READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE
H I S T O RY
M a r i e l l e A . B a c a l a n g c o
I n s t r u c t o r I
ACTIVITY 1
Draw the first thing that comes into your
mind when you hear the word
“HISTORY”.
LESSON 1.1
Meaning and
Relevance of History
WHAT IS HISTORY?
Etymology, HISTORY (from the Greek word
Historia, meaning “Knowledge acquired by
investigation”
WHAT IS HISTORY?
As a discipline, Merriam-Webster (2018) defined
history as “a chronological record of significant
events, often including an explanation of their
causes.”
WHAT IS HISTORY?
Narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including
an account of the rise and fall of the nations, great changes which
have affected the political and social condition of the human race.
John Anderson, 1876. A Manual of General History
HISTORIAN HISTORIAGRAPHY
• It refers to how, what,
and why history is
written. It is about the
methods and practices
used in producing
history, the development
of history as a discipline,
or the philosophy or
Scholars who write significance of historical
about history writing.
Theories constructed by
historian in investigating
history
a. Factual history
b. Speculative history
FACTUAL HISTORY SPECULATIVE HISTORY
Present Readers the • It goes beyond facts
plain and basic because it is concerned
information (What, about the reason for
which events happened
When, Who) (Why and How)
• It tries to speculate on
the cause and effect of
the event. (Cantal,
Cardenal et.al)
PREHISTORY
Refers to that period
where information of
the past were recorded
in materials other than
written documents,
which may not be
understood by a
historian.
Why study History?
1. History helps us understand people and
societies.
2. History helps us understand change and how
the society we live in came to be.
3. History contributes to moral understanding.
4. History provides identity & essential for good
citizenship.
Skills that a student may develop
in studying history
1. The ability to assess evidence.
2. The ability to assess conflicting interpretations.
3. Experience in assessing past examples of
change.
LESSON 1.2
Distinction between Primary
and Secondary Sources
Historical Sources
It is an object from the
past or testimony
concerning the past of
which historians
depend in order to
create their own
depiction of the past
PRIMARY SOURCES
• Original records of a
certain event by people
who have actually
experienced or witnessed
it. Such as letters,
legislations, newspaper
articles, diaries,
interviews, government
documents, reports,
photographs, literature
and other creative
outputs.
SECONDARY SOURCES
• Records based on primary
sources. They explain a
certain event of the past
through evaluation and
interpretation of the records
created during a historical
period.
• These may include
researches, textbooks,
journals, commentaries,
biographies, and criticism
or reviews of literary and
creative works.
Primary or Secondary Source ?
1. A role play showing how Macario Sakay was
executed.
2. A journal written by Gregorio del Pilar.
3. A general's diary describing what he thought
about the Supremo, Andres Bonifacio.
4. A text book describing the EDSA Revolution 1.
5. A newspaper article from 2015 describing the
global economic crisis in 2008.
LESSON 1.3
Internal and External
Criticism
HISTORICAL METHOD
• Refers to the process of probing primary
sources that will be used in writing history.
• This includes source criticism which studies
the external and internal validity of sources.
Definitely NOT Historical Sources
Historical Sources
Evaluation of
Historical
Sources
Evaluation of Historical Sources
CREDIBILITY AUTHENTICITY PROVENANCE
Defined as “the quality It refers to the proven It refers to the sources
or power of inspiring fact that something is of information, such
belief”. Credible sources legitimate or real as entities and
therefore, must be processes, involved in
reliable sources that
provide information that producing or
one can believe to be delivering an artifact.
true.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
• Verification of authenticity by examining
physical characteristics; consistency with the
historical characteristics of the time when it
was produced, and materials used.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
1. When was the source produced?
2. Where was it produced?
3. What were the materials used?
4. In what original form was it produced?
5. Why did it survive?
INTERNAL CRITICISM
• Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of
the evidence by looking at the author, its
context, and the agenda behind its creation.
INTERNAL CRITICISM
1. Was it written by eyewitness or not?
2. Why was it written?
3. Is there consistency?
4. What are the connotations?
5. What is the literal meaning?
6. What is the meaning of the context?
Why External and Internal
Criticism is important?
TO AVOID
HISTORICAL
DISTORTION
CODE OF KALANTIAW
The Code was introduced as written by Datu
Kalantiaw of Negros in 1433. However, in a study
presented by William Henry Scott, it was found
out to be a hoax- a forgery written by Jose E.
Marco in 1913.
LESSON 1.4
Kinds and Repositories
of Primary Resources
•Primary sources
may be published
or unpublished
documents
PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
• Are those intended for public distribution or
use such as newspapers, magazines, books,
reports, government documents, laws, court
decisions, literary works, posters, maps, and
advertisement
UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
• Documents such as diaries, journals, letters,
wills, and other personal papers that are not
published.
UNWRITTEN PRIMARY SOURCES
• Oral traditions/histories. Traditions and
histories or stories transferred through
generations may tell us something about the
past.
Artworks and Artifacts
REPOSITORIES OF
PRIMARY SOUCES
• The National Archives of
the Philippines
• The National Library of the
Philippines
• The National Museum of
the Philippines
Is everything clear?
ASSIGNMENT
•What is the importance of studying
history in relation to your course.
REFERENCE
• Dolina, V.V Jr., Nery, I.C, & Sion, P.G
(2019). Readings in Philippine History
(1 ed., pp. 2-25). JTCA Publising.
st
• Hipolito, Y. C. (N/A). HIST100
Readings in Philippine History.
Bulacan Agriculture State College.
Thank You
