 30 days
across three different fertilization treatments. The key metrics (Sum of Squares, degrees of freedom, Mean Square,
F-statistic, and significance value) show the statistical difference differences in plant height.
The p-value 0.066 suggests that the differences between the groups are not statistically significant at the
0.05 level.
The ANOVA results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between the three
fertilization treatments of radish in terms of plant height after 30 days. The p-value of 0.066 is slightly above the
commonly used significance threshold of 0.05, which means that we fail to reject the null hypothesis that there is no
difference in the height of radish plants across the treatments.
This means that some fertilizers, especially organic ones like chicken dung, may take longer to show their
full effect on plant growth. It's possible that 30 days was not enough time for significant differences to emerge (Ali
et al., 2020). Factors such as soil quality, water availability, and other environmental conditions may have
contributed to the lack of significant differences between treatments. Radishes might show slow or uniform growth
over the first 30 days, with more pronounced differences emerging only later in the growing period.
This implies that the effects of different fertilizers on radish growth would become more apparent over a
longer period. Organic fertilizers like chicken dung release nutrients gradually, which might not be evident within
the first month of growth (Rahman et al., 2022). While no significant difference was found, it doesn’t mean
fertilizers have no effect; the experimental period may need to be extended to capture more noticeable changes.
Table 9. Significant Difference of the Average Growth In Terms Of Height of Radish Planted Separately In 3
Plots (With Chicken Dung, With Combined Chicken Dung and Urea) In 40 Days
HEIGHT DIFFERENCE IN 40 DAYS
ANOVA
MEANS
Sum of Mean F Sig.
Squares Df Square
Between Groups 67.151 2 33.575 16.298 0.000
Within 55.621 27 2.060
Groups
Total 122.772 29
*The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
The table presents an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the difference in weight of radish tubers after 40
days across three different fertilization treatments. The table provides key metrics, including the Sum of Squares,
degrees of freedom (df), Mean Square, F-statistic, and the significance value (p-value), which allow the researcher
to evaluate whether the fertilization treatments had a statistically significant effect on tuber weight.
The p-value 0.000 shows that there is highly significant deference (p < 0.001), between the treatments. This
means that there is a statistically significant difference in the weight of radish tubers after 40 days between the three
fertilization treatments. The p-value of 0.000 (which is much smaller than the commonly used significance threshold
of 0.05) suggests that the fertilization treatments had a clear and measurable effect on the tuber weight.
The F-statistic of 16.298 further shows that the variability between the fertilization treatments is much
greater than the variability within the groups, reinforcing the idea that the fertilizer treatments significantly affected
the radish tuber weight.
Meaning, the treatments, particularly those with chicken dung, or their combination, may have provided
essential nutrients, boosting the growth and weight of the tubers. By 40 days, radishes are likely reaching maturity,
allowing the effects of fertilizers to manifest more clearly. Fertilizers that provide readily available nutrients (e.g.,
urea) may have had a faster and more noticeable effect. Fertilizer types differ in their release rates and nutrient
availability. Organic fertilizers like chicken dung release nutrients more slowly over time, while synthetic fertilizers
like urea provide nutrients more quickly, which might explain differences in tuber weight.
This finding suggests that the choice of fertilizer can have a significant impact on the weight of radish
tubers, especially after an extended growing period (like 40 days). The combination of chicken dung and urea
appears to be a promising treatment, based on the observed differences in tuber weight. The results highlight the
importance of fertilizer management for improving crop yield. Different fertilizers can optimize growth depending
on plant needs and growth stages.
Looking at the means in table 3, as confirmed by Tukey HSD, the plot with the highest mean is plot 1
(radish applied with chicken Dung) (Overall mean is 33.70). This means that Chicken Dung produced radish with
better growth in terms of height.
Table 10. Significant difference of the Average Length of Tubers of Radish Planted Separately in 3 Plots (With
Chicken Dung, With Combined Chicken Dung and Urea).
DIFFERENCE IN LENGTH OF TUBERS
ANOVA
Sum of Mean F Sig.
Squares Df Square
Between Groups 4.344 2 2.172 .273 .763
Within 214.820 27 7.956
Groups
Total 219.164 29
MEANS
The table reports the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) results for the comparison of tuber lengths across
four plots (treatment groups).
Since the p-value (0.763) is higher than 0.05, the result is much higher than the conventional significance
threshold of 0.05, indicating that the variation in tuber length observed between the groups is not significant.
The results suggest that other factors, not the type of treatment, may be influencing tuber length. Thus,
based on these findings, it can be concluded that the treatments tested do not significantly impact the length of the
tubers, and additional research may be required to investigate other variables that could influence growth.
This implies that fertilizer treatments did not yield significant differences due to pre-existing nutrient levels
or suboptimal application rates (Ahmad et al., 2018; Gómez-Muñoz et al., 2020).
Table 11. Significant difference of the Average circumference of Tubers of Radish Planted Separately in 3 Plots
(No Fertilizer, With Chicken Dung, With Combined Chicken Dung and Urea).
DIFFERENCE IN CIRCUMFERENCE
ANOVA
Sum of Mean F Sig.
Squares Df Square
Between Groups 1.138 2 .569 .559 .578
Within 27.451 27 1.017
Groups
Total 28.589 29
MEANS
The table reports the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) results for the comparison of tuber lengths across
three plots (treatment groups).
Since the p-value (0.578) is greater than 0.05, the result is much lower than the conventional significance
threshold of 0.05, suggesting that the type of treatment applied does not have a significant effect on the tuber
circumference.
The results from both the ANOVA and the Tukey HSD post hoc test suggest that the type of treatment
(Chicken Dung, or Chicken Dung with urea) does not significantly affect the circumference of the tubers.
This finding supports the previous study of Gomez-Munoz [Link] (2020) who found out that organic and inorganic
fertilizers had no significant impact on root crop dimensions when applied to nutrient-rich soils. The study
emphasized that fertilizer effects depend heavily on initial soil fertility.
Table 12. Significant difference of the Average weight of Tubers of Radish Planted Separately in 3 Plots (With
Chicken Dung, With Combined Chicken Dung and Urea).
DIFFERENCE IN WEIGHT OF TUBERS
ANOVA
MEANS
Sum of Mean F Sig.
Squares Df Square
The
Between Groups .180 2 .090 .470 .630
F-
Within 5.167 27 .191
Groups
Total 5.347 29
statistic of 0.470 and p-value of 0.630 (p < 0.05) indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between
the groups.
The variability within the groups. The Sum of Squares between the groups is 0.180, which is small when
compared to the within-group sum of squares of 5.167.
This finding contradicts to the result of the study of Chowdhury et al. (2021) which shows that radish
grown with combined chicken manure and urea produced significantly heavier tubers, as the organic component
enhanced soil health while the inorganic fertilizer provided readily available nutrients.
The ANOVA and Tukey HSD results indicate that the type of fertilizer (Chicken Dung, Urea, or Combined
Chicken Dung and Urea) does not have a significant effect on the average weight of the tubers.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Chicken dung significantly enhanced the growth of radish, particularly in plant height by Day 40,
demonstrating its effectiveness an organic fertilizer. However, combining chicken dung with urea did not
outperform chicken dung alone in growth or yield.
2. Organic fertilizer (chicken dung) provided consistent growth by improving soil fertility through
slow nutrient release. While the combination of chicken dung and urea showed some synergistic effects,
these were not statistically significant, emphasizing the need for optimization in combined fertilizer applications.
For Farmers:
1. Use chicken dung as a primary fertilizer to enhance radish growth while promoting sustainable farming
practices.
2. Combine organic and inorganic fertilizers judiciously to balance rapid nutrient availability with long-term
soil health benefits.
For Researchers:
1. Conduct longer-term studies to better understand the cumulative effects of combined fertilizers on yield
and soil quality.
2. Explore varying application rates and ratios of organic and inorganic fertilizers for optimal growth and
yield outcomes.
For Sustainable Agriculture:
1. Promote the use of organic fertilizers like chicken dung to reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers and
minimize environmental risks.
2. Implement integrated nutrient management practices to achieve higher productivity without compromising
soil health.
REFERENCES
Ali, M. S., Majumder, D., Talukder, S. K., Zahid, Z. H., Datta, P., Rahman, M. J. and Hossen, K. (2023). Effect of
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coastal zone of Bangladesh. Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, 10(1), 53-60.
[Link]
Chowdhury, N., et al. (2021). Comparative Effects of Organic and Combined Fertilizers on Radish Growth.
International Journal of Horticulture, 34(3), 156–164.
Kumar, P., Shukla, Y. R. and Kumar, R. (2013) Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on seed yield
and contributing characters in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Chinese Pink. Advance Research Journal of
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Rahman, T., Alam, M., & Hossain, M. (2022). "Optimizing fertilizer blends for enhanced crop productivity."
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Zhang, W., Liu, J., & Zhao, H. (2021). "Nutrient interactions in combined organic and synthetic fertilizer
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