Various S(n)-closednesses in S(n)-spaces with examples

Alexander V. Osipov
Krasovskii Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia

Abstract
In this paper we continue to study various types of closures in S(n)-spaces. The main results
arXiv:2508.09572v1 [math.GN] 13 Aug 2025

are related to the construction and illustration of examples that allow us to understand the
relationship between S(n)-closed, S(n)-θ-closed, weakly S(n)-closed and weakly S(n)-θ-closed
spaces for each n ∈ N. The relation of these classes in Lindelöf spaces is shown. Some of the
solved problems formulated by D. Dikranjan and E. Giuli are presented in the examples.
Keywords: S(n)-space, S(n)-θ-closed, S(n)-closed, weakly S(n)-closed, weakly S(n)-θ-closed,
Lindelöf, feebly compact, θ-complete accumulation point
2020 MSC: 54D25, 54D10, 54D20

1. Introduction
In 1924, P.S. Alexandroff and P.S. Urysohn [1] established a number of characterizations
of compactness including the following: a space compact if and only if every infinite subset
has a complete accumulation point. Also in [1], it introduced and characterized the concept
of H-closed spaces. A Hausdorff space is said to be H-closed (or absolutely closed) if it is
closed in every Hausdorff space containing it as a subspace. This property is a generalization
of compactness, since a compact subset of a Hausdorff space is closed. Thus, every compact
Hausdorff space is H-closed.
Alexandroff and Urysohn [1] extended the complete accumulation point characterization of
compactness to H-closure by proving that any H-closed space has the following property:
(∗) any infinite set of regular power has a θ-complete accumulation point, i.e., there is a
point p ∈ X such that for each neighborhood U of p, |A ∩ U | = |A|.
However, the converse is not true. The first example of a space possessing property (∗) and
not being H-closed was constructed by G.A. Kirtadze [8].

Example 1.1. (Example 3 in [8]) Let T = ((ω1 + 1) × (ω + 1) \ {ω1, ω}) be the deleted Tychonoff
plane and let X = T × (ω + 1), whose elements will be denoted by (α, k, i) where 1 ≤ α ≤ ω1 ,
1 ≤ k ≤ ω and 1 ≤ i ≤ ω.
Consider the following identifications on the space X (see Figure 1):
1. The set of points of the form (α, k, ω) with the third coordinate ω determines the point ξ.
(In the drawing, this is the upper face of the ’parallelepiped’).
2. For each natural number n, a countable set of points (ω1 , 1, n), (ω1 , 3, n), ..., (ω1 , 2k−1, n),
... defines a point ηn .
3. For each natural number n, a finite set of points (ω1 , 2n, 1), (ω1 , 2n, 2), ..., (ω1 , 2n, n)
defines a point ζn .

Preprint submitted to ... August 14, 2025

 Figure 1: Kirtadze’s space K

∞
S
Let K be the space X = ( Ti ) ∪ {ξ} with respect to these identifications where the point
i=1
n
S
ξ with the base of neighborhoods Un (ξ) = X \ Ti .
i=1
The obtained Hausdorff space K has the property (∗) and is not H-closed (see [8]).

In [11], it constructed a simple example with these properties (see below Example 3.1). Such
simple example with these properties are also constructed in [18].

In 1966, Velichko [24] introduced the notion of θ-closedness. For a subset M of a topological
space X, the θ-closure clθ M is defined as the set of x ∈ X such that any closed neighborhood of
x intersects M. This notion has been used extensively to study non-regular Hausdorff spaces.
The S(n)-spaces were introduced by Viglino in 1969 (see [25]) under the name T n -spaces.
After that S(n)-spaces and S(n)-closed spaces were studied by other authors. For example, J.
Porter in 1969 (see [19]) studied minimal R(ω0 ) spaces, where he used the notation R(n) for
S(2n−1)-spaces and U(n) for S(2n)-spaces. For the first time the notation S(n) for S(n)-spaces
appeared in 1973 in [20] where the authors extended the definition of S(n)-spaces to S(α)-spaces,
where α is any ordinal. In that paper Porter and Votaw, among other results, characterized
the minimal S(α) and S(α)-closed spaces. In 1986, Dikranjan and Giuli introduced the more
general notion of θn -closure and developed the theory of S(n)-θ-closed spaces [4]. In 2003, it
introduced the notions of weakly S(n)-closed and weakly S(n)-θ-closed spaces and continued to
study the theory of S(n)-spaces [13].

In this paper we continue to study various types of closures in S(n)-spaces. The main

Email address: [email protected] (Alexander V. Osipov)

2
results in Section 3 are related to the construction and illustration of examples that allow
us to understand the relationship between S(n)-closed, S(n)-θ-closed, weakly S(n)-closed and
weakly S(n)-θ-closed spaces for each n ∈ N. In Section 4, the relation of these classes in Lindelöf
spaces is shown. Some of the solved problems formulated by Dikranjan and Giuli are presented
in examples in Section 5.
Throughout the paper a space means a Hausdorff space; M or clM denotes the closure of
the set M in a given topological space; N denotes the set of positive integers. Recall that a
subset W of X is called functionally open (co-zero) if there is a continuous function f : X → R
such that W = f −1 (R \ {0}), i.e., W is a complement of the zero-set f −1 (0).

2. Main definitions
Definition 2.1. (see [4]) Suppose that X is a topological space, M ⊂ X, and x ∈ X. For each
n ∈ N, the θn -closure operator is defined as follows: x ∈
/ clθn M if there exists a set of open
neighborhoods U1 ⊂ U2 ⊂ ... ⊂ Un of the point x such that clUi ⊂ Ui+1 for i = 1, 2, ..., n − 1 and
clUn ∩ M = ∅. For n = 0, we put clθ0 = clM.
For n = 1, this definition gives the θ-closure operator defined by Velichko.
A set M is said to be θn -closed if M = clθn M. Denote by Intθn M = X \ clθn (X \ M) the
n
θ -interior of the set M. Evidently, clθn (clθs M) ⊂ clθn+s M for M ⊂ X and n, s ∈ N. For
T n∈N
n
and a filter F on X, denote by adθn F the set of θ -adherent points, i.e., adθn F = { clθn Fα :
α
Fα ∈ F }. In particular, adθ0 F = adF is the set of adherent points of the filter the F . For
any n ∈ N, a point x ∈ X is S(n)-separated from a subset M if x ∈ / clθn M. For example, x
is S(0)-separated from M if x ∈/ M. For n > 0, the relation of S(n)-separability of points is
symmetric. On the other hand, S(0)-separability may be not symmetric in some not T1 -spaces.
Therefore, we say that points x and y are S(0)-separated if x ∈
/ {y} and y ∈/ {x}. Let n ∈ N
and X be a topological space.
1. X is called an S(n)-space if any two distinct points of X are S(n)-separated.
2. A filter F on X is called an S(n)-filter if every point, not being an adherent point of the
filter F , is S(n)-separated from some element of the filter F .
3. An open cover {Uα } of the space X is called an S(n)-cover if every point of X lies in the
θn -interior of some Uα .
It is obvious that S(0)-spaces are T0 -spaces, S(1)-spaces are Hausdorff spaces, and S(2)-
spaces are Urysohn spaces. It is clear that every filter is an S(0)-filter, every open cover is
an S(0)-cover, and every open filter is an S(1)-filter. Open S(2)-filters are called Urysohn
filters. S(1)-covers are called Urysohn covers. In a regular space, every filter (every cover) is an
S(n)-filter (S(n)-cover) for any n ∈ N.
Definition 2.2. Let n ∈ N. A neighborhood U of a point x is called an n-hull of the point x if
there exists a set of neighborhoods U1 , U2 , ..., Un = U of the point x such that Ui ⊂ Ui+1 for
i = 1, ..., n − 1. In particular, an 1-hull of the point x is a neighborhood of x.
Definition 2.3. A point x from X is called
• a θ0 (n)-complete accumulation point of an infinite set F if |F ∩ U| = |F | for arbitrary
n-hull of the point x;
• a θ(n)-complete accumulation point of an infinite set F if |F ∩ U| = |F | for arbitrary
n-hull of the point x.

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3. Various S(n)-closednesses in S(n)-spaces
A topological S(n)-space X is called
• S(n)-closed, if it is closed in every S(n)-space containing it as a subspace;
• S(n)-θ-closed, if it is θ-closed in every S(n)-space containing it as a subspace;
• weakly S(n)-θ-closed, if any infinite set of regular power of the space X has a θ0 (n)-complete
accumulation point;
• weakly S(n)-closed, if any infinite set of regular power of the space X has a θ(n)-complete
accumulation point.
Note that a θ0 (1)-complete accumulation is a point of complete accumulation, and a θ(1)-
complete accumulation is a θ-complete accumulation point. Thus, weakly S(1)-θ-closed and
weakly S(1)-closed spaces are compact Hausdorff spaces and spaces with property (∗), respectively.
Spaces with property (∗) (= weakly S(1)-closed spaces) is called weakly H-closed spaces [16]
(or nearly H-closed spaces [15]).
Note that every compact Hausdorff space is S(1)-θ-closed, hence the properties of S(1)-θ-
closed and weakly S(1)-θ-closed are equivalent and equal to compactness.
Porter and Votaw [20] characterized S(n)-closed spaces by means of open S(n)-filters and
S(n)-covers (for n = 2, see Herrlich [7]).
Let n ∈ N+ and X be an S(n)-space. Then the following conditions are equivalent:
(1) adθn F =
6 ∅ for any open filter F on X;
(2) adF =6 ∅ for any open S(n)-filter G on X;
k
S
(3) for any S(n − 1)-cover {Uα } of X there exist α1 ,..., αk such that X = U αi ;
i=1
(4) X is an S(n)-closed space.

Dikranjan and Giuli [4] characterized S(n)-θ-closed spaces in terms of S(n − 1)-filters and
S(n − 1)-covers.
Let n ∈ N+ and X be an S(n)-space. Then the following conditions are equivalent:
(1) adθn−1 F =
6 ∅ for any closed filter F on X;
(2) adF =6 ∅ for any closed S(n − 1)-filter G on X;
(3) for any S(n − 1)-cover of the space X has a finite subcover;
(4) X is an S(n)-θ-closed space.
Note that S(1)-closedness and S(1)-θ-closedness are H-closedness and compactness, respectively.
S(2)-closedness and S(2)-θ-closedness are U-closedness and U-θ-closedness, respectively. From
characteristics themselves, it follows that
(P0) a S(n)-θ-closed subspace of an S(n)- space is an S(n)-closed space.
The following assertions are holds for every n > 1.
(P1) S(n − 1)-closedness yields S(n)-θ-closedness (Corollary 2.3. in [4]).
(P2) S(n)-θ-closedness yields weakly S(n)-θ-closedness (Theorem 1 in [13]).
(P3) S(n)-closedness yields weakly S(n)-closedness (Theorem 2 in [13]).
Note that any θ0 (n)-complete accumulation point is a θ(n)-complete accumulation point, it
follows that

4
 (P4) weakly S(n)-θ-closedness yields weakly S(n)-closedness.
Moreover, since a θ(n)-complete accumulation point is a θ0 (n + 1)-complete accumulation
point, it follows that
(P5) weakly S(n)-closedness yields weakly S(n + 1)-θ-closedness.

Below we present examples that separate the studied classes of S(n)-spaces.

Example 3.1. (Example 1 in [13, 14]) Let T1 and T2 be two copies of the deleted Tychonoff
plane T , whose elements will be denoted by (α, n, 1) and (α, n, 2), respectively. On the topological
sum T1 ⊕ T2 , we consider the identifications
(ω1 , k, 1) ∼ (ω1 , 2k, 2) for every k ∈ N;
and we identify all points (ω1 , 2k − 1, 2) for any k ∈ N with the same point b.
Adding, to the obtained space, a point a with the base of neighborhoods
Uβ,k (a) = {(α, n, 1) : β < α < ω1 , k < n 6 ω0 } ∪ {a} for arbitrary β < ω1 and k < ω0 , we
get a space X1 (see Figure 2) with the following properties.

Figure 2: The space X1

• The space X1 is an Urysohn space, i.e., S(2)-space.

• Note that the closure of any neighborhood Uβ,k (a) of a contains all points (ω1 , n, 1) but a
finite number, and the closure of any neighborhood of the point b contains all points (α, ω, 2)
but a countable number. This evidently implies that X1 is a weakly H-closed space.
• Considering a system of open sets with the finite intersection property
T Vα,k = {(β, p, 2) :
α < β < ω1 , for all even p > k} for arbitrary α and k, we obtain Vα, k = ∅. Thus, the
α, k
Urysohn space X1 is an example of a space not H-closed but weakly H-closed.

5
Remark 3.2. Identifying the points a and b in X1 , we obtain a space X11 with the following
properties.
• X11 is functionally Hausdorff, i.e., any two distinct points can be separated by a continuous
function (there exists a continuous function f : X → [0, 1] with f (x) = 0 and f (y) = 1). This
follows from the fact that for any two points x and y of the space X11 there exists an open-
closed subset W such that x ∈ W and y ∈ / W . Then f : X → [0, 1] such that f (W ) = 0 and
f (X \ W ) = 1 is the required function.
• X11 is a CH-closed space, i.e., a functionally Hausdorff space such that it is closed in every
functionally Hausdorff space in which it can be embedded.
Indeed, the complement of any functionally open neighborhood of c = {a, b} is compact. This
means that any cover of X11 by functionally open sets has a finite subcover. This is equivalent
to being CH-closed (Theorem 4.9 in [3]). Note that being CH-closed is also equivalent to the
Stone-Weierstrass theorem being satisfied on the space (Theorem 4.9 in [3]).
• X11 is non-H-closed. Consider the system of open sets with the finite intersectionT property
Vα,k = {(β, p, 2) : α < β < ω1 , for all even p > k} for arbitrary α and k, we obtain Vα, k = ∅.
α, k
Thus, the space X11 is an example of not H-closed, but CH-closed space on which the Stone-
Weierstrass theorem holds.

Example 3.3. (Example 2 in [13]) Let n > 1 and let T1i and T2i ( i = 1, ..., n ) be 2n copies
of the deleted Tychonoff plane T , whose elements will be denoted by (i, α, k, 1) and (i, α, k, 2),
n
L LL n
respectively. Consider the following identifications on the topological sum ( T1i ) ( T2i ) :
i=1 i=1
(1, ω1 , k, 1) ∼ (1, ω1, 2k, 2) for every k ∈ N;
(s, α, ω0, 1) ∼ (s + 1, α, ω0, 1) for odd s;
(s, ω1 , k, 1) ∼ (s + 1, ω1, k, 1) for even s;
(1, ω1 , 2k − 1, 2) ∼ (2, ω1 , k, 2) for every k ∈ N;
(s, α, ω0, 2) ∼ (s + 1, α, ω0, 2) for even s;
(s, ω1 , k, 2) ∼ (s + 1, ω1, k, 2) for odd s > 1.
Adding, to the space obtained, two points a and b with the base of neighborhoods:
Uα,k (a) = {(n, β, s, 1) : α < β < ω1 , k < s < ω0 } ∪ {a}, and
Uα,k (b) = {(n, β, s, 2) : α < β < ω1 , k < s < ω0 } ∪ {b}
for any α < ω1 and k < ω0 , we get an S(n)-space Xn (see Figure 3 for n = 4), which will
be weakly S(n)-closed.

Indeed, the closure of any n-hull of the point a contains all the sets {(i, β, ω0 , 1) : i = 1, ..., n
and β < ω1 } but a countable number of points, and all the sets {(i, ω1 , k, 1) : i = 1, ..., n and
k < ω0 } a finite number of points, and the closure of an n-hull of the point b contains all the
sets {(i, β, ω0, 2) : i = 1, ..., n and β < ω1 } but a countable number of points, and all the sets
{(i, ω1 , k, 2) : i = 1, ..., n and k < ω0 } but a finite number of points and except the points
(1, ω1, 2k, 2).
Considering an open filter with the base Vα,k = {(1, β, p, 2) : α < β < ω1 and for all even
p > k} for arbitrary α and k, we obtain adθn {Vα,k }α,k = ∅.
Hence, the S(n)-space Xn is weakly S(n)-closed but not S(n)-closed.

6
 Figure 3: The space X4

Example 3.4. (Example 3 in [13]) Let n > 1 and let T1i , T2 , T3i ( i = 1, ..., n − 1 ) be 2n − 1
copies of the deleted Tychonoff plane T , whose elements will be denoted by (i, α, k, 1), (α, k, 2)
and (i, α, k, 3), respectively.
n−1
L L L n−1 L
Consider the following identifications on the topological sum ( T1i ) T2 ( T3i ) :
i=1 i=1
(1, ω1 , k, 1) ∼ (ω1 , k, 2) for every k ∈ N;
(1, α, ω0, 3) ∼ (α, ω0 , 2) for every α;
(s, α, ω0, 1) ∼ (s + 1, α, ω0, 1) for all odd s and every α;
(s, ω1 , k, 1) ∼ (s + 1, ω1, k, 1) for all even s and every k;
(s, ω1 , k, 3) ∼ (s + 1, ω1, k, 3) for all odd s and every k;
(s, α, ω0, 3) ∼ (s + 1, α, ω0, 3) for all even s and every α.
To the space obtained, we add two points a and b with the base of neighborhoods:
Uα,k (a) = {(n − 1, β, p, 1) : α < β < ω1 , k < p < ω0 } ∪ {a}
and Uα,k (b) = {(n − 1, β, p, 3) : α < β < ω1 , k < p < ω0 } ∪ {b} for arbitrary α < ω1 and
k < ω0 .
We change the base of neighborhoods S of the points (ω1 , k, 2) and (α, ω0 , 2) for all α and k,
setting Uα,k ((ω1 , k, 2)) = {ω1 , k, 2} Vα,k \ {(α, k, 2) : (α, k, 2) is not an isolated point in T2 },
where Vα,k is a standard neighborhood in the quotient topology.

The obtained space Yn (see Figure 4 for n = 4) has the following properties:

• Yn is an S(n)-space;
• the closure of an n-hull of the point a contains all points (s, α, ω0, 1) for s = 1, ..., n − 1
but a countable number, and all points (s, ω1 , k, 1) for s = 1, ..., n − 1, but a finite number.
• the closure of an n-hull of the point b contains all points (s, α, ω0, 3) for s = 1, ..., n − 1
but a countable number, and all points (s, ω1 , k, 3) for s = 1, ..., n − 1, but a finite number.
Thus, the space Yn is weakly S(n)-θ-closed.

7
 Figure 4: The space Y4

Considering the base {Fα,k } of a closed filter F , where Fα,k = {(β, p, 2) : α < β < ω1 and
(β, p, 2) is not an isolated point in T2 }, we get adθn−1 F = ∅. Hence, Yn is not an S(n)-θ-closed
space.
Note that from the fact that any set lying in T2 \P , where P = {(α, k, 2) : α = ω1 or k = ω0 },
has a θ(1)-complete accumulation point (lying in P ) and any other set (of regular power) has a
θ(n − 1)-complete accumulation point (either the point a or the point b), it follows that Yn is
a weakly S(n − 1)-closed space.
Thus, Yn is an example of an S(n)-space, which, while being a weakly S(n)-θ-closed space
(even, moreover, Yn is weakly S(n − 1)-closed space), is not an S(n)-θ-closed space.

Example 3.5. (Example 4 in [13]) Let n > 1 and T i ( i = 1, ..., n − 1 ) be n − 1 copies of

the deleted Tychonoff plane T , whose elements will be denoted (i, α, k). Let ω1 be the set of all
countable ordinals with the order topology, whose elements will be denoted by {α}.
n−1
L iL
Consider the following identifications on the topological sum T ω1 :
i=1

(1, α, ω0) ∼ ({α}), where α is the limit ordinal number in ω1 ;

(s, ω1 , k) ∼ (s + 1, ω1 , k) for all odd s;
(s, α, ω0) ∼ (s + 1, α, ω0) for all even s.
To the obtained space, we add the point a with the base of neighborhoods:
Uα,k (a) = {(n − 1, β, p) : α < β < ω1 , k < p < ω0 } ∪ {a}.

The space Zn (Figure 5 for n = 3) thus obtained has the following properties:
• Zn is S(k)-space for any k ∈ N;
• Zn — S(n)-θ-closed space.
Indeed, consider any S(n − 1)-cover V = {Vα }. Then a ∈ Intθn−1 Vα for some Vα from V .
Hence, Vα is an n-hull of the point a. However, the complement ω1 \ Vα of the n-hull of the

8
 Figure 5: The space Z3

point a contains no more than countable set and, evidently, is covered by a finite number of
elements of the S(n − 1)-cover V . On the other hand, the set F = {γ : γ is isolated in ω1 } is
of the regular power ω1 and has no θ(n − 1)-complete accumulation point, since the closure of
an (n − 1)-hull of the point a does not intersect F . Thus, the space Zn is S(n)-θ-closed but not
weakly S(n − 1)-closed.

Example 3.6. Let n > 1 and let T i (i = 1, ..., n) be n copies of the deleted Tychonoff plane T ,
whose elements will be denoted by (i, α, k).
Ln
Consider the following identifications on the topological sum T i:
i=1
(s, ω1 , k) ∼ (s + 1, ω1 , k) for all odd s;
(s, α, ω0) ∼ (s + 1, α, ω0) for all even s.
To the obtained space, we add the point a with the base of neighborhoods:
Uα,k (a) = {(n, β, p) : α < β < ω1 , k < p < ω0 } ∪ {a}.

The space Gn (see Figure 6 for n = 4) thus obtained has the following properties:
• Gn is a S(k)-space for every k ∈ N.
• Gn is a S(n)-closed space. Indeed, consider any S(n − 1)-cover V = {Vα } of Gn , then
the point a ∈ Intθn−1 Vα for some Vα from V . Hence, Vα contains some n-hull of a. But the
complement of any closed n-hull of a is a compact set, so it is covered by a finite number of
elements of S(n − 1)-cover V .
On the other hand, the set F = {(1, α, ω0)} has a regular cardinality ω1 and does not have
a point of θ0 (n)-complete accumulation (Gn \ F is the n-hull of the point a and it does not
intersect F ). Hence,
• Gn is not weakly S(n)-θ-closed.
So, Gn is an example of an S(n)-space which is S(n)-closed, but not weakly S(n)-θ-closed.

9
 Figure 6: The space G4

Example 3.6 completes the series of examples proving the strictness of all implications on
Diagram 1. Moreover, Example 3.4 and Example 3.5 prove the independence of two classes of
spaces in the S(n)-axiom of separation. Namely, Example 3.4 proves that the class of weakly
S(n − 1)-closed spaces is not contained in the class of S(n)-θ-closed spaces. And Example 3.5,
on the contrary, proves that the class of S(n)-θ-closed spaces is not contained in the class of
weakly S(n − 1)-closed spaces.

Example 3.7. The unit interval [0, 1], endowed with the smallest topology which refines the
euclidean topology, and contains Q ∩ [0, 1] as an open set is (weakly) H-closed but not compact.

Thus, in the class of S(n)-spaces, the properties under consideration are in relations that
are presented in the following diagram (Diagram 1):

10
 Diagram 1.

4. S(n)-closednesses in Lindelöf spaces

Recall that a space X is Lindelöf if every open cover of X has a countable subcover.

The following assertions are holds for every n > 1.

(L1) A Lindelöf weakly S(n)-closed S(n)-space is S(n)-closed (Theorem 3.6 in [14]).

Recall that a topological space X is called linearly Lindelöf if any uncountable (regular
cardinality) subset of X has a point of complete accumulation. Note that every Lindelöf space
is linearly Lindelöf.
(L2) A linearly Lindelöf weakly S(n)-θ-closed S(n)-space is weakly S(n−1)-closed (Theorem
3.9 in [14]).

(L3) A Lindelöf weakly S(n)-θ-closed S(n)-space is S(n − 1)-closed (Corollary 3.10 in [14]).

(L4) A Lindelöf weakly S(n)-θ-closed S(n)-space is S(n)-θ-closed (L3 and P1).

Definition 4.1. ([2]) Let X be a space. For n ∈ N, the n-θ-closure of a subset A of X is
clθn (A) = clθ clθ ...clθ (A) .
| {z }
n−times

Definition 4.2. ([2]) A space X is a θn -Urysohn, for every n ∈ N, if for every x, y ∈ X with
x 6= y, there exist open subsets U and V of X with x ∈ U and y ∈ V such that clθn (U) ∩ clθn (V ) =
∅.
In ([14], Question 1) it posed the following question: Does there exist a non S(n)-θ-closed
Lindelöf S(n)-closed space for every n ≥ 2?
The following example of non θn -Urysohn S(n)-space answers of that question.

11
 2n
S
Example 4.3. Fix n ∈ N. Let R = Ai where Ai ’s are pairwise disjoint, each Ai is dense in
i=1
2n+1
L
R, |Ai | = ℵ0 for i 6= 2. Let A′2n+1 be a copy of A1 and let X2n+1 = Ai .
i=1
If a, b ∈ R and a < b, an open base for X2n+1 is generated be the following families of sets:
(1) (a, b) ∩ Ai for all odd 1 ≤ i ≤ 2n + 1;
(2) (a, b) ∩ (Ai−1 ∪ Ai ∪ Ai+1 ) for all even 2 ≤ i ≤ 2n.

Figure 7: The space P4

The obtained space Pn (see Figure 7 for n = 4) has the following properties.
Let a, b, c, d ∈ R, U = (a, b) ∩ A1 . Then clθ (U) = cl(U) ⊆ [a, b] ∩ (A1 ∪ A2 ). Let V =
(c, d) ∩ (A3 ∪ A4 ∪ A5 ). Then clθ (V ) = cl(V ) = [c, d] ∩ (A2 ∪ A3 ∪ A4 ∪ A5 ∪ A6 ). It follows
that clθ2 (U) = [a, b] ∩ (A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3 ∪ A4 ). By induction, clθn (U) = [a, b] ∩ (A1 ∪ A2 ∪ ... ∪ A2n ).
Likewise, starting from the right-hand subspace A′2n+1 with U = (a, b)′ ∩A′2n+1 , we have clθn (U) =
[a, b]′ ∩ (A′2n+1 ∪ A2n ∪ ... ∪ A2 ).
We have the following consequences:
• Pn is a S(n)-space. Every x, y ∈ Pn , x 6= y, are θn -separated, i.e., there are n-hull V (x)
of x and n-hull W (y) of y such that if n is odd then V (x) ∩ W (y) = ∅, and if n is even then
V (x) ∩ W (y) = ∅.
• Every pair of points x, x′ such that x ∈ A1 , x′ ∈ A′2n+1 (x′ is a copy of x) are not θn -
Urysohn separated. Let a, b, c, d ∈ R, x ∈ (a, b) and x′ ∈ (c, d)′ , U = (a, b) ∩ (c, d). Then
clθn (U) = U ∩ (A1 ∪ A2 ∪ ... ∪ A2n ) and
clθn (U ′ ) = U ′ ∩ (A′2n+1 ∪ A2n ∪ ... ∪ A2 ). Thus, clθn (U) ∩ clθn (U ′ ) 6= ∅; Pn is not θn -Urysohn.
T S2n
Consider the subspace S = [0, 1] ( Ai ) of Pn .
i=1
Then S is a Lindelöf S(n)-closed space, but it is not S(n)-θ-closed space.
1. Since [0, 1] ∩ A2 is subspace of R and R is hereditarily Lindelöf, [0, 1] ∩ A2 is Lindelöf and,
hence, S is Lindelöf.
2. Let a ∈ [0, 1] ∩ A1 . Consider a sequence {am : m ∈ N} such that am ∈ [0, 1] ∩ A2n for
every m ∈ N and {am }m∈N converges to a (m → ∞) in natural topology of [0, 1]. Then there

12
 T
is a n-hull U(a) of the point a such that U(a) {an : n ∈ N} = ∅. It follows that the set
{an : n ∈ N} has not a θ0 (n)-complete accumulation point. Hence, S is not S(n)-θ-closed space.
3. Note that S is weakly S(n)-closed space. Then, by (L1), S is a S(n)-closed space.

Thus, classes of the considered spaces in Lindelöf S(n)-spaces are presented in the following
diagram (Diagram 2):

5. Solving some open problems with examples

This section will present solutions to some of the problems posed in [4], [3]. These solutions
were announced in the papers [12, 15].

5.1. Question 1
By τθ we denote the topology obtained from τ by declaring all θ-closed sets in τ to be closed.
Consider the following question (Question 2.6 in [4]):
Does there exist a Urysohn-closed space (X, τ ) with (X, τθ ) quasi-compact such that (X, τ )
is not Urysohn-θ-closed?
The following example answers of that question.

Example 5.1. Let ω1 be the set of all countable ordinals, and let ω1 + 1 = ω1 ∪{ω1 }. We denote
the points of ω1 + 1 by {α} and the points of ω1 by {α1 }. Let P be the set of all limit points
of ω1 in the order topology, and let P1 be the set of all limit points of P . We strengthen the
order topology at the points of P1 as follows. For the base neighborhoods of each point α1 ∈ P1
we take U(α1 ) = (O(α1) \ P ) ∪ {α1 }, where O(α1) is a neighborhood in the order topology. In

13
 L
the topological sum (ω1 + 1) ω1 , we identify α with α1 for each α1 ∈ P1 and denote the points
glued together by {α, α1}.
In the quotient space thus obtained, we strengthen the topology at the point {ω1 }. For its
base neighborhoods we take
U(ω1 ) = (O(ω1 ) \ P11 ), where O(ω1) is any neighborhood of {ω1 } in the order topology and
P11 is the image of P1 under the quotient map.

We denote the resulting quotient space by F1 (see Figure 8 where a is the point {ω1 }).

Figure 8: The space F1

The space F1 has the following properties:

• F1 is an S(n)-space for any n ∈ N;
This follows from the fact that for any two points x and y, there exists a 2-hull Ox of x such
that y ∈/ Ox and Ox is an open-closed subset of the space F1 .
• F1 is S(2)-closed (U-closed);
Indeed, take any S(1)-covering U = {Us } of the space F1 . Then the point {ω1 } lies in the
θ-interior of some Us from U. Thus, Us is the 2-hull of {ω1 }, but for F1 \ Us , there obviously
k
S
exists a finite set Us1 , ..., Usk such that F1 \ Us ⊂ Usi . Thus, the set Us ,Us1 ,...,Usk of U covers
i=1
the space F1 .
• F1 is not an S(2)-θ-closed (not U-θ-closed) space.
Since the set P \ P1 , having regular cardinality ω1 , does not have a θ0 (2)-accumulation point,
the space F1 is not a weakly S(2)-θ-closed space and (by (P2)) is not S(2)-θ-closed.
• (F1 , τθ ) is compact.
Indeed, consider the τθ topology on F1 . Let V be an arbitrary τθ -neighborhood of the point
{ω1 }. Then there exists α < ω1 such that {β : β > α} ⊂ V . Consequently, V also contains
the glued points (β, β 1 ) where β 1 ∈ P1 , β > α. For each such point (β, β 1 ) there exists a
neighborhood V(β,β 1 ) ⊂ V due to the θ-closure of the set F1 \ V . This means that the set
{β 1 : β 1 > α, β 1 < ω1 } also lies in V . It easily follows from this that the space (F1 , τθ ) is
compact.

Thus, the U-closed space F1 is not (weakly) U-θ-closed, but (F1 , τθ ) is compact.

5.2. Question 2
An open set U of a topological space (X, τ ) is regularly open if U = intU . Recall that a
topology is said to be semiregular if it has a base consisting of regular open sets. By τs we
denote the topology obtained from τ by declaring a set to be closed in τs if and only if it is
regular closed in τ .

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 It is easy to see that a space (X, τ ) is S(n)-closed whenever its semiregularization (X, τs ) is
S(n)-closed. On the other hand there exist non compact H-closed Urysohn spaces (see Example
3.7) (their semiregularization is always compact).

Consider the following question (Problem 2 in [4]):

Is it true that any S(n)-space (X, τ ) for which (X, τs ) is S(n)-θ-closed is S(n)-θ-closed?
Example 5.1 (independely of [10]) answers of that question for n = 1.
The following example answers of that question for any n > 1.
Example 5.2. Let n > 1 and T i ( i = 1, ..., n − 1 ) be n − 1 copies of the deleted Tychonoff
plane T , whose elements will be denoted (i, α, k). Let ω1 be the set of all countable ordinals with
the order topology, whose elements will be denoted by {α}. Let P be the set of all limit points of
ω1 in the order topology, and let P1 be the set of all limit points of P . We strengthen the order
topology at the points of P1 as follows.
For the base neighborhoods of each point α ∈ P1 we take U(α) = (O(α) \ P ) ∪ {α}, where
O(α) is a neighborhood in the order topology.
Let ϕ : ω1 → P1 be a bijection (order-preserving) function.
n−1
L iL
Consider the following identifications on the topological sum T ω1 :
i=1
(1, α, ω0) ∼ (ϕ(α)) for every α ∈ ω1 ;
(s, ω1 , k) ∼ (s + 1, ω1 , k) for all odd s;
(s, α, ω0) ∼ (s + 1, α, ω0) for all even s.
To the obtained space, we add the point a with the base of neighborhoods:
Uα,k (a) = {(n − 1, β, p) : α < β < ω1 , k < p < ω0 } ∪ {a}.
We denote the resulting quotient space by Fn (see Figure 9 for n = 3).

Figure 9: The space F3

The space Fn has the following properties:

• Fn is a S(k)-space for every k ∈ N.
• Fn is a S(n)-closed space.
On the other hand, the set F = P \ P1 in ω1 has regular cardinality ω1 and does not have a
θ0 (n)-accumulation point. Therefore,

15
 • Fn is not weakly S(n)-θ-closed space and, by (P2), is not S(n)-θ-closed.
• (Fn , τs ) is a S(n)-θ-closed space.
Indeed, ω1 in (Fn , τs ) has the order topology. Therefore, any neighborhood of the set Z =
P1 \ S, where S is countable, will contain all points of ω1 but a countable number. Note that in
(Fn , τs ) the point a will be a θ0 (n)-complete accumulation point for any uncountable subset ω1 .
Consider an arbitrary n-hull Ua in (Fn , τs ) of the point a, then Fn \ Ua is compact. Therefore,
(Fn , τs ) is an S(n)-θ-closed space.
Thus, Fn is an example of an S(n)-space that is S(n)-closed, but not S(n)-θ-closed space,
which in the semiregular topology τs is an S(n)-θ-closed space.

Note that Example 5.2 also solves negatively the question of relatively weakly S(n)-θ-
closedness. Indeed, (Fn , τs ) is weakly S(n)-θ-closed, but the space (Fn , τ ) is not a weakly
S(n)-θ-closed space.

5.3. Question 3
A regular space X is called regular-closed if it is a closed subspace in every regular space in
which it is embedded. A topological space X is feebly compact if any open locally finite family
of its subsets is finite.
In 1982, Pettey [17] proved that the product of regular-closed spaces is regular-closed if it is
feebly compact. The validity of a similar theorem in the class of U-θ-closed spaces was discussed
in [4], where the problem (Problem 5) on the product of U-θ-closed spaces was formulated:
It is required to prove or to disprove that the product of U-θ-closed spaces is feebly compact.
Note that a Lindelöf U-θ-closed space is H-closed (see (L3)). It was by Chevalley and
Frink that products of H-closed spaces are H-closed. Observe that every H-closed space is
feebly compact. It follow that for the case of Lindelöf U-θ-closed spaces that problem is solved
positively.
Note that U-θ-closedness is not a multiplicative property [4].
Next, two Urysohn U-θ-closed spaces are constructed such that their product is not feebly
compact, and thus the general question of the feebly compactness of the product of two U-θ-
closed spaces is answered negatively.
For the construction, we use the construction of example 3.10.19 from the book [5].

Example 5.3. Let βN be the Stone-Čech extension of the set of positive integers N. For every
M ⊂ βN, denote by P(M) the family of all countable infinite subsets of the set M; let f be the
mapping which to every term S of the family P(βN) puts into correspondence some limit point
of the set S in the space βN. S S S
Setting X0 = N and Xα = Xγ f (P ( Xγ )) for 0 < α < ω1 , we define the transfinite
γ<α γ<α
sequence X0 , X1 , ..., Xα , ...,
S α < ω1 , of subsets of the space βN by means of the transfinite
induction. The space A = Xα is countably compact [5] because every S ∈ P(A) is contained
α<ω1
in some Xα , and consequently, it has a limit point in Xα+1 and all the more in A. It is easily
shown by the transfinite induction that |Xα | 6 c. Hence, |A| 6 c.
We set B = N ∪ (βN \ A). Since the power of the closure of S equals 2c for every S ∈ P(B),
each infinite subspace of the space B has a limit point in B, and the space B is countably
compact.

16
 Thus, we have the partition of the remainder N∗ = βN\N into two disjoint subsets A1 = A\N
and B1 = B \ N such that A and B are countably compact.
Let X = (βN × [0, 1]) \ (N × (0, 1]).

Note that X (with the topology of product) is a compact space (as closed subspace of the
product βN × [0, 1]). We define a stronger topology of X:
If xS∈ A1 , then the base of the point (x, 0) is the family of all sets of the form U({x, 0}) =
{x, 0} O({x, 0}) \ (βN × {0}), where O({x, 0}) is an arbitrary neighborhood (in the topology
of product) of the point (x, 0) in X. The bases of other points are the same as in the topology
of product. We denote by D1 the topological space obtained.
Let us define one more topology of X:
If xS∈ B1 , then the base of the point (x, 0) is the family of all sets of the form U({x, 0}) =
{x, 0} O({x, 0}) \ (βN × {0}), where O({x, 0}) is an arbitrary neighborhood (in the topology
of product) of the point (x, 0) in X. The bases of other points are the same as in the topology
of product. We denote by D2 the topological space obtained.

Figure 10: The spaces D1 and D2

The spaces D1 and D2 are Urysohn, since they are condensed on the Hausdorff compact
space X. Let us prove that D1 and D2 are U-θ-closed spaces. Indeed, let {Vα }α be an Urysohn
cover, for example, of the space D1 . Then, for any point x ∈ S (S = N∗ × [0, 1]), there
T exists a
neighborhood Ox which is open in the topology of product and such that Ox ⊂ Vα S for some
α. Then, {Ox }x∈S covers the compact set S; hence, there exists a finite subcover Ox1 , Ox2 , ...,
Oxk and, as a consequence, a finite subcover V1 ∩ S, V2 ∩ S, ..., Vk ∩ S of the space S. Since
(B1 × {0}) ⊂ S, and V1 ∩ S, V2 ∩ S, ..., Vk ∩ S cover of B1 × {0}, we get that V1 , V2 , ..., Vk
cover of N × {0}, which that V1 , V2 , ..., Vk is a finite subcover D1 . The U-θ-closedness of D2 is
proved analogously.
Consider the Tychonoff product of the two U-θ-closed spaces D1 and D2 : Y = D1 × D2 .
Denote by ∆ the diagonal of the product and by ∆0 a subset of ∆, ∆0 = {((1, 0), (1, 0)), ((2, 0), (2, 0)), ...}.
Since D1 and D2 are Urysohn, the diagonal ∆ is closed in Y . Let a = {(x, y), (x, y)} ∈ ∆ \ ∆0 .
If y 6= 0, then, obviously, the point a has a neighborhood Va such that Va ∩ ∆0 = ∅. Let us show
that such a neighborhood exists also in the case y = 0. Indeed, let a = ((x, 0), (x, 0)) ∈ ∆ \ ∆0 ;
then, x ∈ A1 or x ∈ B1 . If x ∈ A1 , then in D1 there exists (by construction) a neighborhood
U({x, 0}) such that U({x, 0}) ∩ (N × {0}) = ∅ and U({x, 0}) × O({x, 0}) ∩ ∆0 = ∅ for any
neighborhood O({x, 0}) in D2 .

17
 If x ∈ B1 , then there exists (by construction) a neighborhood U({x, 0}) in D2 such that
U({x, 0}) ∩ (N × {0}) = ∅ and U({x, 0}) × O({x, 0}) ∩ ∆0 = ∅ for any neighborhood O({x, 0})
in D1 .
Thus, the point a has the desired neighborhood Va . So, ∆0 is closed in ∆ and, hence, is
closed in the product Y .
The set {(i, 0)} is open in D1 and in D2 for i = 1, 2, ...;, hence, ∆0 is an open subset in
Y . The locally finite open system {(i, 0), (i, 0)}i∈N is not finite, and, therefore, Y is not feebly
compact. Note that the space Y is not countably compact because it contains the infinite
discrete closed set ∆0 .
T
Since ∆0 is an infinite discrete closed set, which does not have a point x such that |∆0 Vx | =
|∆0 | for any 2-hull of x, Y is not weakly U-θ-closed and, hence, it is not U-θ-closed.

Thus, the constructed space Y proves that the property of weakly U-θ-closedness is not
multiplicative. We have obtained that the problem of feebly compactness of the product of
U-θ-closed spaces, in general, is solved negatively.

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