Test Bank For Americas Courts and The Criminal Justice System, 11th Edition: Neubauer Download
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Test Bank for Americas Courts and the Criminal Justice
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9. The institutions of criminal justice in America are a system in the sense that:
a. they communicate, cooperate, and coordinate very efficiently
b. what happens in one agency or component affects other agencies and components
c. there is centralized control of all agencies within a state or the federal system
d. the U.S. Supreme Court closely controls all agencies and components
10. Criminal justice in America can be described as a fragmented non-system due in part to:
a. cases flow in a regular pattern through the system
b. a unified court system
c. there is centralized control
d. the decentralized nature of American government that distributes power
between national and state governments
11. The federal district courts are the federal ____________________ courts.
a. bankruptcy c. trial
2
b. appellate d. courts of last resort
12. In the aftermath of the attacks of September 11, 2001 courts have wrestled with the issue of:
a. the extension of the use of electronic eavesdropping by police
b. the use of informants in suspected terrorism cases
c. warrantless stop and frisks
d. the use of scientific evidence in criminal trials
13. In the U.S. today, there are around _____ million people under some form of correctional
confinement or supervision.
a. 2.8 c. 7.3
b. 6.2 d. 15
14. In terms of national policy, the most important court in the country is the:
a. U.S. District Court c. U.S. Supreme Court
b. U.S. Appellate Court d. U.S. Criminal Court
15. Which of the following is the federal court of last resort in the United States?
a. U.S. District Court c. U.S. Supreme Court
b. U.S. Court of Criminal Appeals d. U.S. Magistrate Court
16. Courts can be classified according to their function (rather than jurisdiction) into:
a. local, state, and federal courts c. national and multinational courts
b. substantive and procedural d. trial and appellate courts
3
ANS: D REF: 11 OBJ: 3
18. After booking, arrestees will be brought before a judge and advised of their rights, the
charges against them, and given a chance to make bail at the:
a. pretrial hearing c. arraignment
b. initial appearance d. preliminary hearing
21. Which of the following is a characteristic of the due process model of criminal justice?
a. Concern for the rights of defendants c. Eliminating loopholes for defendants
b. Efficiency is the main goal d. Stress on informal fact-finding
22. Which of the following is a characteristic of the crime control model of criminal justice?
a. The process resembles an obstacle course for the prosecution and police
b. Stresses formal and court fact-finding
c. Concern for efficiency and protecting society
d. Focus on the rights of defendants
23. The overall conviction rate at trial for felonies is upward of:
a. 60 percent c. 80 percent
b. 70 percent d. 90 percent
4
24. Which of the following has contributed to the way scientific and technology-based evidence
is introduced at trial?
a. The introduction of expert testimony.
b. The widespread use of DNA evidence.
c. The use of eye witness testimony.
d. The introduction of electronic eavesdropping evidence.
25. The United States Supreme Court hears fewer than __________ cases each term (year).
a. 100 c. 250
b. 85 d. 1,000
27. Proponents of the due process model of criminal justice believe all of the following, except:
a. The courts’ priority should be to protect the rights of the individual.
b. The belief in the need to reform people through rehabilitation.
c. That the court system is fundamentally unfair to poor and minority defendants.
d. Informal fact-finding is sufficient to prevent false convictions.
28. The Supreme Court’s opinion in Brown v. Mississippi was based on:
a. the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause
b. the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination
c. the Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable seizures
d. the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
29. A lower trial court would only handle the initial stages of which type of case?
5
a. Public drunkenness c. Disorderly conduct
b. Petty theft d. Robbery
30. In grand jury proceedings, the burden of proof for the prosecutor is:
a. reasonable suspicion c. probable cause
b. proof beyond a reasonable doubt d. clear and convincing evidence
33. Which of the following is not true about crime in the United States?
a. The majority of crimes are property crimes.
b. Many crimes are never reported.
c. The police make an arrest in only half the crimes known to them.
d. Approximately 75% of misdemeanor defendants plead guilty at the initial appearance.
34. During a preliminary hearing, the prosecutor must prove to ____________ that a crime was
committed and that there is probable cause to believe the defendant committed the crime.
a. the grand jury b. a judge
c. a jury d. the District Attorney
6
35. The dominant reality of contemporary sentencing is:
a. the use of structured sentencing to eliminate wide variations in sentences.
b. prison overcrowding.
c. the decreased used of intermediate sanctions in favor of active sentences.
d. rehabilitation to reduce recidivism.
36. This principle distributes government power between national and state governments,
creating decentralization that compounds the fragmentation of the criminal justice system.
a. federalism b. utilitarianism
b. deconstructionism d. nationalism
37. The federal government and most states have created two levels of appellate courts:
a. lower and major b. state and federal
b. district and superior d. intermediate and supreme
38. These motions contend that police conducted an illegal search/seizure or obtained a
confession in violation of the defendant’s constitutional rights.
a. motion to strike b. motion to vacate
b. motion to suppress d. motion to dismiss
CASE 1.1
The creation of “designer drugs” is outpacing the ability of society to enact laws to prohibit
them. Many of these substances have negative side effects, ranging from violent behavior to
death.
40. Which of the following responses to the problem would best fit the “crime control”
philosophy?
a. Government takes steps to limit the availability of ingredients used in the manufacture of
7
designer drugs.
b. Design a public awareness campaign to warn potential users of the dangers presented by use
of these drugs.
c. Partner with community leaders to identify underlying social issues promoting the drug
subculture.
d. Pass legislation and increase enforcement efforts to send a message of “zero tolerance” to
those who manufacture, sell, and use designer drugs.
41. Which of the following responses to the problem would best fit the “due process”
philosophy?
a. Government takes steps to limit the availability of ingredients used in the manufacture of
designer drugs.
b. Pass legislation and increase enforcement efforts to send a message of “zero tolerance” to
those who manufacture, sell, and use designer drugs.
c. Dramatic increase in the use of drug courts to divert first-time offenders and defer
prosecution.
d. Design public awareness campaign to warn potential users of the serious legal ramifications
if they are caught with the drugs.
CASE 1.2
Politicians have expressed their outrage at the designer drug problem by enacting legislation
targeting manufacture, sale, and possession that require mandatory minimum sentences. The
police across the country start making arrests based on this new legislation.
42. Which of the following aspects of the criminal justice process exemplify “law on the
books”?
a. Police Mirandize a suspect and obtain a voluntary confession.
b. At initial appearance, the judge sets a low bail because the jail is overcrowded.
c. The prosecutor meets with the defense attorney to discuss the terms of a plea agreement.
d. Upon accepting the plea, the judge sentences the defendant based on his own discretion.
43. Which of the following aspects of the criminal justice process exemplify “law in action”?
a. Police Mirandize a suspect and obtain a voluntary confession.
b. At initial appearance, the defendant is advised of his rights and bail is set according to the
bond schedule.
c. The prosecutor meets with the public defender to discuss the terms of a plea agreement.
d. Upon pleading guilty, the defendant is dissatisfied with the sentence and appeals.
8
CASE 1.3
As a result of increased enforcement efforts, the courts and correctional facilities are inundated
with mostly low-level drug offenders. Public support of the newest campaign in the war on
drugs is starting to wane as increasing taxes to build new jails to house pretrial detainees are
discussed.
44. Which of the following is not part of the “crime control” belief system?
a. Individual responsibility is at issue when considering the ramifications of drug abuse.
b. “Speedy trial” legislation should be enacted to ensure that justice is not delayed.
c. The adversarial process at trial achieves the correct result.
d. Incarceration achieves the dual result of deterrence and increased public safety.
45. Which of the following is not part of the “due process” belief system?
a. The war on drugs has a disproportionate effect on racial minorities.
b. “Speedy trial” legislation should be enacted to ensure that justice is not delayed.
c. The adversarial process at trial achieves the correct result.
c. Rehabilitation achieves the dual result of deterrence and increased public safety.
TRUE/FALSE
1. The term “dual court system” refers to state and federal courts.
3. Lower trial courts frequently conduct the initial proceedings in felony cases.
9
5. Federal judges are elected in district-wide elections.
7. In the due process model, the primary goal is to protect the rights of citizens.
8. The judge is generally the most influential official of the court house actors.
10. Appellate courts review the evidence presented a trial and determine if the jury reached a
fair verdict.
11. In a criminal case, neither side is required disclose any of the evidence they will present
or witnesses they will call to the opposing party.
12. Grand juries indict in only a small percentage of the cases brought to them by the
prosecutor.
13. Coerced confessions are admissible only if they are proven to be reliable.
10
14. Plea negotiations are governed by informal understandings of what sentence is
appropriate for a given type of defendant.
15. The U.S. Supreme Court and state supreme courts can largely select which cases they
want to hear.
17. Most criminal defendants hire a private lawyer for their defense.
18. Most state judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
19. Groups like Mothers Against Drunk Driving seek to promote the rights of crime victims.
20. Advocates of the crime control model of criminal justice believe that unless crime is
controlled, the rights of law-abiding citizens will not be protected, and the security of
society will be diminished.
21. “Law on the books” is found in the Constitution, legislative statutes, administrative rules
and regulations, and court opinions.
11
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