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XI PHYSICS PROBLEM
1. NATURE OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD AND MEASUREMENT
PROBLEM
1.1 A laser signal is beamed towards a distant planet from the earth and its reflection
is received after seven minutes. If the distance between the planet and the earth
is 6.3 x 1010m calculate the velocity of the signal.
1.2. A goldsmith put a ruby in a box weighing 1.2kg. Find the total mass of the box
ruby applying principle of significant figures. The mass of the ruby is 5.42 g
h
1.3. Check whether the equation   is dimensionally correct (  -wavelength , h-
mv
Planck’s constant , m – mass , v – velocity
1.4. Multiply 2.2 and 0.225. Give the answer correct to significant figures.
1.5 Convert 76 cm mercury pressure into N m-2 using the method of dimensions.
1.24. How many astronomical units are there in 1 metre?
1.25. If mass of an electron is 9.11 x 10-31 kg how many electrons would weigh 1 kg
1.26. In a submarine fitted with a sonar the time delay between generation of a signal
and reception of its echo after reflection from on enemy ship is observed to 73.0
seconds. If the speed of second in water is 1450 ms-1 then calculate the distance of
the enemy ship.
1.27 State the number of significant figures in the following
i) 600900 ii) 5212.0 iii) 6.320 iv) 0.0631 v) 2.64 x 1024
1.28. Find the value of  2 correct to significant figures if  = 3.14
1.29.

1.30.
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5.74 g of a substance occupies a volume of 1.2 cm3. Calculate its density applying
the principle of significant figures.
The length, breath and thickness of a react angular plate are 4.234 m , 1.005 m
and 2.01cm respectively. Find the total area and volume of the plate correct
significant figures.
1.31. The length of a rod is measured as 25.0 cm using a scale having an accuracy of
0.1 cm. Determine the percentage error in length.
1.32 Obtain by dimensional analysis an expression for the surface tension of a liquid
rising in a capillary tube. Assume that the surface tension T depends on
mass m of liquid , pressure P of the liquid radius r of the capillary tube
1
(Take the constant k =
2
1.33 The force F acting on a body moving in a circular path depends on mass m of the
body, velocity  and radius r of the circular path. Obtain an expression for the
force by dimensional analysis (Take the value of k = 1)
1.34 Check the correctness of the following equation by dimensional analysis.
mv 2
i) F  where F is force, m is mass,  is velocity and r is radius
r2
1 g
ii) n  where n is frequency, g is acceleration due to gravity and l is length.
2 l
1
iii) mv 2  mgh 2 where m is mass, v is velocity, g is acceleration.
2

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1.35 Convert using dimensional analysis.

18 5
i) kmph into m s-1 ii) ms 1 into length iii) 13.6 cm-3 into kg m-3
5 18
2. Kinetics
Solved Problem
2.1. The driver of a car travelling at 72 kmph observes the light 300m ahead of him
turning red. The traffic light is timed to remain red for 20s before it turns green. If
the motorist wishes to passes the light without stopping to wait for it to turn
green, determine i) the required uniform acceleration of the car
ii) the speed with which the motorist crosses the traffic light.
2.2. A stone is dropped from the top of the tower 50m high. At the same time another
stone is thrown up from the foot of the tower with a velocity of 25 m s-1. At what
distance from the top and after how much time the stones cross each other?
2.3 A boy throws a ball so that it may just clear a wall 3.6 m high. The boy is at a
distance of 4.8 m from the wall. The ball was found to hit the ground at a distance
of 3.6m on the other side of the wall. Find the least velocity with which the ball
can be thrown.
2.4 Prove that for a given velocity of projection, the horizontal range is same for two
angles of projection  and  900   
2.5 The pilot of an aeroplane flying horizontally at a height of 2000 m with a constant
speed of 540 kmph wishes to hit a target on the ground. At what distance from the
target should release the bomb to hit the target
2.6

2.7
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Two equal forces are acting at a point with an angle of 600 between them . If the
resultant force is equal to 20 3 N, find the magnitude of each force.
If two forces F1 = 20 kN and F2 = 15 kN act on a particle as shown in figure , find
their resultant by triangle law.

2.8 Two forces act at a point in direction inclined to each other at 1200. If the bigger
force is 5kg wt and their resultant is at right angles to the smaller force, find the
resultant and the smaller force.
2.9 Determine analytically the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the
following forces acting at a point.
i) 10 kN pull N 300 E; ii) 20 kN push S 450W.
iii) 5 kN push N 600W iv) 15kN push S 600 E.
2.10 A machine weighing 1500 N is supported by two chains attached to some point on
the machine. One of these ropes goes to a nail in the wall and is inclined at 300 to
the horizontal and other goes to the hook in ceiling and is inclined at 450 to the
horizontal. Find the tensions in the two chains.
2.11 The radius of curvature of a railway line at a place when a train is moving with a
speed of 72 kmph is 1500 m. If the distance between the rails is 1.54m, find the
elevation of the outer rail above the inner rail so that there is no side pressure on
the rails.
2.12 A truck of weight 2 tonners is slipped form a train travelling at 9 kmph and comes
to rest in 2 minutes. Find the retarding force on the track.

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2.13 A body of mass 2 kg initially at rest is moved by a horizontal force of 0.5N on a

smooth frictionless table. Obtain the work done by the force in 8s and show this is
equal to change in kinetic energy of the body.
2.14 A body is thrown vertically up from the gorind with a velocity of 39.2 m s-1. At
what height will its kinetic energy be reduced to one-fourth of its original kinetic
energy.
2.15 A 10g bullet is fired from a rifle horizontally into a 5kg block of wood suspended by
a string and the bullet gets embedded in the block. The impact causes the block to
swing to a height of 5cm above its initial level. Calculate the initial velocity of the
bullet.
Problem
2.44 Determine the initial velocity and acceleration of particle travelling with uniform
acceleration in a straight line if it travels 55 m in the 8th second and 85m in the
13th second of its motion.
2.45 An aeroplane takes off at an angle of 450 to the horizontal. If the vertical
component of its velocity is 300 kmph, calculate its actual velocity. What is the
horizontal component of velocity?
2.46 A force is inclined at 600 to the horizontal. If the horizontal component of force is
40 kg wt, calculate the vertical component.
2.47 A body is projected upwards with a velocity of 30 m s-1 at an angle of 300 with the
horizontal. Determine (a) the time of flight b) the range of the body and
c) the maximum height attained by the body.
2.48 The horizontal range of a projectile is 4 3 times its maximum height. Find the

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angle of projection.
2.49 A body is projected at such an angle that the horizontal range is 3 times the
greatest height. Find the angle of projection.
2.50 An elevator is required to lift a body of mass 65kg. Find the acceleration of the
elevator, which could cause a reaction of 800 N on the floor.
2.51 A body whose mass is 6kg is acted on by a force which changes its velocity from 3
ms-1 to 5 ms-1. Find the impulse of the force. If the force is acted for 2 seconds ,
find the force in newton.
2.52 A cricket ball of mass 150g moving at 36 m s-1 strikes a bat and returns back
along the same line at 21m s-1. What is the change in momentum produced? If the
bat remains in contact with the ball for 1/20 s, what is the average force exerted
in newton.
2.53 Two forces of magnitude 12 N and 8 N are acting at a point. If the angle between
the two forces is 600, determine the magnitude of the resultant force?
2.54 The sum of two forces inclined to each other at an angle is 18 kg wt and their
resulatant which is perpendicular to the smaller force is 12kg wt Find the forces
and the angle between them.
2.55 A weight of 20 kN supported by two cords, one 3 m long and the other 4m long
with points of support 5m apart. Find the tensions T1 and T2 in the cords.
2.56 The following forces act at a point
i) 20 N inclined at 300 towards North of East ii) 25 N towards North
iii) 30 N inclined at 450 towards North of West
iv) 35 N inclined at 400 towards South of West

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2.57 Find the magnitude of the two forces wuch that it they are at right angles, their
resultant is 10 N. But if they act at 600, their resultant is 13 N.
2.58 At what angle must a railway track with a bend of radius 880 m be banked for the
safe running of a train at a velocity of 44 m s-1?
2.59 A railway engine of mass 60 tonnes, is moving in an arc of radius 200 m with a
velocity of 36 kmph. Find the force exerted on the rails towards the centre of
the circle.
2.60 A horse pulling a cart exerts a steady horizontal pull of 300 N and walks at the
rate 4.5 kmph. How much work is done by the horse in 5 minutes?
2.61 A ball is thrown downward fro a height of 30 m with a velocity of 10m s-1.
Determine the velocity with which the ball strikes the ground by using law of
conservation of energy.
2.62 What is the work done by a man in carrying a suitcase weighing 30kg over his
head, when the travels a distance of 10m in i) vertical and ii) horizontal directions?
2.63. Two masses of 2 kg and 5kg are moving with equal kinetic energies. Find the ratio
of magnitude of respective linear momenta.
2.64 A man weighing 60 kg runs up a flight of stairs 3m high in 4s. Calculate the power
developed by him.
2.65 A motor boat moves at a steady speed of 8 ms-1, If the water resistance to the
motion of the boat is 2000N, calculate the power of the engine.
2.66 Two blocks of mass 300kg and 200 kg are moving toward each other along a
horizontal frictionless surface with velocities of 50 ms-1 and 100 ms-1 respectively.
Find the final velocity of each block if the collision is completely elastic.

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Solved problem
3. Dynamics of Rotational Motion

3.1. A system consisting of two masses connected by a massless rod lies along the x-
axis. A 0.4 kg mass is at a distance x  2 m while a 0.6 kg mass is at x  7 m. Find
the x coordinate of the centre of mass.
3.2 Locate the centre of mass of a system of bodies of masses m1=1 kg, m2 = 2 kg
and m3 = 3 kg situated at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side 1m.
3.3 A circular disc of mass m and radius r is set rolling on a table. If  is its angular
velocity, show that its total energy E  3 mr 2 2
4
3.4 A thin metal ring of diameter 0.6m and mass 1kg starts from rest and rolls down
on an inclined plane. Irs linear velocity on reaching the foot of the plane is 5 m s-1,
calculate i) the moment of inertia of the ring and ii) the kinetic enrgy of rotation at
that instant.
3.5 A solid cylinder of mass 200kg rotates about its axis with angular speed 100 s-1.
The radius of the cylinder is 0.25m. What is the kinetic energy associated with the
rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of the angular momentum of the
cylinder about its axis?
3.6 Calculate the radius of gyration of a rod of mass 100 g and length 100 cm about
an axis passing through its centre of gravity and perpendicular to its length.
3.7 A circular disc of mass 100g and radius 10cm is making 2 revolution per second
about an axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to its plane.
Calculator its kinetic energy.

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3.8 Staring from rest, the flywheel of a motor attains an angular velocity 100 rad/s
from rest 10s. Calculate i) angular acceleration and ii) angular displacement in 10
seconds .
3.9 A disc of radius 5cm has moment of inertia of 0.02 kg m2. A force of 20 N is
applied tangentially to the surface of the disc. Find the angular acceleration
produced.
3.10 From the figure find the moment of the force 45 N about A?

Problem
3.25 A person weighing 45 kg sits on one end of a seasaw while a boy of 15 kg sits on
the other end. If they are separated by 4 m, how from the boy is the centre of mass
situated. Neglect weight of the seasaw.
3.26 Three bodies of masses 2kg , 4kg and 6 kg are located at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle of side 0.5m. Find the centre of mass of this collection, giving
its coordinates in terms of a system with its origin at the 2kg body and with the
4kg body located along the positive X axis.
3.27 Four bodies of masses 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg and 4 kg are at the vertices of a rectangle of
sides a and b. If a =1 m and b = 2m , find the location of the centre of mass.
(Assume that, 1 kg mass is at the origin of the system, 2 kg body is situated along
the positive x axis and 4 kg along the y axis.
3.28 Assuming a dumb bell shape for the carbon monoxide (CO) molecule, find the
distance of the centre of mass of the molecule from the carbon atom in terms of
the distance d between the carbon and the oxygen atom. The atomic mass of

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carbon is 12 amu and for oxygen is 16 amu. (1 amu = 1.67 x 10-27 kg)
3.29 A solid sphere of mass of 50g and diameter 2cm rolls without sliding with a
uniform velocity of 5 ms-1 along a straight line on a smooth horizontal table.
Calculate its total kinetic energy.
1 1
(Note : Ek = mv 2  I  2
2 2
3.30 Compute the rotational kinetic energy of a 2kg wheel rotating at 6 revolutions per
second if the radius of gyration of the wheel is 0.22 m.
3.31 The cover of a jar has a diameter of 8cm. Two equal, but oppositely directed ,
forces of 20N act parallel to the rim of the lid to turn it. What is the magnitude of
the applied torque?
4. GRAVITATION AND SPACE SCIENCE
Solved problem
4.1. Calculate the force of attraction between two bodies, each of mass 200kg and 2m
apart on the surface of the Earth. Will the force of attraction be different, if the
same bodies are placed on the moon, keeping the separation same?
4.2 The acceleration due to gravity at the moon’s surface is 1.67 ms-2. If the radius of
the moon is 1.74 x 106 m, calculate the mass of the moon.
4.3 Calculate the height above the Earth’s surface at which the value of acceleration
due to gravity reduces to half its value on the Earth’s surface. Assume the Earth
to be a sphere of radius 6400 km.
4.4 Determine the escape speed of a body on the moon. Given : radius of the moon is
1.74 x 106 m and mass of the moon is 7.36 x 1022 kg.

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4.5 The mass of the Earth is 81 times that of the moon and the distance from the
centre of the Earth to that of the moon is about 4 x 105 km. Calculate the distance
from the centre of the Earth the resultant gravitational force becomes zero when a
spacecraft is launched from the Earth to the moon.
4.6 A stone of mass 12kg falls on the Earth’s surface. If the mass of the Earth is about
6 x 1024 kg and acceleration due to gravity is 9.8ms-2. Calculate the acceleration
produced on the Earth by the stone.
4.7 The maximum height upto which astronaut can jump on the Earth is 0.75m. With
the same effort, to what height can he jump on the moon? The mean density of the
moon is (2/3) that of the Earth and the radius of the moon is (1/4) that of
the Earth.
4.8 Three point masses, each of mass m, are placed at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle of side  . What is the gravitational field and potential due to the three
masses at the controid of the triangle.
Problems
4.41 Two spheres of masses 10kg and 20kg are 5m apart. Calculate the force of
attraction between the masses.
4.42 What will be the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon, if its
1 1
radius is th the radius of the Earth and its mass is th the mass of the Earth?
4 80
(Take g as 9.8 ms-2)
4.43 The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the moon is 1.67 ms-2. The mass
of the Earth is about 81 times more massive than the moon. What is the ratio of

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the radius of the Earth to that of the moon?
4.44 If the diameter of the Earth becomes two times its present value and its mass
remains unchanged, then how would the weight of an object on the surface of the
Earth be affected?
4.45 Assuming the Earth to be a sphere of uniform density how much would a body
weigh fourth down to the centre of the Earth, if it weighed 250 N on the surface?
4.46. What is the value of acceleration due to gravity at an altitude of 500 km? The
radius of the Earth is 6400 km.
4.47 What is the acceleration due to gravity at a distance from the centre of the Earth
equal to the diameter of the Earth?
4.48 What should be the angular velocity of the Earth , so that bodies lying on equator
may appear weightless? How many times this angular velocity is faster than the
present angular velocity? (Given; g = 9.8 ms-2 ; R = 6400 km)
4.49 Calculate the speed with which a body has to be projected vertically from the
Earth’s surface, so that it escapes the Earth’s gravitational influence.
( R = 6.4 x 103 km ; g = 9.8 ms-2)
4.50 Jupiter has a mass 318 times that of the Earth and its radius is 11.2 times the
radius of the Earth, calculate the escape the escape of a body from Jupiter’s
surface. (Given : escape speed on Earth is 11.2 km/s)
4.51 A satellite is revolving in circular orbit at a height of 1000 km from the surface of
the Earth. Calculate the orbital velocity and time of revolution. The radius of the
Earth is 6400 km and the mass of the Earth is 6 x 1024 kg.

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4.52 An artificial satellite revolves around the Earth at a distance of 3400 km.
Calculate its orbital velocity and period of revolution. Radius of the
Earth = 6400 km; g = 9.8 ms-2.
4.53 A satellite of 600 kg orbits the Earth of a height of 500 km from its surface.
Calculate it’s i) Kinetic energy ii) potential energy iii) Total energy
(M=6 x 1024 kg , R = 6.4 x 106 m)
4.54. A satellite revolves in an orbit close to the surface of a planet of density
6300 kg m-3. Calculate the time period of the satellite. Take the radius of the
planet as 6400 km.
4.55 a spaceship is launched into a circular orbit close to the Earth’s surface. What
additional velocity has to be imparted to the spaceship in the orbit to overcome the
gravitational pull. (R = 6400 km, g = 9.8 ms-2)
5. Mechanics of Solids and Fluids
Problems
5.1. A 50 kg mass is suspended from one end of a wire of length 4m and diameter
3mm whose other end is fixed. What will be the elongation of the wire?
Take q=7 x 1010 N m-2 for the material of the wire.
5.2 A sphere contracts in volume by 0.01% when taken to the bottom of sea 1km
deep. If the density of sea water is 103 kg m-3, find the bulk modulus of the
material of the sphere.
5.3 A hydraulic automobile lift is designed to lift cars with a maximum mass of
3000kg. The area of cross – section of the piston carrying the load is
425 x 10-4m2. What maximum pressure would the piston have to bear?

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5.4 A square plate of 0.1m side moves parallel to another plate with a velocity of
0.1 m s-1, both plates being immersed in water. If the viscous force is 2 x 10-3N
and viscosity of water is 10-3N s m-2, find their distance of separation.
5.5 Determine the velocity for air flowing through a tube of 10-2m radius.
For air p = 1.3 kg m-3 and   187 107 N s m2
5.6 Fine particles of sand are shaken up in water contained in a tall cylinder. If the
depth of water in the cylinder is 0.3 m, calculate the size of the largest particle of
sand that can remain suspended after 40 minutes. Assume density of sand = 2600
kg m-3 and viscosity of water = 10-3N s m-2
5.7 A circular wire loop of 0.03 radius is rested on the surface of a liquid and then
raised. The pull required is 0.003 kg wt greater than the force acting after the film
breaks. Find the surface tension of the liquid.
5.8 Calculate the diameter of a capillary tube in which mercury is depressed by
2.219 mm. Given T for mercury is 0.54 N m-1, angle of contact is 1400 and density
of mercury is 13600 kg m-3
5.9 Calculate the energy required to split a water drop of radius 1 x 10-3m into one
thousand million droplets of same size. Surface tension of water = 0.072 N m-1
5.10 Calculate the minimum pressure required to force the blood from the heart to the
top of the head is (a vertical distance of 0.5m). Given density of blood
= 1040 kg m-3, Neglect friction.
Problem
5.39 A wire of diameter 2.5 mm is stretched by a force of 980 N . If the Young’s
modulus of the wire is 12.5 x 1010 N m-2, find the percentage increase in the
length of the wire.

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5.40 Two wires are made of same material. The length of the first wire is half of the
second wire and its diameter is double that of second wire. If equal loads are
applied on both the wires , find the ratio of increase in their lengths.
5.41 The diameter of a brass rod is 4mm. Calculate the stress and strain when it is
stretched by 0.25% of its length. Find the force exerted.
Given q = 9.2 x 1010 N m-2 for brass.
5.42 Calculate the volume change of a solid copper cube, 40 mm on each side, when
subjected to a pressure of 2 x 107 pa. Bulk modulus of copper is 1.25 x 1011 N m-2
5.43 In a hydraulic lift, the piston P2 has a diameter of 50 cm and that of P1 is 10cm.
What is the force on P2 when 1 N of force is applied on P1?
5.44 Calculate the mass of water flowing in 10 minutes through a tube of radius 10-2m
and length 1m having a constant pressure of 0.2m of water. Assume coefficient of
viscosity of water = 9 x 10-4N s m-2 and g = 9.8 m s-2
5.45 A liquid flows through a pipe of 10-3 m radius and 0.1m length under a pressure of
103 Pa. If the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid is 1.25 x 10-3 N s m-2, calculate
the rate of flow and the speed of the liquid coming out of the pipe.
5.46 For cylindrical pipes , Reynold’s number is nearly 2000. If the diameter of a pipe is
2cm and water flows through it, determine the velocity of the flow. Take  for
water = 10-3 N s m-2.
5.47 In a Poiseuille’s flow experiment , the following are noted.
i) Volume of liquid discharged per minute = 15 x 10-6 m3
ii) Head of liquid = 0.30 m
iii) Length of tube = 0.25 m

5.48
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iv) Diameter
v) Density of liquid
Calculate the co-efficient of viscocity.
= 2 x 10-3m
= 2300 kg m-3.

An air bubble of 0.01m radius raises steadily at a speed of 5 x 10-3 m s-1

through a liquid of density 800 kg m-3. Find the coefficient of viscosity of the
liquid. Neglect the density of air.
5.49 Calculate the viscous force on a ball of radius 1mm moving through a liquid of
viscosity 0.2 N s m-2 at a speed of 0.07 m s-1.
5.50 A U shaped wire is dipped in soap solution. The thin soap film formed between the
wire and a slider supports a weight of 1.5 x 10-2N. If the length of the slider is
30cm, calculate the surface tension of the film.
5.51 Calculate the force required to remove a flat circular plate of radius 0.02 m from
the surface of water. Assume surface tension of water is 0.07 N m-1.
5.52 Find the work done in blowing up a soap bubble from an initial surface area of
0.5 x 10-4 m2 to an area 1.1 x 10-4 m2. The surface tension of soap solution is
0.03 N m-1
5.53 Determine the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of 0.5 x 10-3m
diameter. Given for water, surface tension is 0.074 N m-1.
5.54 A capillary tube of inner diameter 4mm stands vertically in a bowl of mercury. The
density of mercury is 13,500 kg m-3 and its surface tension is 0.544 N m-1. If the
level of mercury in the tube is 2.33 mm below the level outside, find the angle of
contact of mercury with glass.

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5.55 A capillary tube of inner radius 5 x 10-4 m is dipped in water of surface tension
0.075 N m-1. To what height is the water raised by the capillary action above the
water level outside. Calculate the weight of water column in the tube.
5.56 What amount of energy will be liberated if 1000 droplets of water, each of diameter
10-8m, coalesce to form a big drop. Surface tension of water is 0.075 N m-1.
5.57 Water flows through a horizontal pipe of varying cross-section. If the pressure of
water equals 2 x 10-2 m of mercury where the velocity of flow is 32 x 10-2 m s-1 find
the pressure at another point, where the velocity of flow is 40 x 10-2 ms-1.
6. OSCILLATIONS
Solved problems
6.1 Obtain an equation for the SHM of a particle whose amplitude is 0.05 m and
frequency 25Hz. The initial phase is  / 3
 
6.2 The equation of a particle executing SHM is y = 5 sin   t   . Calculate
 3
i) amplitude ii) period iii) maximum velocity and
iv) velocity after 1 second (y is in metre)
6.3 A particle executes a simple harmonic motion of time period T. Find the time taken
by the particle to have a displacement from mean position equal to one half of the
amplitude.
6.4 The velocities of a particle executing SHM are 4 cm s-1 and 3 cm s-1, when its
distance from the mean position is 2 cm and 3cm respectively. Calculate its
amplitude and time period.
6.5. A circular disc of mass 10kg is suspended by a wire attached to its centre. The

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wire is twisted by rotating the disc and released. The period of torsional oscillation
is found to be 1.5 s. The radius of the disc is 15cm. Calculate the torsional spring
constant.
 
6.6 A body of mass 2kg executing SHM has displacement y = 3 sin  100t   cm.
 4
Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the body.
6.7 A block of mass 15 kg executes SHM under the restoring force of a spring. The
amplitude and the time priod of the motion are 0.1 m and 3.14s respectively. Find
the maximum force exerted by the spring on the block.
6.8 A block of mass 680 g is attached to a horizontal spring whose spring constant is
65 Nm-1. The block is pulled to a distance of 11 cm from the mean position and
released from rest. Calculate : i) angular frequency, frequency and time period
ii) displacement of the system iii) maximum speed and acceleration of the system

6.9 A mass of kg is suspended by a spring of length 60cm and force constant 4 x 103
Nm-1. If it is set into vertical oscillations, calculate the i) frequency of oscillation of
the spring and ii) the length of the stretched string.
6.10 A mass m attached to a spring oscillates every 4 seconds. If the mass is increased
by 4 kg , the period increases by 1s. Find its initial mass m.
6.11 The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon is 1.7 ms-2. What is the
time period of simple pendulum the surface of the moon, if its period on the
Earth is 3.5 s?

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6.12 A simple pendulum has a period 4.2 s. When the pendulum is shortened by 1m
the period is 3.7 s. Calculate its i) acceleration due to gravity
ii) original length of the pendulum.
Problems
6.38 Obtain an equation for the SHM of a particle of amplitude 0.5m, frequency 50Hz.

The initial phase is . Find the displacement at t = 0.
2
6.39 The equation of SHM is represented by y= 0.25 sin (3014 t + 0.35). where y and t
are in mm and s respectively. Deduce i) amplitude ii) frequency iiii) angular
frequency iv) period and v) initial phase.
 t 
6.40 A particle executing SHM is represented by y = 2 sin  2  0  . At t = o, the
 T 
displacement is 3 cm. Find the initial phase.
6.41 A particle executing SHM has angular frequency of  rad s-1 and amplitude of 5m.
Deduce i) time period ii) maximum velocity iii) maximum acceleration
iv) velocity when the displacement is 3m
6.42 A body executes SHM with an amplitude 10cm and period 2s. Calculate the
velocity and acceleration of the body when the displacement is i) zero and ii) 6cm
6.43 A disc suspended by a wire , makes angular oscillations. When it is displaced
through 300 from the mean position, it produces a restoring torque of 4.6 Nm. If
the moment of inertia of the disc is 0.082 kg m2, calculate the frequency of
angular oscillations.

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6.44 A spring of force constant 1200 N m-1 is mounted on a horizontal table as shown
in figure. A mass of 3kg is attached to its free end and pulled side ways to a
distance of 2cm and released. Calculate i) the frequency of oscillation
ii) the maximum velocity and iii) maximum acceleration of the mass.

6.45 A mass of 0.2 kg attached to one end of a spring produces an extension of 15mm.
The mass is pulled 10mm downwards and set into vertical oscillations of
amplitude 10mm. calculate i) the period of oscillation ii) maximum kinetic energy.
6.46 A 5 kg mass is suspended by a system of two identical springs of spring constant
250 Nm-1 as shown in figure. Determine the period of oscillation the system.

6.47 A trolley of mass 2 kg is connected between two identical springs of spring

constant 400 Nm-1. If the trolley is displaced from its mean position by 3 cm and
released , calculate its i) time period ii) maximum velocity
iii) maximum kinetic energy

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6.48 A vertical U tube of uniform cross section contains water to a height of 0.3m.
Show that, if water in one of the limbs is depressed and then released, the
oscillations of the water column in the tube are SHM. Calculate its time period
also.
6.49 A bob of a simple pendulum oscillates with an amplitude of 4 cm and time period
1s. Find i) length of the pendulum and ii) velocity of the bob in the mean position.
6.50 Compare the acceleration due to gravity at two places if the time for 100
oscillations of a simple pendulum are 8 minutes 2 seconds and 8 minutes 20
seconds respectively of the two places.
6.51 A particle of mass 0.2 kg executes SHM of amplitude 2cm and time period 6s.
Calculate i) the total energy ii) kinetic and potential energy when displacement
is 1cm from the mean position
6.52 The length of a seconds pendulum in a clock is increased by 2%. How many
seconds will it lose or gain in a day?
7. WAVE MOTION
Solved problems
7.1 What is the distance travelled by sound in air when a tuning fork of frequency
256 Hz complete 25 vibrations? The speed of sound in air is 343m s-1.
7.2 Ultrasonic sound of frequency 100 kHz emitted by a bat is incident on a water
surface. Calculate the wavelength of reflected sound and transmitted sound?
(speed of sound in air 340 m s-1 and in water 1486 m s-1)
7.3 A string of mass 0.5kg and length 50m is stretched under a tension of 400N. A
transverse wave of frequency 10 Hz travels through the wire.

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i) Calculate the wave velocity and wavelength
ii) How long does the disturbance take to reach the other end?
7.4 Determine the velocity and wavelength of sound of frequency 256 Hz travelling in
water of Bulk modulus 0.022 x 1011 Pa
7.5 Calculate the speed of longitudinal wave in air at 270 C (The molecular mass of air
is 28.8 g mol-1.  for air is 1.4. R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1)
7.6 For air at NTP, the density is 0.001293 g cm-3. Calculate the velocity of
longitudinal wave i) using Newton’s formula ii) Laplace’s correction.
7.7 The velocity of sound at 270C is 347 m s-1. Calculate the velocity of sound in
air at 6270C.
7.8 The equation of a progressive wave is y = 0.50 sin (500 t – 0.025 x), where y, t
and x are in cm, second and metre. Calculate i) amplitude ii) angular frequency
iii) period iv) wavelength and v) speed of propagation of wave.
7.9 A source of sound radiates energy uniformly in all directions at a rate of 2 watt.
Find the intensity i) in W m-2 and ii) in decibels, at a point 20 m from
the source.
7.10 Two tuning forks A and B when sounded together produce 4 beats. If A is in
unison with the 0.96 m length of a sonometer wire under a tension, B is in unison
with 0.97 m length of the same wire under same tension. Calculate the
frequencies of the forks.
7.11 A string of length 1 m and mass 5 x 10-4 kg fixed at both ends is under a tension
of 20N. If it vibrates in two segments, determine the frequency of vibration
of the string.

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7.12 A stretched string made a aluminum is vibrating at its fundamental frequency of

512 Hz. What is the fundamental frequency of a second string made from the
same material which has a diameter and length twice that of the original and
which is subjected to three times the force of the original?
7.13 The third overtone of a closed pipe is found to be in unison with the first overtone
of an open pipe. Determine the ratio of the lengths of the pipes.
7.14 The shortest length of air in a resonance tube which resonates with a tuning fork
of frequency 256 Hz is 32 cm. The corresponding length for the fork of frequency
384 Hz is 20.8 cm. Calculate the end correction and velocity of sound in air.
7.15 A railway engine and a car are moving parallel but in opposite direction with
velocities 144 km/hr and 72 km/hr respectively. The frequency of engine’s whistle
is 500 Hz and the velocity of sound is 340 m s-1. Calculate the frequency of sound
heard in the car when i) the car and engine are approaching each other ii) both are
moving away from each other.
Problems
7.41 A wave of length 0.60 cm is produced in air and travels with a velocity of
340 m s-1. Will it be audiable to human ear?
7.42 The velocity of sound in water is 1480 m s-1. Find the frequency of sound wave
such that its wavelength in water is the same as the wavelength in air of a sound
wave of frequency 1000Hz. (The velocity of sound in air is 340 m s-1)
 7
7.43 Calculate the ratio of velocity of sound in hydrogen     to that in helium
 3
 5

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    at the same temperature.
 3
7.44 The equation of a progressive wave travelling along the axis is given by
Y=10 sin   2t  0.01 x  where y and x are in m and t in s. Calculate
i) amplitude ii) frequency and wavelength iii) wave velocity.
7.45 If the intensity is increased by a factor 60, by how many decibels the sound level is
increased.
7.46 Two sound waves, originating from the same source, travel along different paths in
air and then meet at a point. If the source vibrates at a frequency of 1.0 kHz and
one path is 83 cm longer than the other, what will be the nature of interference?
The speed of second in air is 332m s-1.
7.47 In an experiment m the tuning fork and sonometer give 5 beats per second, when
their lengths are 1m and 1.05m respectively. Calculate the frequency of the fork.
7.48 A steel wire of length 1.2 m with a tension of 9.8 N is found to resonate in five
segments at a frequency of 240 Hz. Find the mass of the string.
7.49 How can a stretched string of length 114 cm be divided into three segments so
that the fundamental frequency of the three segments be in the ratio of 1 : 3 : 4.
7.50 An open organ pipe has fundamental frequency of 240 Hz. The first overtone of a
closed organ pipe has the same frequency as the first overtone of the open pipe.
How long is each pipe? Velocity of sound at room temperature is 350 ms-1.
7.51 A tuning fork of frequency 800 Hz produces resonance in a resonance column
apparatus. If successive resonances are produced at lengths 9.75 cm and
31.25 cm, calculate the velocity of sound in air.

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7.52 A train standing at a signal of a railway station blows a whistle of frequency 256Hz
in air. Calculate the frequency of the sound as heard by a person standing on the
platform when the train i) approaches the platform with a speed of 40 m s-1
ii) recedes from the platform with the same speed.
7.53 A whistle of frequency 480 Hz rotates in a circle of radius 1.25m at an angular
speed of 16.0 rad s-1. What is the lowest and highest frequency heard by a listener
a long distance away at rest with respect to the centre of the circle. The velocity of
sound is 340 m s-1.
7.54 Two tuning forks A and B when sounded together give 4 beats per second. The
fork A is in resonance with a closed column of air o length 15 cm , while the
second is in resonance with an open column of length 30.5 cm. Calculate their
frequencies.
8. Heart and Thermodynamics
Solved problem
8.1. At what temperature will the RMS velocity of a gas be tripled its value at NTP?
8.2 Calculate the number of degrees of freedom in 15cm3 of nitrogen at NTP.
8.3 A gas is a mixture of 2 moles of oxygen and 4 moles of argon at temperature
T.Neglecting vibrational modes, show that the energy of the system is 11 RT where
R is the universal gas constant.
8.4 Two cannot engines A and B are operating in series. The first one A receives heat
at 600 K and rejects to a reservoir at temperature T. The second engine B receives
the heat rejected by A and in turn rejects heat to a reservoir at 150 K. Calculate
the temperature T when i) The work output of both the engines are equal, ii) The

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efficiency of both the engines are equal.
8.5 A carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is at 70C has an efficiency of
50%. It is desired to increase the efficiency to 70%. By how many degrees should
the temperature of the high temperature reservoir be increased?
8.6 A car not engine is operated between two reservoirs at temperature 1770C and
770C. If the engine receives 4200 J of heat energy from the source in each cycle,
calculate the amount of heat rejected to the sink in each cycle. Calculate the
efficiency and work done by the engine.
8.7 A car not engine has the same efficiency , when operated
i) between 100K and 500 K ii) between T K and 900 K
Find the value of T
8.8 In a refrigerator heat from inside at 277 K is transferred to a room at 300 K. How
many joule of heat will be delivered to the room for each joule of electric energy
consumed ideally?
8.9 Two rods A and B of different material have length and equal temperature gradient
Each rod has its ends at temperatures T1 and T2. Find the condition under which
rate of flow of heat through the rods A and B is same.
8.10 A metal tube takes 5 minutes to cool from 600 C to 520C. How much time will it
take to cool to 440C, if the temperature of the surroundings is 320C?
Problem
8.47 Calculate the kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule of a diatomic gas
at 320 K.
8.48 Calculate the rms velocity of hydrogen molecules at NTP (one mole of hydrogen
occupies 22.4 litres at NTP)

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8.49 The RMS speed of dust particles in air at NTP is 2.2 x 10-2 ms-1. Find the average
mass of the particles.
8.50 Find the number of molecules in 10 x 10-6 m3 of a gas at NTP, if the mass of each
molecule is 4 x 10-26 kg and the RMS velocity is 400 m s-1.
8.51 Calculate the molecular kinetic energy of translation of one mole of hydrogen at
NTP. (R= 8.31 J mol-1 K-1)
8.52 Find the work done by 1 mole of perfect gas when it expands isothermally to
double its volume. The initial temperature of the gas is 00C (R=8.31 J mol-1 K-1
8.53 A tyre pumped to a pressure of 3 atmosphere suddenly bursts. Calculate the fall
in temperature if the temperature of air before expansion is 270C and   1.4 .
8.54 A certain volume of dry air at NTP is expanded into three times its volume under
i) isothermal condition ii) adiabatic condition. Calculate in each case, the final
pressure and final temperature , (  for air = 1.4)
1
8.55 A gas is suddenly compressed to of its original volume. If the original
2
temperature is 300 K, find the increase in temperature (Assume  =1.5)
8.56 A system absorbs 8.4 k J of heat and at the same time does 500 J of work.
Calculate the change in internal energy of the system.
8.57 How many metres can a man weighing 60kg, climb by using the energy from a
slice of bread which produces a useful work of 4.2 x 105 J. Efficiency of human
body is 28%.
8.58. The wavelength with maximum energy emitted from a certain star in our galaxy is
1.449 x 10-5cm. Calculate the temperature of star.

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8.59. The surface temperature of a spherical hot body is 1000K. Calculate the rate at
which energy is radiated.
(Given  = 5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4)
8.60 The opposite faces of the top of an electric oven are at a difference of temperature
of 1000 C and the area of the top surface and its thickness are 300 cm2 and 0.2cm
respectively. Find the quantity of heat that will flow through the top surface in one
minute. (K = 0.2 W m-1 k-1)
8.61 Compare the rate of loss of heat from a black metal sphere at 2270C with the rate
of loss of heat from the same sphere at 1270C. The temperature of the
surroundings is 270C.
8.62. The ratio of radiant energies radiated per unit surface area by two bodies is 16 : 1
The temperature of hotter body is 1000K. Calculate the temperature of the other
body. Hint : E  ( T 4  T04 )
8.63 Calculate the surface temperature of the Sun ( m  4753 A)
8.64 A hot solid takes 10 minutes to cool from 600 C to 500C. How much further
time will it take to cool to 400C, if the room temperature is 200C?
8.65 An object is heated and then allowed to cool when its temperature is 700C, its rate
of cooling is 30 C per minute and when the temperature is 600C, the rate of cooling
is 2.50C per minute. Determine the temperature of the surroundings.
9. RAY OPTICS
9.1 A man 2 m tall standing in front of a plane mirror whose eye is 1.90m above the
ground. What is the minimum size of the mirror required to see complete image?

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9.2 An object of length 2.5cm is placed at a distance of 1.5 times the focal length
(f) from a concave mirror. Find the length of the image. Is the image is erect or
inverted?
9.3 In Michelson’s method to determine the velocity of light in air, the distance
travelled by light between reflections from the opposite faces of the octagonal
mirror is 150 km. The image appears stationary when the minimum speed of
rotation of the octagonal mirror is 250 rotations per second. Calculate the velocity
of light.
9.4 The radii of curvature of two surfaces of a double convex lens are 10cm each.
Calculate its focal length and power of the lens in air and liquid. Refractive indices
of glass and liquid are 1.5 and 1.8 respectively.
9.5 A needle of size 5cm is placed 45cm from a lens produced an image on a screen
placed 90cm away the lens. Identify the type of the lens and calculate its focal
length and size of the image.
Problems
9.31. Light of wavelength 5000Å falls on a plane reflecting surface. Calculate the
wavelength and frequency of reflected light. For what angle of incidence , the
reflected ray is normal to the incident ray?
9.32 At what distance from a convex mirror of focal length 2.5 m should a boy stand, so
that his image has a height equal to half the original height?
9.33 In a Michelson’s experiment the distance travelled by the light between two
reflections from the octagon rotating mirror is 4.8km. Calculate the minimum
speed of the mirror so that the image is formed at the non-rotating position.

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9.34 If the refractive index of diamond be 2.5 and glass 1.5, then how faster does light
travel in glass than in diamond?
9.35 An object of size 3cm is kept at a distance of 14cm from a concave lens of focal
length 21cm. Find the position of the image produced by the lens?
9.36 What is the focal length of a thin lens if the lens is in contact with 2.0 dioptre lens
to form a combination lens which has a focal length of -80 cm?
9.37 A ray passes through an equilateral prism such that the angle of incidence is
equal to the angle of emergence and the later is equal to ¾ of the angle of prism.
Find the angle of deviation.
9.38. The refractive indices of flint glass of equilateral prism for 400 nm and 700 nm are
1.66 and 1.61 respectively. Calculate the difference in angle of minimum
deviation.
9.39 White light is incident on a small angled prism of angle 50, Calculate the angular
dispersion if the refractive indices of red and violet rays are 1.642 and 1.656
respectively.
9.40 A thin prism of refractive index 1.5 deviates a ray by a minimum angle of 50. When
it is kept immersed in oil of refractive index 1.25, what is the angle of minimum
deviation?
10. Magnetism
Solved problem
10.1. A short bar magnet is placed with its north pole pointing north. The neutral point
is 10 cm away from the centre of the magnet . If B = 4 x 10-5 T, calculate the
magnetic moment of the magnet.

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10.2. A bar magnet is suspended horizontally by a torsionless wire in magnetic

meridian. In order to deflect the magnet through 300 from the magnetic meridian
the upper end of the wire has to be rotated by 2700, Now this magnet is replaced
by another magnet. In order to deflect the second magnet through the same angle
from the magnetic meridian, the upper and of the wire has to be rotated by 1800.
What is the ratio of the magnetic moments of the two bar magnets. (Hint :  = C  )
10.3 A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 5.25 x 10-2A m2 is placed with its axis
perpendicular to the Earth’s field direction. At what distance from the centre of the
magnet on i) its equatorial line and ii) its axial line, is the resultant field inclined at
450 with the Earth’s field. Magnitude of the Earth’s at the place is 0.42 x 10-4 T.
10.4 A bar magnet of mass 90g has magnetic moment 3 Am2. If the intensity of
magnetisation of the magnet is 2.7 x 105 A m-1, find the density of the material of
the magnet.
10.5 A magnetizing field of 50 A m-1 produces a magnetic field of induction 0.024 T in a
bar of length 8 cm and area of cross section 1.5 cm2. Calculate
i) the magnetic permeability ii) the magnetic susceptibility.
Problems
10.21 The force acting on each pole of a magnet placed in a uniform magnetic
induction of 5 x 10-4 T is 6 x 10-3 N. If the length of the magnet is 8cm,
calculate the magnetic moment of the magnet.
10.22 Two magnetic poles one of which is twice stronger than the other , repel one
another with a force of 2 x 10-5 N, when kept separated at a distance of 20 cm in
air. Calculate the strength of each pole.

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10.23 Two like poles of unequal pole strength are placed 1m apart. If a pole of strength
4 A m is in equilibrium at a distance 0.2 m from one of the poles, calculate the
ratio of the pole strengths of the two poles .
10.24 A magnet of pole strength 24.6 x 10-2 A m and length 10cm is placed at 300 with
a magnetic field of 0.01T. Find the torque acting on the magnet.
10.25 The magnetic moment of a bar magnet of length 10cm is 9.8 x 10-1 A m2.
Calculate the magnetic field at a point on its axis at a distance of 20 cm from its
midpoint.
10.26 Two mutually perpendicular lines are drawn on a table. Two small magnets of
magnetic moments 0.108 and 0.192 A m2 respectively are placed on these lines. If
the distance of the point of intersection of these lines is 30 cm and 40 cm
respectively from these magnets. Find the resultant magnetic field at the point of
intersection.
10.27 The intensity of magnetisation of an iron abr of mass 72 g , density 7200 kg m-3 is
0.72 A m-1. Calculate the magnetic moment.
10.28 A magnet of volume 25cm3 has a magnetic moment of 12.5 x 10-4 Am2. Calculate
the intensity of magnetisation.
10.29 A magnetic intensity of 2 x 103 A/m produces a magnetic induction of 4 Wb / m2
in a bar of iron. Calculate the relative permeability and susceptibility.
M.JAYABAL.,M.Sc.,M.Ed.,
PG ASST IN PHYSICS
RKV MATRIC HR SEC SCHOOL JEDARPALAYAM-NAMAKKAL
CELL: 97150 75736
e-mail: [email protected]

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