PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MCQS AND NOTES

SYLLABUS
UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION: Meaning, Nature, Scope, and Significance of Public Administration; Evolution and
Status of the Discipline of Public Administration. New Public Administration, New Public Management,
Public & Private Administration, Comparative Public Administration and Development Administration.

UNIT-2

BASIC CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES: Organization, Hierarchy, Unity of Command, Span of Control,
Authority and Responsibility, Coordination, Centralisation and De-centralization, Delegation, Supervision
and Line and Staff.

UNIT-3

THEORIES OF ADMINISTRATION: Scientific Management (Taylor and Movement); Classical Theory

(Fayol); Bureaucratic Theory (Weber and his Critics), Human Relations Theory (Elton Mayo).

UNIT-4

ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOUR: Decision Making (H. Simon), Communication, Control, Leadership

Theories, Theories of Motivation (Maslow and Herzberg).

UNIT-5

ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS: USA, Great Britain, France, and Japan. Issue Areas: Good Governance, E-
Governance and Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization.

REFERENCES

1) Public Administration: Concepts and Theories – Rumki Basu.

2) Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues – Ramesh Kumar Arora, Ranjani Goyal.

3) Public Administration – Laxmikanth.

4) Public Administration (Principles and Practice) – A.R. Tyagi.

5) Administrative Theories and Management Thought – R.K. Sapru.

1) Which of the following administrative thinkers has defined administration as the organization and direction
of human and material resources to achieve desired ends?

ANS: J.M. Pfiffner.

2) Which one of the following statements is not correct in respect of New Public Management?

ANS: It upholds public interest.

3) ‘Good Governance’ and ‘Participating Civil Society for Development’ were stressed in World Bank Report
of

ANS: 1992.

4) If the administrative authority within a department is vested in a single individual, then that system is
known as

ANS: Bureau.

5) Globalisation means

ANS: The growth of a single unified world market.

6) By whom was the ‘Managerial Grid’ developed?

ANS: Blake and Mouton.

7) Who among the following says that public administration includes the operations of only the executive
branch of government?

ANS: Luther Gulick.

8) The concept of the ‘zone of indifference’ is associated with

ANS: Authority.

9) Who has analysed the leadership in terms of ‘circular response’?

ANS: M.P. Follett.

10) Simon proposed a new concept of administration based on the methodology of

ANS: Logical Positivism.

11) Who wrote the book ‘Towards A New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective’?

ANS: Frank Marini.

12) Who rejected the principles of administration as ‘Myths’ and ‘Proverbs’?

ANS: Herbert Simon.

13) The classical theory of administration is also known as the

ANS: Mechanistic Theory.

14) How many principles of organization were propounded by Henry Fayol?

ANS: 14.

15) Simon was positively influenced by ideas of

ANS: Barnard.

16) Negative motivation is based on

ANS: Fear.

17) ‘Job loading’ means

ANS: Deliberate upgrading of responsibility, scope, and challenge.

18) The theory of ‘Prismatic Society’ in Public Administration is based on

ANS: Structural-Functional analysis of public administration in developing countries.

19) Who among the following is an odd thinker?

ANS: Taylor.

20) Which of the following is not included in ‘hygiene’ factors in the Herzberg’s two-factor theory of
motivation?

ANS: Responsibility.

21) The ‘Gang Plank’ refers to

ANS: Level Jumping.

22) The history of evolution of the Public Administration is generally divided into

ANS: Five Phases.

23) Henry Fayol’s General theory of Administration is applicable at

ANS: Top Management Level.

24) F. W. Taylor, the founding father of Scientific Management movement propounded the theory which was
conceived to be a scientific methodology of

ANS: All of these (Careful Observation, Measurement and Generalisation).

25) In which of the following are public and private administrations not common?
ANS: Scope and Complexity.

26) Bureaucracy that is committed to the programmes of the political party in power is called

ANS: Committed Bureaucracy.

27) The principle of ‘span of control’ means

ANS: The Number of employees that an administrator can effectively direct.

28) Which of the following is not a function of staff agency?

ANS: Achieving Goals.

29) Which of the following is not a staff agency in India?

ANS: Economic Affairs Department.

30) In hierarchy the term ‘Scalar’ means

ANS: Ladder.

31) The 4Ps theory of departmentalization as advocated by Luther Gulick are

ANS: Purpose, Process, Person, Place.

32) One who tells one’s supervisor anything detrimental to an associate is called

ANS: A Squealer.

33) According to Urwick, where the work is of a more simple and routine nature, the span of control varies
from

ANS: 8 to 12.

34) Delegation of authority by a sales Manager to his salesman is an example of

ANS: Downward Delegation.

35) A virtual organisation is

ANS: A small, core organization that outsources the major business functions.

36) The most effective means of citizen’s control over administration is

ANS: Election.

37) The Santhanam Committee on prevention of corruption was appointed in

ANS: 1962.

38) The first country in the world to introduce the right to information was
ANS: Sweden.

39) What is meant by the Doctrine of State Immunity?

ANS: The state is immune to being sued.

40) ‘Habeas Corpus’ literally means

ANS: To have the body of.

41) The system of Rule of Law was propounded by

ANS: A.V. Dicey.

42) Who says that “Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely”?

ANS: Lord Acton.

43) The Public Accounts Committee of Parliament in India consists of

ANS: 22 Members.

44) If a public servant imposes upon the citizens duties and obligations which are not required by law, it can
lead to

ANS: Abuse of Power.

45) Of which of the following administrative systems is the absence of judicial review a feature?

1. USA.

2. UK.

3. France.

4. India.

(A) 3.

(B) 2 and 3.

(C) 1 and 3.

(D) 2.

ANS: 2 and 3. (UK and France).

46) The present constitution of the USA was adopted in

ANS: 1787.

47) The founder of Scientific Management School of thought was:

ANS: Frederick Winslow Taylor.

48) The father of Human Relations theory was:

ANS: Elton Mayo.

49) The founding father of theory of Bureaucracy was:

ANS: Max Weber.

50) Systems theory of management is based on the concept of components having

ANS: Inter-Dependence.

51) Bureaucracy of Pakistan is:

ANS: Elitist.

52) Administrative accountability is established in government organizations by:

ANS: All of the Above (Executive, Legislature and Judiciary).

53) The first book on Public Administration was written by:

ANS: L.D. White.

54) Public Administration is the study of:

ANS: Public Policy implementation.

55) Planning machinery in Pakistan is:

ANS: Centralized.

56) Financially the performance of public corporations in Pakistan during the last decade has been:

ANS: Poor.

57) Public Personnel Management in Pakistan is based on the principle of:

ANS: Merit.

58) Communication runs faster in:

ANS: Centralized structure.

59) Performance budgeting is based on:

ANS: Objectives of Expenditure.

60) The concept of Politics-Administration dichotomy was given by:

ANS: Frank Henry Goodnow.

61) The form of Leadership in the bureaucracy of Pakistan js:

ANS: Aristocratic.

62) The President of U. S. who laid the foundation of the study of public administration was

ANS: President Wilson.

63) Formal relationship in an organization is based on:

ANS: Rules and Regulations.

62) The Ideal Model of bureaucracy is based on authority of:

ANS: Legal Rational.

63) Pressure groups in public administration work for:

ANS: Sectoral Interests.

64) The administrative reforms under which various services were merged in occupational groups were
introduced in:

ANS: 1973.

65) Public Administration may be defined as:

ANS: Administration of Public.

66) The concept of "bounded rationality" was given by:

ANS: Herbert. A. Simon.

67) Bureaucracy is based on:

ANS: Traditional Authority.

68) Behaviourism is associated with:

ANS: Socialism.

69) The author of "The Function of the Executive" is

ANS: Chester Bernard.

70) Which of the following is not of the core values of public administration?

ANS: Bureaucracy.

71) Which of the following is one of the features of bureaucracy conceived by Max Weber?

ANS: Hierarchy.
72) Which of the following is an essential component of a formal organization?

ANS: Formal Structure.

73) Literally the term ‘administration’ means --------------.

ANS: Manage the affairs of public or private.

74) Public administration is the sum total of all the activities undertaken in pursuit of and in fulfilment of
public policy, belongs to which view?

ANS: Integral View.

75) The human relations theory focussed on the

ANS: Social and Psychological Factors.

76) The discipline of public administration originated in ------------.

ANS: United States of America.

77) Who was the originator of Politics-administration dichotomy?

ANS: Woodrow Wilson.

78) The ‘POSDCORB’ relates to the --------------- of the public administration?

ANS: Scope.

79) Which one of the following activities are not covered in ‘POSDCORB’?

ANS: Discipline.

80) New Public administration laid emphasis on ------------

ANS: Values and Ethics.

81) Scalar chain refers to:

ANS: Chain of managers from top to bottom linked stepwise.

82) The name of Max Weber is associated with -------

ANS: Bureaucratic Theory.

83) The primary focus of human relations theory is on:

ANS: Individual as Socio-Phycological being and what motivates him.

84) The organisation theory which highlights the social and psychological influences on organisational
behaviour is called:
ANS: Human Relations Theory.

85) Which of the following are required in organisation as a process?

ANS: All the Three (Division of Work, Grouping Jobs and Departments and Establishing authority
relationships).

86) The history of evolution of the discipline of public administration is generally divided into:

ANS: Five Phases.

87) The integral view of public administration is supported by:

ANS: All of the Above (L.D. White, Dimock and Gladden).

88) The word “POSDCORB” was coined by:

ANS: Luther Gullick.

89) Which of the following is the main point of difference between public administration and private
administration?

ANS: All the Above (Profit Motive, Nature of Functions and Public Responsibility).

90) Which of the following statement is correct regarding the increasingly important role of public
administration in modern state?

ANS: All the Above (The Complexities of the modern industrial and urbanised world, it is a great
instrument of social change and concept of welfare state and total war).

91) The term “development administration” was first coined by:

ANS: U.L. Goswami.

92) Which of the following is a feature of Max Weber’s bureaucratic organisation?

ANS: Office holder cannot appropriate his office.

93) Which of the following is required in organisation as a process

ANS: All the three above (Division of Work, Grouping Jobs and Departments and establishing
authority relationships).

94) Which of the following is important in the organisational structure?

ANS: All the Above (Well-Defined Jobs, Co-ordination and Clarifying power and authority).

95) Which of the following is not one of the principles of organisation?

ANS: Staffing.
96) Hierarchy means:

ANS: Control of the higher over the lower.

97) The principle of scalar chain was devised by

ANS: Henry Fayol.

98) The functions of public management are described in PODSCORB by:

ANS: Luther Gullick.

99) Which of the following is not a part of the departmental organisation?

ANS: Voluntary Agency.

100) Which is the most widely prevalent form of governmental organisation?

ANS: Department.

101) The famous article “The Study of Administration” was written by

ANS: Woodrow Wilson.

102) Which of the following book is not written by F.W. Taylor?

ANS: Creative Experience.

103) Which of the following thinkers belong to the Scientific Management Theory?

ANS: F.B. Gilbreth, H.L. Gantt, F.W. Taylor and S.E. Thompson.

104) Choose the thinker which had improved the task and bonus system of incentive pay for the growth of
Scientific Management Theory?

ANS: Henry Lawrence Gantt.

105) Who had given twelve principles of efficiency?

ANS: Harrington Emerson.

106) Human Relations Theory came into existence as a reaction to

ANS: Classical Theory.

107) The most important critic of Taylorism is:

ANS: Elton Mayo.

108) The greatest resistance to Scientific Management came from

ANS: Trade Unions.

109) Which study formed the basis for the rise of Human Relations Theory?

ANS: Hawthrone Study.

110) In the acronym ‘POSDCROB’ the letter ‘R’ stands for

ANS: Reporting.

111) In the acronym ‘POSDCROB’ the letter ‘B’ stands for

ANS: Budgeting.

112) Who defined Public Administration as ‘Detailed and Systematic execution of public law. Every particular
application of general law is an act of administration.’

ANS: Woodrow Wilson.

113) Choose the statement which is correct about managerial view of administration?

ANS: It comprises only managerial work.

114) Which of the following thinker is supporterer of Managerial view of administration?

ANS: All of these are correct (Luther Gullick, Henry Fayol, and Herbert Simon).

115) What does ‘CO’ stand for, in the acronym ‘POSDCROB’ given by Gullick?

ANS: Co-ordinating.

116) Which of the following thinker doesn’t support the integral view of administration?

ANS: Victor Thomson.

117) Which of the following thinker make distinction between public and private administration?

ANS: Paul. H. Appleby.

118) Choose the statement which is correct about public administration?

ANS: All of the above are correct (The primary purpose or goal of the public administration is to serve
the people that is welfare and fulfilment of the interests of citizens without having any profit motive,
The public administration is bound by the rule of law and Public Administration is held accountable
for its activities through judicial review and legislative oversight).

119) Find out the similarities between public and private administration

ANS: 1) a), c) and d) (Hierarchy, Managerial Techniques and Problems of Finance, Personnel and
Organisation).

120) Which of the following work of Woodrow Wilson is considered to be the beginning of conceptualization
of Public Administration?
ANS: The Study of Administration.

121) Who coined the acronym ‘POSDCORB’?

ANS: Luther Gullick.

122) Who of the following says that public administration includes the operations of only the executive branch
of Government?

ANS: Luther Gulick.

123) Which of the following statements are correct about public administration?

ANS: 4) a), b), c) and d). (It is the management of affairs of Government, it operates within a political
context, it is the action part of the government and it is a non-political bureaucratic machinery of
government).

124) “Administration has to do with getting things done; with the accomplishment of defined objectives.” This
is said by

ANS: Luther Gullick.

125) Public Administration includes all the activities of government whether falling in the sphere of the
legislative, executive or judiciary branch of the government. This statement reflects the:

ANS: Wider view of administration.

126) Who of the following administrative thinkers have defined administration as “ The Organisation and
direction of human and material resources to achieve the desired ends?”

ANS: J.M. Piffner.

127) Public Administration is the heart of the problem of modern government” is said by

ANS: L.D. White.

128) Who declared that, if our civilization fails, it will be mainly because of a breakdown of administration?

ANS: Donham.

129) “We are no longer confronted with several administrative sciences but with one which can be applied
equally well to public and private affairs” who said this:

ANS: Henry Fayol.

130) Which of the following thinker is not associated with the classical theory?

ANS: Elton Mayo.

131) In USA, the budget is presented before:

ANS: House of Representatives.

132) In which country was ‘Performance Budget’ first introduced in:

ANS: USA.

133) Performance Budget was introduced by which president & in which year?

ANS: President Truman in 1950.

134) The term ‘Performance Budget’ was coined by?

ANS: First Hoover Commission in 1949.

135) In the field of Parliamentary practice, ‘Zero Hour’ emerged in India in

ANS: 1962.

136) The civil list of IAS officers is maintained and updated by

ANS: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.

137) A member of a State Public Service Commission, who wants to resign can do by writing a letter
addressed to which of the following

ANS: Governor of concerned state.

138) Which of the following committee recommended the open participation of political parties in Panchayati
raj elections?

ANS: Ashok Mehta Committee.

139) What is the correct sequence of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (Lower to Higher Order).

ANS: 1, 3, 2, 4. (Physiological needs, social needs, Esteem needs, Self-actualization needs).

140) Arrange the following experiments conducted by Elton Mayo in a chronological order:

ANS: 1, 2, 4, 3 (Illumination Experiments, Relay Assembly test room Experiments, Mass interview
Program and Bank wiring observation study).

141) Who is the Father of Public Administration?

ANS: Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924).

142) Woodrow Wilson was born in which country?

ANS: Born In Staunton, Virginia – USA.

143) He has a law degree in ----------------------?

ANS: Law School of University of Virginia.

144) The word “Administer” is derived from which language?

ANS: Latin.

145) Woodrow Wilson has a --------------- from ----------------?

ANS: Ph.D., in Political Science from John Hopskins University.

146) Woodrow Wilson worked as a professor in which University and in which field?

ANS: Princeton University and in the fields of Jurisprudence and Political Economy.

147) Woodrow Wilson supported which Political Party?

ANS: Democratic Political Party.

148) What are the achievements of Thomas Woodrow Wilson?

ANS: 13th President of the Princeton University (1902-1910), 34th Governor of New Jersey (1911-1913)
and 28th President of the USA (2 Times) (1913-1921).

149) What was awarded to Thomas Woodrow Wilson in the year 1919?

ANS: Nobel Peace Prize.

150) When Thomas Woodrow Wilson died?

ANS: In his 68th age in 1924 due to the problems of brain (Stroke).

151) What new subject was created by Thomas Woodrow Wilson?

ANS: The new subject created by him was “Public Administration” from the Political Science.

152) Political Science deals with the --------------.

ANS: Policy Formulation.

153) Public Administration deals with the ----------------.

ANS: Policy Implementation.

154) 1918- ----------------- to end the First World War.

ANS: Fourteen Principles.

155) 1919 - ---------------- after the First World War.

ANS: Treaty of Versailles.

156) 1920 - --------------.

ANS: League of Nations.

157) Who were the permanent members of the League of Nations?

ANS: 5 Countries (America, England, Japan, France and Italy).

158) What are the books written by Woodrow Wilson?

ANS: 1885 – Congressional Government, 1908 – Constitutional Government in the United States and
1918 – Fourteen Points.

159) Who is the Father of Indian Public Administration?

ANS: Paul. H. Appleby.

160) Where does Paul. H. Appleby belongs to and what is his Profession?

ANS: He belongs to America and his Profession was Journalist, Theorist and Public Service.

161) In which books does Paul. H. Appleby has given the details of administrative activities and procedures?

ANS: “Public Administration in India – A report of Survey” in 1953 and “Re-examination of India
Administrative System” in 1956.

162) What is the meaning of Administration?

ANS: The word ‘Administer’ came from Latin word ad and ministrare which means to serve or to
manage and deals with ‘Management of Affairs’ – Private or Public.

163) Which American Scholar said “Use of men and materials to accomplish a purpose”?

ANS: Felix. A. Nigro.

164) Which American Economist said “Activities of groups cooperating to accomplish common goals”?

ANS: Herbert. A. Simon.

165) Which American Scholar said “Administration is an organization and direction of human and material
resources to achieve desired ends”?

ANS: Pfiffener.

166) Which American Historian said “Direction, Co-ordination and Control of many persons to achieve some
objectives”?

ANS: L.D. White.

167) Which American Political Scientist said “Type of co-operative human effort that has high degree of
rationality”?

ANS: Dwight Waldo.

168) Who introduced the POSD’Co’RB concept?

ANS: Luther Gullick and Lyndall Urwick.

169) What is the full form of POSD’Co’RB?

 P – Planning.
 O – Organizing.
 S – Staffing. (Circle Process to achieve or reach something).
 D – Directing.
 Co – Coordinating.
 R – Reporting.
 B – Budgeting.

170) What is the nature of Administration?

ANS: Doctrines

Integral View Managerial View

Top to Bottom Activities only top level

(All the activities like Managerial, Technical, Clerical Chief Executive, General
Manager

and Manual activities). Example: Kamaraj, Sundar

Pichai.

171) ------------------- is a whole structure to achieve a particular aim.

ANS: Organization.

172) --------------------- is one or group of persons to direction the organization.

ANS: Management.

173) ----------------- is an entire process.

ANS: Administration.

174) How many vedhas are there?

ANS: Four (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda).

175) Who wrote Artha sastras?

ANS: Kautilya.

176) Who wrote the book called “Politics”?

ANS: Aristotle.
177) Who wrote the book called “Prince”?

ANS: Machiavelli.

178) Who was the Mourya Emperor?

ANS: Ashoka.

179) Who was the Mughal Emperor?

ANS: Akbar.

180) “Administration is the organization and use of men and materials to accomplish a purpose” said by
whom?

ANS: Felix. A. Nigro.

181) Who regarded as father of Public Administration?

ANS: Woodrow Wilson.

182) “Public Administration is a systematic execution of law. Every particular application of law is an act of
administration” stated by whom?

ANS: Woodrow Wilson.

183) What are the two divergent views on the nature of public administration?

ANS: Managerial View and Integral View.

184) “Administration has to do with getting things done; with the accomplishment of defined objectives”.
Stated by whom?

ANS: Luther Gulick.

185) Who advocated the POSDCORB view?

ANS: Luther Gullick.

186) The stage of Politics – Dichotomy began with the Publication of Woodrow Wilson’s essay ----------------
in the Political Science quarterly in 1887?

ANS: “The Study of Administration”.

187) Which was the first textbook on Public Administration?

ANS: Introduction to the Study of Public Administration.

188) The main theme advocated during the year 1938-1947 (Era of Challenge) to the study of Public
Administration is?
ANS: ‘Human Relationship Behavioural Approach’.

189) Who is the father of Comparative Public Administration?

ANS: Fred W. Riggs.

190) When was the Comparative and Administrative Group (CAG) established?

ANS: 1963.

191) Who coined the term “Development Administration”?

ANS: U.L. Goswami.

192) Who is called as the father of Development Administration?

ANS: George F. Gant.

193) The First Minnowbrook Conference held under the patronage of --------------.

ANS: Dwight Waldo.

194) When was the second Minnowbrook Conference held?

ANS: September 4, 1988.

195) Who identified the four bases of organization?

ANS: Luther Gullick.

196) The term “Hierarchy” is derived from the ------------- term?

ANS: Greek term “Hierarchia”.

197) “An employee should receive orders from one superior only” is the statement related to which principle?

ANS: Unity of Command.

198) “The number of subordinates or the units of work that an officer can personally direct, control and
supervise” the statement related to which principle?

ANS: Span of Control.

199) Who described authority as the “Supreme Coordinating Power”?

ANS: James D Mooney.

200) Who advocated the acceptance theory of authority?

ANS: Chester Bernard.

201) What are the two board types of Decentralization?

ANS: Political Decentralization and Administrative Decentralization.

202) Cabinet Secretariat comes under which agency?

ANS: Staff Agency.

203) The Central Public Works Department comes under which agency?

ANS: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).

204) Who is known as the Father of Scientific Management?

ANS: Frederick Winslow Taylor.

205) Who is called as the Father of Classical Theory?

ANS: Henri Fayol.

206) Who first coined the term “Bureaucracy”?

ANS: Vincent De Gournay.

207) Who is the father of Human Relations Theory?

ANS: Elton Mayo.

208) Public Administration consists of all those operations having for their purpose for fulfilment or
enforcement of ------------.

ANS: Public Policy.

209) Public administration is ------------- and Private administration have growing importance.

ANS: Different From.

210) --------------- is the father of Public Administration.

ANS: Thomas Woodrow Wilson.

211) ------------- is the father of Modern Management.

ANS: Peter. F. Drucker.

212) Motion study is a technique of standardisation of --------------.

ANS: Methods.

213) Unity of Command as “one head and ----------------- for a group of activities having the same objectives.”

ANS: One Plan.

214) Everything which goes to increase the importance of the subordinate’s role is ---------------.
ANS: Decentralization.

215) Everything which goes to --------------- it is centralisation.

ANS: Reduce it.

216) Espirit de corps is a great source of strength in an ---------------.

ANS: Organization.

217) Mooney defines “ Organization is the form of every --------------- for the attainment of a common
purpose.”

ANS: Human Association.

218) Span of control is also known as ------------.

ANS: Span of Management.

219) ------------ coined the acronym POSDCORB.

ANS: Luther Gullick and Lyndall Urwick.

220) Administration consists of manual, clerical, managerial and technical activities undertaken in pursuit of
an in view. This is the -------------.

ANS: Integral View of Public Administration.

221) “Administration has to do with getting things done; with the accomplishment of defined objectives” This
is said by ---------------.

ANS: Luther Gulick.

222) The term “Development Administration” was coined by ----------------.

ANS: U.L. Goswami.

223) ------------ is not an administrative feature of developing countries.

ANS: Dominance of specialists in Administration.

224) The first book on Public Administration was written by ----------------.

ANS: Leonard. D. White.

225) The concept of Politics – Administration dichotomy was given by ---------------.

ANS: Woodrow Wilson.

226) Public Administration may be defined as --------------.

ANS: Administration of Public.

227) The use of Information Technology (IT) to improve the ability of government to address the needs of
society is known as -------------.

ANS: E-Governance.

228) Administration of Japan is divided into three basic levels namely national, prefectural, and ----------------.

ANS: Municipal.

229) When was India’s New Economic Policy announced -----------------.

ANS: July 24th, 1991.

230) Development Administration is concerned with the formulation and implementation of the four P’s –
Plans, Policies, -------------- and Projects.

ANS: Programmes.

231) Unity of command implies that in organisation, employees should receive orders only from -------------.

ANS: One Superior.

232) A hierarchical organizational structure contains a direct chain of command from the top of the
organization is --------------.

ANS: Scalar Chain.

233) The span of control refers to the number of ---------------.

ANS: Subordinates a manager can effectively supervise.

234) How many principles of organization were propounded by Henry Fayol?

ANS: 14.

235) Who has analysed the leadership in terms of circular response?

ANS: Mary Parker Follet.

236) Principles of Administration as myths and proverb were rejected by ---------------.

ANS: Herbert. A. Simon.

237) In Tamil Nadu women’s have ------------ percent of seats reservation in local government election?

ANS: 50%.

238) How many principles of organization were propounded by Henry Fayol?

ANS: 14.

239) Human Relations Theory focuses on ------------------.

ANS: Social and Psychological Factors.

240) The Administrative agencies (or) Organization of Government has ------------- types of Agencies.

ANS: 4 (Four).

241) The Span of Control depends on --------------.

ANS: All of the Above (Function, Time, and Space).

242) One of the key components of New Public Management is -------------.

ANS: Decentralization.

243) ------------- is regarded as the father of Public Administration.

ANS: Thomas Woodrow Wilson.

244) Simon decision making theory has -------------- phase.

ANS: 4 (Four).

245) U.S. administrative system following ----------------.

ANS: Presidential System.

246) Good Governance refers to adopting or following ----------------.

ANS: Transparent, Accountable and Participatory Process.

247) Bureaucratic theory propounded by -----------------.

ANS: Max Weber.

248) Public Administration is ---------------.

ANS: Welfare of people or welfare of nation.

249) In Public Administration delegation of work is known as ---------------.

ANS: Delegation of Authority.

250) E-Governance means the Government functions with ---------------.

ANS: Electronic and Digital Technologies.

251) LPG means ----------------.

ANS: Liberalization, Privatisation and Globalization.

252) Which type of Constitutional Government following in Britain ---------------.

ANS: Parliamentary Government.

253) Leadership theory prime objective was --------------.

ANS: Influencing and Guiding people towards goals.

254) Any basic principles of administration ----------------.

ANS: Universal and Flexible.

255) Development Administration propounded by ----------------.

ANS: Edward Weidner.

256) Comparing two nations administrative system popularly known as -------------.

ANS: Comparative Public Administration.

257) What type of administrative system followed in Japan ------------------.

ANS: Parliamentary and Unitary.

258) Scientific Management theory propounded by --------------- year ---------------.

ANS: Frederick Winslow Taylor and in 1911.

259) The three agencies in Indian Administrative system ---------------, ----------------, ---------------.

ANS: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.

260) Privatization in India began ------------ year.

ANS: 1991.

261) Maslow propounded ------------ theory.

ANS: Hierarchy of Needs.

262) Motive of private administration ------------------.

ANS: Profit Maximization.

263) In India which type of Government we know pursuing ---------------.

ANS: Parliamentary and Federal.

264) Unity of command under one of the -------------- principles.

ANS: 14.

265) Inefficiency of administration occurs because of ---------------.

ANS: Overlapping Authority.

266) Constitution of India aim to government -----------------.

ANS: Accountable and Transparent.

267) The father of American Public Administration is ---------------.

ANS: Woodrow Wilson.

268) “Public Administration is detailed and systematic execution of law. Every particular application of law is
an act of Administration.” This is said by ---------------.

ANS: Woodrow Wilson.

269) -------------------- view of the Scope of Public Administration was advocated by Luther Gullick.

ANS: Managerial.

270) ------------ was the first text book on Public Administration written by L.D. White in 1926.

ANS: Introduction to the study of Public Administration.

271) --------------- means conferring of specified authority by a higher to a lower authority.

ANS: Delegation.

272) Abraham Maslow’s theory consist of -------------- hierarchy of needs.

ANS: Five-Level.

273) The pioneer in the field of Human Relations theory ---------------.

ANS: Elton Mayo.

274) “Law is supreme and hence the government must act according to law and within the limits of the law.”
This is the doctrine of -------------.

ANS: Rule of Law.

275) -------------- is the most powerful Upper house of the World.

ANS: Senate (USA).

276) The country with quasi-Presidential and quasi-Parliamentary features is --------------.

ANS: France.

277) The French system of administrative law is known by the name of -----------------.

ANS: Droit Administratif.

278) -------------- is a diagrammatic representation of the sequential relationships among the tasks which must
be completed to accomplish the project.

ANS: A Network Diagram.

279) There are ------------ types of formal communication networks.

ANS: 4 (Four).

280) Amitai Etzioni has suggested ------------- model in decision making theory.

ANS: Mixed Scanning Model.

281) -------------- was the father of Scientific Management Theory.

ANS: F.W. Taylor.

282) Elton Mayo was involved in the Hawthrone studies from

ANS: 1924-1932.

283) The ideal type of legal rational bureaucracy was designed by --------------.

ANS: Max Weber.

284) The 4P-Formula for explaining the bases of departmental organisation was given by --------------.

ANS: Luther Gullick.

285) “The Papers on the Science of Administration” was written by ---------------.

ANS: Luther Gullick and Lyndall Urwick.

286) The concept of Unity of Command is complementary to the principle of --------------.

ANS: Scalar Chain.

287) Arrange Maslow’s Need Hierarchy in descending order: Social, Self-Actualization, Psychological, Ego,
Security.

ANS: Self-Actualization, Ego, Social, Security and Psychological.

288) “The state is every where it leaves hardly a gap.” This statement explains the concepts of -------------.

ANS: Welfare State.

289) Henry Fayol was the father of ------------- Theory.

ANS: Administrative Management.

290) The book “Prismatic Society Revisited” was written by --------------.

ANS: Fred W. Riggs.

291) The second Minnow brook conference was held during the year ---------------.

ANS: 1988.
292) ------------- was the chief protagonist of Public Choice Approach.

ANS: James Buchanan.

293) “If our civilization fails, it will be mainly because of a breakdown of administration – said by?

ANS: W.B. Donham.

294) The most popular form city government in USA is ----------------.

ANS: Mayor-Council Form.

295) The term Bureaucracy was coined by --------------.

ANS: Vincent De Gournay.

296) The Principles of Scientific Management Theory was proposed by --------------.

ANS: Frederick Winslow Taylor.

297) The meaning of Administration is:

ANS: To Serve.

298) Identification of common processes in administration was first done by:

ANS: Luther Gullick.

299) Public Administration as the fourth branch of the government was advocated by

ANS: W.F. Willoughby.

300) The following is not a feature of the New Public Administration:

ANS: Rationality.

301) New Public Administration openly rejects:

ANS: Value Neutrality Approach.

302) New Public Management’s basic premise is that government should be:

ANS: Open.

303) Match List-Ⅰ and List-Ⅱ correctly the following and choose the correct code:

LIST-Ⅰ

(Name of the Author).

(a) W. Gulick.

(b) H. Fayol.
(c) F. Marini.

(d) D. Waldo.

LIST-Ⅱ

(Title of the Book)

(1) General and Industrial Administration.

(2) The Minnow brook Perspective.

(3) Public Administration in a Time of Turbulence.

(4) The Papers on Science of Administration.

CODES

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii).

(B) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv).

(C) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i).

(D) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii).

ANS: LIST-Ⅰ (Author) and LIST-Ⅱ (Book Title).

(a) W Gullick – The Papers on Science of Administration.

(b) H. Fayol – General and Industrial Administration.

(c) F Marini – The Minnowbrook perspective.

(d) D. Waldo – Public Administration in a Time of Turbulence.

304) The 4 P’s theory of departmentalisation was developed by:

ANS: Gulick.

305) Who rejected the principles of Administration as myths and proverbs?

ANS: Herbert. A. Simon.

306) Who among the following authors have given more importance to the structure rather than person in
organisation?

ANS: Luther Gullick.

307) The concept of line and staff agencies is borrowed from ---------------.
ANS: Military Administration.

308) The concept of Development Administration was introduced by:

ANS: Edward. W, Weidner.

309) Who propounded the formal theory of Authority?

ANS: Max Weber.

310) Delegation is a transfer of authority and responsibility for:

ANS: Routine Work.

311) Simon’s concept of Authority is based upon:

ANS: Zone of Acceptance.

312) The principle of formal organisation focuses on:

ANS: Bureaucratic Theory.

313) Who among the following have contributed significantly to the studies conducted by the Comparative
Administrative Group?

(1) Ferrel Heady.

(2) Ralph Braibanti.

(3) Dwight Waldo.

(4) William Willoughby.

Select the correct option :

(A) (1), (2) and (3).

(B) (2), (3) and (4).

(C) (1) and (4).

(D) (1), (2), (3) and (4).

ANS: (1), (2) and (3). (Ferrel Heady, Ralph Braibanti and Dwight Waldo).

314) Which of the following is not one of the types of leadership according to the concept of Max Weber?

(A) Charismatic.

(B) Traditional.

(C) Bureaucratic.
(D) Rational Legal.

ANS: Bureaucratic.

315) The concept of gang-plank stands for:

ANS: Establishing a communication channel with an employee of the same level.

316) “Hierarchy is the means by which resources are apportioned, personnel selected and assigned, operations
activated, reviewed and modified.” This statement is attributed to:

ANS: Paul. H. Appleby.

317) The principal disadvantage of Hierarchy is

ANS: Delay in disposal of cases.

318) “Hierarchy consists of the universal application of the superior-subordinate relationship through a
number of levels of responsibility reaching from top to bottom of the structure.” This statement is attributed
to

ANS: L.D. White.

319) Who of the following has called hierarchy as the scalar process?

ANS: Mooney and Reiley.

320) “Every organization must have its scalar chain just as every house must have its drain.” This statement is
attributed to?

ANS: Lyndall Urwick.

321) Who of the following said that scalar chain is a universal phenomenon?

ANS: Mooney.

322) The principle of unity of command says that:

ANS: An employee should receive the orders from one superior only.

323) The concept of unity of command is complementary to the principle of:

ANS: Scalar Chain.

324) “The concept of unity of command requires that every member of an organization should report to one,
and only one leader” This statement is attributed to

ANS: Pfiffner and Presthus.

325) The executive power of the Union government in India is vested by the constitution ------.
ANS: The President.

326) The instituition of ombudsman was first introduced in ----

ANS: Sweden.

327) Why is recruitment through public service commission considered necessity for public services?

ANS: A Recruitment through independent agency shall ensure that the selection of candidates is based
on merit.

328) Which of the following activities is included in staffing?

ANS: All of the above (Recruitment, Selection and Transfers).

329) Fayol suggested about how many type of industrial activities?

ANS: 6.

330) Who gave the concept of ‘POCCC’?

ANS: Henry Fayol.

331) Battle of Plassey war was taken place in ------------.

ANS: 1757.

332) Battle of Buxar was taken place in -------------.

ANS: 1764.

333) ---------------- vs --------------- - Bihar, Bengal and Orisa.

ANS: Shah Alam vs British.

334) ---------------- treaty was introduced for tax collection.

ANS: Allahabad Treaty.

335) Allahabad treaty was signed in which year?

ANS: 1765.

336) ----------------- - Regulating Act - ------------------ - Court of Directors - ------------------.

ANS: 1773, For East India Company and 24 Members.

337) ---------------- - Pitt’s India Act – Board of Control - --------------- deals with ---------------- and -------------
deals with the ---------------.

ANS: 1784, 6, Political Activities and Court of Directors and Financial Activities.
338) -------------- - East India Company ------------------- and --------------------.

ANS: 1833, gave up the business and took over the full-time rule.

339) 1835 - -------------.

ANS: Macaulay’s Educational System.

340) -------------- - Charter Act - -------------- - Recruitment of ------------- in England for Indian
Administration.

ANS: 1853, Open Competition and Civil Servants.

341) ----------------- - Proclamation of ---------------- - Direct rule in India.

ANS: 1858 and Queen Victoria’s.

342) --------------- - Indian Council Act - -------------------- was established.

ANS: 1861 and Legislative Councils.

343) --------------- - Lord ------------ - (------------ of India – Local Government).

ANS: 1880-1884, Rippon and Viceroy.

344) --------------- - Minto-Morley Reforms - ----------------------

ANS: 1909 and Separate electorate constituency for Muslims.

345) -------------- - Chelmsford Reforms Act - ---------------.

ANS: 1919 and Dyarchy in Provinces.

346) ------------- - Dyarchy at centre - ------------------ under the control of ----------------- and -----------------
under the control of ----------------.

ANS: 1935, Reserved Subjects, Governor General and Transferred Subjects and Council of Ministers.

347) ------------- - After Independence.

Constitutional Making and Enforcement, -----------------, -----------------, Various Policy, Various Law and
----------------------, Innovative method and ---------------- etc.

ANS: 1947, Planning Commission, National Development Council, Constitutional Amendments and
LPG.

348) 1953 – ------------------.

ANS: Public Administration in India – A Report of Survey.

349) 1956 - ------------------.

ANS: “Re-examination of Indian Administration System.”

350) The books Public Administration in India – A Report of Survey and Re-examination of Indian
Administration System is written by?

ANS: Paul. H. Appleby.

351) What are the five stages of evolution of Public Administration?

ANS: Politics – Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926), Principles of Administration (1927-1937), Era

of Challenge (1938-1947), Crisis of Identity (1948-1970) and public policy perspective since 1971.

352) What is STAGE-1 in evolution of Public Administration?

ANS: Politics- Administration Dichotomy (1887-1926).

353) Study of Administration in Political Science - ---------------, --------------, -------------.

ANS: Separate, Independent, Systematic.

354) Science of Administration - --------------------, ----------------, -------------- and ------------------.

ANS: To Straighten the paths of the Government, to make its business a more businesslike, to
strengthen and purify its organization and to crown its duties with dutifulness.

355) Administration is a -----------------.

ANS: Field of Business.

356) -------------------- showed much interest in Public Administration.

ANS: American Universities.

357) Frank. J. Goodnow, 1900 ‘------------------‘.

ANS: Politics and Administration.

358) -------------- 1926 “---------------------------------“.

ANS: L.D. White and “Introduction to the Study of Public Administration.”

359) -------------------- bifurcated the subject Political Science and Public Administration.

ANS: Thomas Woodrow Wilson.

360) Political Science deals with --------------------.

ANS: Policy Formulation.

361) Public Administration deals with ------------------.

ANS: Policy Implementation.

362) What is STAGE-2 in the evolution of Public Administration?

ANS: Principles of Administration (1927-1937).

363) Who wrote the book titled “Principles of Public Administration”?

ANS: William. F. Willoughby.

364) William. F. Willoughby wrote the book entitled?

ANS: Principles of Public Administration.

365) Who wrote the book entitled “Industrial and General Management”?

ANS: Henri Fayol.

366) Henri Fayol wrote the book entitled?

ANS: Industrial and General Management.

367) Who wrote the book titled “Creative Experience”?

ANS: M.P. Follet.

368) M.P. Follet wrote the book entitled?

ANS: Creative Experience.

369) Who wrote the book titled “Principles of Organization”?

ANS: Mooney and Reiley.

370) Mooney & Reiley wrote the book entitled?

ANS: Principles of Organization.

371) Who wrote the book titled “Paper on the Science of Administration”?

ANS: Gulick and Urwick.

372) Gulick and Urwick wrote the book entitled?

ANS: Paper on the Science of Administration.

373) What is STAGE-3 in evolution of Public Administration?

ANS: Era of Challenge (1938-1947).

374) Human Relations is a -------------.

ANS: Behavioural Approach.

375) Public Administration ------------------- from politics.

ANS: Cannot be separate.

376) Public Administration not only ------------------ but also plays a important role in -------------------.

ANS: Policy Implementation and Policy Formulation.

377) ----------------- introduced behavioural approach to Public Administration to make it more a scientific
discipline.

ANS: Herbert. A. Simon.

378) Herbert. A.Simon introduced ----------------- to Public Administration to make it more a ----------------.

ANS: Behavioural Approach and Scientific Discipline.

379) -------------- is the heart of Public Administration.

ANS: Decision-Making.

380) Decision Making is the ---------------- of Public Administration.

ANS: Heart.

381) Who rejected ‘Politics-Administration’ dichotomy and recommended the empirical approach?

ANS: Herbert. A. Simon.

382) Herbert. A. Simon rejected ‘Politics-Administration’ dichotomy and recommended which approach?

ANS: Empirical Approach.

383) who stated that we are a long way from a Science of Public Administration and environmental effects on
Administrative?

ANS: Robert Dahl.

384) What is STAGE-4 in evolution of Public Administration?

ANS: Crisis of Identity (1948-1970).

385) Rise of -----------------.

ANS: New Human Relations Approach.

386) Growth of --------------------.

ANS: Comparative Public Administration.

387) Which approach was advocated to the study of Public Administration in the Ⅳ stage?

ANS: Ecological Approach.

388) Emergence of ------------------.

ANS: New Public Administration.

389) Which perspective was raised in respect of Public Administration?

ANS: Critical Perspective.

390) What is STAGE-5 in evolution of Public Administration?

ANS: Public Policy Perspective (Since 1971).

391) Public Administration: -----------------------, -----------------------, --------------------- and --------------.

ANS: Policy science, Political economy, Policy making and Policy analysis.

392) In which year Public Administration was a sub-subject in Political Science in Lucknow University, Uttar
Pradesh?

ANS: 1930.

393) Public Administration was a ----------------- in Lucknow University, Uttar Pradesh?

ANS: Sub-subject in Political Science.

394) Public Administration was a sub-subject in Political Science in which University in India?

ANS: Lucknow University, Uttar Pradesh.

395) In which year Public Administration was a Diploma course in University of Madras, Tamil Nadu?

ANS: 1937.

396) Public Administration was a -------------- in University of Madras, Tamil Nadu?

ANS: Diploma Course.

397) Public Administration was a Diploma course in which University in India?

ANS: University of Madras, Tamil Nadu.

398) In which year a department was created as Public Administration and Local Government in Nagpur
University, Maharashtra?

ANS: 1949-1950.

399) In 1949-1950 a department was created as ------------------ in Nagpur University, Maharashtra?

ANS: Public Administration and Local Government.

400) In 1949-1950 a department was created as Public Administration and Local Government in which
University in India?
ANS: Nagpur University, Maharashtra.

401) In which year Indian Institute of Public Administration was established in New Delhi?

ANS: 1954.

402) In 1954 ----------------- was established in New Delhi?

ANS: Indian Institute of Public Administration.

403) Indian Institute of Public Administration was established where in India?

ANS: New Delhi.

404) In which year an institution was established named as “Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of
Administration” in Mussoorie. Uttarkhand, IAS training academy?

ANS: 1959.

405) In 1959, an institution was established named as ------------------------ in Mussoorie. Uttarkhand, IAS
training academy?

ANS: Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration. (LBSNAA).

406) In 1959, an institution was established named as Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of
Administration. (LBSNAA) is located where in India?

ANS: Mussoorie, Uttarkhand.

407) In which year Public Administration was added as a subject in Civil Services Exam - UPSC.

ANS: 1987.

408) At Present level ---------------------- Universities and more than -------------- colleges and a number of
Training Institution established in India.

ANS: More Than 50 Universities and More Than 100 Colleges.

409) Which subject was the major development in post war evolution of Public Administration?

ANS: Comparative Administration.

410) Comparative Public Administration was the ------------------- evolution of Public Administration?

ANS: Major Development in Post-War.

411) It stands for ----------------- and ------------------ Public Administration?

ANS: Cross-Cultural and Cross-Natural.

412) Comparative Administration deals with --------------- and ----------------- of the developing countries?
ANS: Theory Building and Administrative Problems.

413) Comparative Administration deals with theory building and administrative problems of which countries?

ANS: Developing.

414) Who rightly said that “Like Public Administration is cultural-bond but Comparative Administration is
cross-cultural?

ANS: Nicholas Henry.

415) Public Administration is ------------------ and involves the ------------------, but the Comparative Public
Administration -------------------- and seek --------------------.

ANS: Practitioner Oriented and involves the real-world problems, attempts to theory building and seek
knowledge for the sake of knowledge.

416) Who said that “ Comparative Public Administration has been predominantly cross-cultural or cross-
national in orientation?

ANS: Jong. S. Jun.

417) Jong. S. Jun said that --------------------- has been predominantly ---------------- or ----------- in orientation?

ANS: Comparative Public Administration, Cross-Cultural or Cross-National.

418) Who stated that it will become more prominent and enriching Public Administration and will be
enhanced cross-cultural setting?

ANS: Ferrel Heady.

419) Ferrel Heady stated that it will become more ---------------- and ------------------ and will be enhanced
------------?

ANS: Prominent and Enriching Public Administration and Cross-Cultural setting.

420) Now the ------------------- interactions between nations of the world has been increasing.

ANS: Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG 1991).

421) What are the 10 important points on Comparative Public Administration?

 Human Rights enforcement.

 Disinvestment of public sector enterprises.
 International interdependency on Bureaucracies.
 Study on citizens charter in various nations.
 bureaucratisation.
 Role of private sectors.
  Self-help Groups.
 NGO’s/Voluntary Agencies.
 Community based organizations.
 Promoting or resisting administrative reforms.

424) Who was considered as the foremost model builder in Comparative Public Administration?

ANS: Fred Riggs, American Political Scientist.

425) Fred W. Riggs wrote which book that describes the theory of Prismatic Theory?

ANS: “Administration in Developing Countries: The Theory of Prismatic Society” (1964).

426) Ecological Approach deals with?

ANS: Environment.

427) Which summit was taken place in Brazil in 1992 by UNFCCC?

ANS: Rio De Janeiro Earth Summit.

428) Rio De Janeiro Earth Summit was taken place in Brazil in which year?

ANS: 1992.

429) What is the full form of UNFCCC?

ANS: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

430) Which summit was held in Japan in 1997 and attended by how many nations?

ANS: Kyoto Protocol Summit and 192 Countries attended that summit.

431) Which approach states that every society has various structures with specific functions?

ANS: Structural Functional Approach.

432) He insisted what in structural functional approach?

ANS: He insists same set of functional requisites apply in an administrative sub-system.

433) What is stated by him in model building?

FUSED PRISMATIC DIFFRACTED

1) Ascription Attainment Achievement
2) Particularism Selectivism Universalism
3) Functional Diffusion Poly – Functionalism Functional Specificity

434) What is the name of model developed by Fred. W. Riggs?

ANS: Riggs Constructed Prismatic-Sala Model.

435) Sala Model, in which Prismatic represents ------------------- and the sala represents ----------------.

ANS: Transnational or Developing Society and Administrative sub-system of Prismatic Society.

436) What is the term used to refer different kinds of systems in Prismatic-Sala model of F.W. Riggs?

ANS: Heterogeneity.

437) What does Heterogeneity mean?

ANS: Different kinds of system.

438) What is the term used to refer high degree of norms and realities in Prismatic-Sala model of F.W. Riggs?

ANS: Formalism.

439) What does Formalism mean?

ANS: High degree of norms and realities.

440) What is the term used to refer co-exist with undifferentiated structures?

ANS: Overlapping.

441) What does Overlapping mean?

ANS: Co-exist with undifferentiated structures.

442) What is the term used to refer sala characterised in recruitment?

ANS: Nepotism.

443) What does Nepotism mean?

ANS: Sala characterized in recruitment.

444) What is the term used to refer the coexistence of modern and traditional norms leading to lack of
consensus on norms of behaviour?

ANS: Polynormativism.

445) What does Polynormativism mean?

ANS: Co-existence of modern and traditional norms leading to lack of consensus on norms of behaviour.

446) What is the term used to refer the market and traditional economy – Prices of goods?

ANS: Bazaar Canteen Model.

447) What does Bazaar Canteen Model?

ANS: Market and Traditional economy – Price of goods.

448) What is the term refer to highly centralized, localized and dispersed, Prismatic society is unbalanced
polity in which the administrators dominate the politico-administrative system?

ANS: Authority Vs Control.

449) -------------------- is a theory of Public Administration applied to diverse culture and national setting and
the body of national data by which it can be examined and tested.

ANS: Comparative Administrative Group (CAG).

450) The term ‘Development Administration’ was coined first by?

ANS: U.L. Goswami. He is an Indian Scholar.

QUESTION AND ANSWERS ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

1) What is the Meaning, Definition and Nature of Public Administration?

MEANING OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

 Public Administration is a side of a more generic concept of administration.

 So, before understanding the meaning of public administration, it is vital to understand the meaning of
the word ‘Administration.’
 The English word ‘Administer’ is obtained from a combination of two Latin words ad and ministrare
which means ‘to serve’ or ‘to manage.’
 Simply the term ‘Administration’ means the management of affairs – Public or Private.

DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATION

The Definition of Administration as given by various writers.

 FELIX. A. NIGRO: “Administration is the organization and use of men and materials to
accomplish a purpose.”
 HERBERT. A. SIMON: “ In its broadest sense. Administration can be defined as the activities of
groups cooperating to accomplish common goals.
 PFIFFENER: “Administration is the organization and the direction of human and material
resources to achieve desired ends.”
 L.D. WHITE: “ The art of Administration is the direction, co-ordination and control of many
persons to achieve some purpose or objective.”
 LUTHER GULICK: “Administration has to do with getting things done; with the
accomplishment of defined objectives.”
 D WALDO: “Administration is a type of co-operative human effort that has high degree of
rationality.”
  The above definitions have made it clear that the administration term has two essential elements that
is a Collective Effort and a Common Purpose.
 Administration is a universal process and occurs in diverse institutional settings.
 Based on its institutional settings, the Administration is classified into two that is Public
Administration and Private Administration.
 The Public Administration is an administration which works or operates in a governmental setting.
 Whereas the Private Administration is an administration which works or operates in a non-
governmental setting that is, Business Enterprise.

DEFINITION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

 According to LUTHER GULICK: “ Public Administration is detailed and systematic execution of

law. Every particular application of law is an act of administration. He further says “
Administration is the most obvious part of the government, it is the government in action, it is
executive, operative and the most visible side of the government.
 According to E.N. GLADDEN: Public Administration is concerned with the administration of the
government.
 According to H. WALKER: The work which the government does to give effect to a law is called
as Public Administration.
 According to P. MCQUEEN: “Public Administration is administration related to operations of the
Government whether Central or Local.”
 According to CORSON & HARRIS: “ Public Administration is the action part of the Government,
the means by which the purposes and goals of the Government are realised.”
 According to JAMES. W. DAVIS: “ Public Administration can be best identified with the
executive branch of the Government.”
 According to SIMON: “By Public Administration we meant in common usage that the activities of
the executive branches of State, Local and National Governments.”
 An overall analysis of the above given definitions shows that the term Public Administration has
utilised in two senses that is narrower sense and wider sense.
 From the Wider Sense perspective, the Public Administration is inclusive of the activities of all the
three branches of the government that is Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
 This view has been supported by Woodrow Wilson, Marshall Dimock, L.D. White and Felix. A.
Nigro.
 But on the other side, the Public Administration from the narrower perspective, is just inclusive of
activities of executive branch of the government.
 This view has been supported by Simon, Gulick, Henry Fayol and Tead.
 It is a surprising fact that Willoughby had made a distinction between the executive power &
administrative power.
  He also restricted the usage of the term “Administration” only to the activities of the administrative
branch.
 From other perspective, He is the person who gave administration the status of the Fourth Branch of
Government. (other three existing are Legislature, Executive and Judiciary).

DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT

 Management is defined as an act of managing the people and their work in achieving some common
goals by making use of organization resources.
 It actually creates an environment in which both the manager and his subordinates can work together
for the attainment of the group objectives.
 It is an activity, a process, a discipline, and a function and much more.
 Planning, Organizing, Leading, Motivating, Controlling, Coordination and Decision-Making are
the most important functions performed by the Management.
 Management brings together the 5M’s of the Organization that is Men, Materials, Machines, Methods,
and Money.
 It is actually a result-oriented activity which always focuses on attaining the desired outputs.

DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATION

 Administration is defined as the systematic process of administering the management of a business

organization, an educational organization such as a school or a college, government office or a non-
profit organization.
 The main function of administration is the making up of plans, policies, and procedures, setting up
of the goals and objectives and enforcing the rules & regulations etc.
 Administration is the one which lays down the fundamental framework of an organization, within
which the management of the organization has to function.
 The nature of Administration is Bureaucratic.
 It is a wider term as it involves Forecasting, Planning, Organizing and Decision-Making functions
usually at the top level of the enterprise.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

BASIS FOR COMPARISON MANAGEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Meaning An organised way of managing The process of administrating an
people and things of a business organization by a group of people
organization is called as is called as Administration.
Management.
Authority Middle and Lower Level. Top Level.
Role Executive. Decisive.
Applicable to Profit-making Organizations and Military, Clubs, Government
 Business Organizations. Offices, Business Enterprises and
Hospitals.
Work Putting Policies and Plans into Framing of Plans, Formulation of
actions. Policies and Setting Objectives.
Function Executive and Governing. Legislative and Determinative.
Focus On Managing the Work Making the best possible
allocation of Limited Resources.

MEANING OF ORGANIZATION

o An organization is a structured group of people with a common goal or purpose, often working
together to achieve specific objectives.
o Organizations can take various forms such as business, non-profit groups, governmental bodies, and
educational institutions.
o The term Organization is used in two ways: Organization as a process and Organization as a unit.
o According to Bernard, there are four characteristics of the Organization.

1) Communication.

2) Common Objectives.

3) Co-operative Efforts.

4) Rules and Regulations.

TYPES OF ORGANIZATION

 Organization can be classified on various bases.

 A simple and descriptive classification of Organization can be based on small, medium, large and
giant.
 Ownership- Public or Private even mixed.
 Parsons differentiates Organizations into four types based on their functions. These are

1) Economic Organizations.

2) Political Organizations.

3) Integrative Organizations.

4) Pattern Maintenance Organizations.

 Based on this Definition, Etzioni also provides three characteristics of the Organizations. These
are 1) Division of Labour 2) Presence of one or more power centres and 3) Substitution of
members.
NATURE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

 The Scholars of the Public Administration have given two divergent views on the nature of Public
Administration that is Integral View and Managerial View.

INTEGRAL VIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

 According to this view, the Public Administration consists of all the activities which are undertaken
to accomplish the given objective.
 In other perspective, Public Administration is the sum total of managerial, clerical, technical and
manual activities.
 Thus, Administration as per this view constitutes all the activities of the persons from top to bottom.
 L.D. White and Marshall Dimock has subscribed to this view.
 So, as per this view, it depends on the subject matter of the concerned agency and at the same time it
also differs from one sphere to another sphere.

MANAGERIAL VIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

 The Public Administration from this viewpoint, encompasses only the managerial activities but not
the technical, clerical, and manual activities which are generally non-managerial in nature.
 So, as per this view, Administration constitutes only the activities of the top persons.
 Simon, Smithberg, Thompson, and Luther Gulick have adopted this view.
 As per this view, Administration is same in all the spheres.
 According to Luther Gullick “Administration has to do with getting things done; with the
accomplishment of defined objectives.
 Similarly, Simon, Smithberg and Thompson write the term ‘Administration’ is also used in a narrow
sense as it refers to a patterns of behaviours that are quite common in many co-operating groups and
it does not relay on either the certain goals towards which they are co-operating or a specific
technological methods that are utilised to attain these goals.
 They also observed a point that “ In developing countries like India the Public Administration has to
be studied with an integral approach as 90% of the work comes from a clerical level & it is accepted
at the top level.
 This is the reason why Cleark or Babu are considered as the kingpin of Indian Administration.

2) What is the Scope of Public Administration?

POSDCORB VIEW

 The chief exponents of the POSDCORB view of Public Administration are Luther Gulick and
Lyndall Urwick.
 There are two views relating to the scope of Public Administration viz. POSDCORB View and
Subject Matter View.
  The concept of POSDCORB is introduced in the year 1937 in their work called “Papers on the
Science of Administration”.
 Both Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick are social scientists.
 Luther Gulick believed that administration is usually consisted of seven elements.
 He actually summed up these elements in an acronym called ‘POSDCORB.’
 Each letter here implies one element of Administration.
 He explained the following seven elements of Administration or the functions of the chief executive in
the following manner.

1) PLANNING: Planning is something that is employing out a board outline on the things that are
needed to be done and the appropriate methods for doing them to achieve the purpose that is set for
the enterprise.

2) ORGANISING: Organising is the formation of the formal structure of power via which the work sub-
divisions are arranged, explained, and coordinated for the set objective.

3) STAFFING: Staffing is the entire manpower function of bringing in and training the staff and
providing favourable conditions of work.

4) DIRECTING: Directing is the regular task of making decisions & manifesting them in specific and
general orders and various instructions and acting as a leader of the enterprise.

5) CO-ORDINATING: Co-ordinating is all the vital duty of interrelating various parts of the work.

6) REPORTING: Reporting is keeping informed to those only to whom the executive is accountable
regarding what is going on. This is also inclusive of keeping oneself and one’s subordinates known via
records, research, and inspection.

7) BUDGETING: Budgeting is all that goes in the form of fiscal planning, accounting, and control.

SUBJECT-MATTER VIEW

o Though the POSDCORB view of the scope of Public Administration was acceptable thus for a quite
long time.
o But after some time, there arose a reaction against this view.
o It was then understood that the POSDCORB activities and techniques can neither be entire of Public
Administration or even the important part of it.
o This view supports that the problems of administration are same in all kinds of agencies irrespective
of the different nature of functions they do.
o So, it kicks out the fact that different administrative agencies suffer from different problems.
o Moreover, as an interesting fact is that POSDCORB depicts only the required tools of the
administration but the substance of the administration is very different.
 o Each Administrative agency has its own ‘Local POSDCORB’ due to the reason of subject-matter
with which it is related to.
o Also, Luther Gulick common ‘POSDCORB’ techniques are also to some extent influenced by the
subject-matter of the administration.
o Thus, POSDCORB view is ‘Technique-Oriented’ instead of ‘Subject-Oriented.’
o It ignores the important element involved in the Public Administration namely ‘Knowledge of the
Subject-Matter.’
o However, the POSDCORB view and Subject-Matter view are not mutually exclusive but they
complement each other well.
o Lewis Mariam correctly said “ Public Administration is an instrument of two blades just like a pair of
scissors.”
o One blade here reflects the knowledge of fields that are covered by the POSDCORB and the other
blade reflects the knowledge of the subject matter within which these techniques are used.
o In the same way, M.E. Dimock has observed “Administration is worried with ‘How’ and ‘What
of the government.”
o The Term ‘What’ is the subject-matter and practical knowledge of a field which permits the
administrator to do his tasks.
o The Term ‘How’ is the methods of management especially principles as per which the co-operative
programmes are undertaken to success.
o Each of this is crucial, as together they form a synthesis known as administration.

NOTE: Public Administration as a Discipline consists of ‘Five Branches.’

1) Organizational Theory and Behaviour.

2) Public Finance Administration.

3) Public Personnel Administration.

4) Public Policy Analysis.

5) Comparative and Development Administration.

3) What are the different approaches to the study of Public Administration?

 The different approaches to the study of Public Administration are detailed below.

1) PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH

 It is the most extensive as well as the oldest approach.

 It takes into account all the sides of administrative activities.
 It is rooted to normative approach and focuses on what needs to be.
 Its main object is to state the ideals essential to the administrative activities.
  Plato’s Republic, John Locke’s Treatise on Civil Government, Thomas Hobbe’s Leviathan,
Shantiparva of Mahabharata, Swami Vivekananda and Peter Self have shown their support to this
approach.

2) LEGAL APPROACH

 This approach has been most celebrated in the continental countries of Europe like France,
Germany, and Belgium.
 It also has its supporters even in Britain and USA.
 In USA, Frank J. Goodnow was the biggest supporter of this approach.
 It considers Public Administration as a part of law & lays importance on the constitutional/legal
structure, organisation, powers, functions, and limitations of the public officials.
 It is also known as Juridical or Juristic Approach.
 It is the oldest methodical formulated approach and also it came into existence at the era of Laissez
Faire that is when the functions of the government were simple and narrow.

3) HISTORICAL APPROACH

 It examines Public Administration via the historical developments that had taken place in past and
has some effect on the present.
 It organises and explains the information relating to administrative agencies in a sequential order.
 Sir L.D.White has also described the American Federal Administration in its developing years via his
four remarkable historical studies being titled as “The Federalists” (1948), The Jeffersonians”
(1951), The Jacksonians and The Republican Era.
 Kautilya’s Artha shastra and various books on Mughal Administration and British Administration
also given certain ideas of the past administrative system in India.
 This approach is also very tightly related to the memoir approach to administration.

4) CASE METHOD APPROACH.

 It deals with the narration of certain events that lead to a decision by an administrator.
 It aims to rebuild the administrative realities and acquaints the students of Public Administration with
them.
 It became popular in USA during the 1930s.
 There were twenty case studies titled Public Administration and Policy Administration which was
edited by Harold Stein and got published in 1952.
 In India also, the Indian Institute of Public Administration (New Delhi) and the National Academy of
Administration (Mussoorie) have also published several case studies.
 As per Dwight Waldo, the case method is rolling to be a permanent feature of the said study and
teaching of Public Administration.
  In addition to the above, there also exist various other approaches to the study of Public
Administration.

1) Structural Approach.

2) Human Relations Approach.

3) Behavioural Approach.

4) Systems Approach.

5) Comparative Approach.

6) Ecological Approach.

7) Development Approach.

8) Public Choice Approach.

 Moreover, these points are further explained in this chapter later and in another chapter titled
“Theories of Administration.”
 From the fact-value viewpoint, these different approaches to the study of Public Administration can be
divided into types:

1) Empirical Approach.

2) Normative Approach.

451) Which book was written by U.L. Goswami?

ANS: “The Structure of Development Administration in India.”

452) When was this book got published?

ANS: 1955.

453) Who was considered as the Father of Development Administration?

ANS: George Gant and He was an American Scholar.

454) What is the name of another book written George. F. Gant?

ANS: “Development Administration: Concepts, Goals and Methods.”

455) When was the book entitled “Development Administration: Concepts, Goals and Methods “got
published?

ANS: 1979.

456) Who stated that “Development Administration main focus of attention is on organizing and administering
public agencies stimulate and facilitate defined programmes of social and economic progress”?
ANS: George Gant.

457) What was George Gant view on Development Administration?

ANS: “Development Administration main focus of attention is on organizing and administrating public
agencies stimulate and facilitate defined programmes of social and economic progress.”

4) What are the Landmark Publications in the Evolution of the Discipline?

ADMINISTRATIVE THINKERS BOOKS/ARTICLES (WITH YEARS)

1) Woodrow Wilson 1) The Study of Administration (1887)
2) Congressional Government (1885)
3) The State (1889)
2) F.J. Goodnow 1) Politics and Administration (1900)
3) L.D. White 1) Introduction to the Study of Public
Administration (1926)
4) W.F. Willoughby 1) Principles of Public Administration (1927)
5) F.W. Taylor 1) A Piece-Rate System (1895)
2) Shop Management (1903)
3) The Art of Cutting Metals (1906)
4) Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
6) Henri Fayol 1) General and Industrial Management (1916)
2) The Administrative Theory of the State (1923)
3) General Principles of Administration (1908)
7) Mooney and Reiley 1) Onward Industry (1931)
2) Principles of Organisation (1939)
8) Max Weber 1) The Theory of Social and Economic
Organization
2) The Protestant Ethnic and Spirit of Capitalism
9) Gulick and Urwick Papers on the Science of Administration (Co-Edited
Work 1937)
10) Urwick 1) Management of Tomorrow (1933)
2) The Elements of Administration (1944)
3) The Making of Scientific Management (1945-
1950)
4) The Patterns of Management (1956)
11) M.P. Follet 1) The New State (1920)
2) Creative Experience (1924)
3) Dynamic Administration (1941)
 12) Roethlisberger and W.J. Dickson 1) Management and Worker (Hawthrone Studies
Details, 1939)
13) Elton Mayo 1) The Human Problems of Industrial Civilization
(1933)
2) The Social Problems of Industrial Civilization
(1945)
3) The Political Problems of Industrial Civilization
(1947)
14) C.I. Bernard 1) The Functions of the Executive (1938)
2) Organization and Management (1948)
F.M. Marx 1) Elements of Public Administration (1946)
2) The Administrative State
R.A. Dahl The Science of Public Administration: Three
Problems (1947)
A. Maslow 1) Motivation and Personality (1954)
2) The Dynamic Theory of Human Motivation
(1943)

458) The Human Relations Theory of Organization came into existence

ANS: 1930s.

459) Human Relations Theory is also known as –?

ANS: All of the Above (Humanistic Theory, Socio-Economic Theory and Neo-Classical Theory).

460) Who is known as ‘father of human relation theory’?

ANS: Elton Mayo.

461) Hawthorne Studies is the basis for the rise of —- theory?

ANS: Human Relations Theory.

5) Write a short note on Scientific Management Theory?

 Scientific Management Theory was propounded by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the first decade of
the 20th Century.
 It is the first rational theory of administration.
 But Taylor was not the originator of this theory and before him various people were there namely
Charles Babbage, Henry. R. Towne, Frederick Halsey and Henry Metcalf also developed and utilised
some of the scientific management methods and techniques.
  Though the term “Scientific Management” was first coined by Louis Brandies (1910).
 It was the Taylor who made use of the term to give a full and systematic explanation of different
scientific methods and techniques for raising the organizational efficiency and economy.
 Hence, he came to be known as “Father of Scientific Management.”
 Scientific Management is also known by other term called as “Taylorism.”
 The Taylor’s alms to the growth of Scientific Management are given in his books viz. A Piece-Rate
System (1895), Shop Management (1903), Art of Cutting Metals (1096) and Principles of
Scientific Management (1911).
 After Taylor, many other management thinkers have also contributed to the growth of Scientific
Management.
 The most important among them are H.L. Gantt, H. Emerson, S.E. Thompson, and M.L. Cooke.
 The Scientific Management movement had also a vital impact on administrative thought and practice
in both the industrial and Governmental Organizations.
 From USA, it reached to other nations including the former USSR, where it actually took its shape in
the form of Stakhanovite Movement within 1920-1940.
 From the Taylor’s viewpoint, Management is a true science as it depends on clearly stable laws, rules
and principles that have worldwide applicability to all the organizations.
 It focussed on the shop floor of the organization.
 It aimed at analysing the relationship between the bodily nature of work and physiological nature of
workmen.
 In the course of his experiments in the industrial Organization, He actually came across a ‘Soldiering’
occurrence that is the inclination on the part of workers to limit the output.
 He categorised this phenomenon into two kinds that is Natural Soldiering and Systematic
Soldiering.
 The former is the result of personal factors like habit to take it easy and latter is the result of social and
organizational factors.
 He understood that the basic way of improving efficiency of organization relays on minimization of
Soldiering via scientific methods.
 Taylor actually put the theory of scientific management on three vital assumptions

1) The organizational working can be improved with the application of scientific methods.

2) A good worker is the one who does not take any action, but accepts the orders of the management.

3) Every worker is an ‘Economic Man,’ that is he is driven by monetary factors.

THE FOUR PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

1) Substitute working by “Rule of Thumb” and rather utilize the scientific method to study the work
and decide the most effective way to perform particular tasks.
2) Instead of simply assigning to workers random jobs, match workers to their job on the basis of
capability and motivation, and train them at maximum effectiveness.

3) Keep on monitoring the worker’s performance, and give instruction and supervision to make sure
they are using the most effective ways of working.

4) Assign the work between managers and workers so that the managers can spend their time in
planning and training and allowing the workers to perform their tasks effectively.

 He recognised the following characteristics of Scientific Management which summarizes the

philosophy of the above four principles.

1) Science, not rule of thumb.

2) Harmony, not discord.

3) Cooperation, not individualism.

4) Maximum output, in place of restricted output.

5) The development of each man to his greatest efficiency and prosperity.

 According to Taylor, Scientific Management involves the full revolution on the part of workers
towards their duties, their work, their fellow men and their employers and on the part of the managers
towards their employees and their issues.
 As per Taylor, the main object of management should be to attain the highest wealth for the employer,
coupled with maximum wealth for each and every employee.
 The ‘Mental Revolution’ (or New Outlook) needs a kind of realisation on side of both the parties that
their mutual interests are not contradictory and both can gain only via cooperation but not conflict.
This is the essence of Scientific Management.

TECHNIQUES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

 The Techniques (methods or mechanisms) of Scientific Management ease the application of principles
of Scientific Management above. These are

1) FUNCTIONAL FOREMANSHIP

 Taylor championed the concept of functional foremanship under which a worker is overseen and
guided by eight functional foreman that is specialised supervisors.
 Therefore, he declined the system of single foremanship.
 Single Foremanship is also known as unity of command or linear system or military type of
organization).
 Under this system, a worker gets orders from only one superior.
 Of the 8 (Eight) functional foremen, four are accountable for planning and sit in the planning room.
  They are

1) Order-of-work – and – route clerk.

2) Instruction-card clerk.

3) Time-and-Cost clerk.

4) Shop Disciplinarian.