Candidate

Number

Candidate Name ______________________________________________

INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM

Academic Reading

ACTUAL TEST 1 hour

Time 1 hour

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so.
Write your name and candidate number in the spaces at the top of
this page.
Read the instructions for each part of the paper carefully.
Answer all the questions.
Write your answers on the answer sheet. Use a pencil.
You must complete the answer sheet within the time limit.
At the end of the test, hand in both this question paper and your answer
sheet.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
There are 40 questions on this question paper.
Each question carries one mark.

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READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-12, which are based
on Reading Passage 1 below.
SCULPTURE
A Sculpture, the practice of creating a three-dimensional object for artistic and aesthetic
purposes, dates back as far as prehistoric times. Since objects created are intended to be
enduring, traditionally sculptures have been forged from durable materials such as bronze, stone,
marble and jade; however, some branches of the art also specialise in creating figurines of a
more ephemeral nature, ice sculpture, for example. The practice of sculpting in many countries
has traditionally been associated with religious philosophy; for example, in Asia many famous
sculptures are related to Hinduism or Buddhism.
B In Africa, perhaps more than any other region in the world, three-dimensional artwork
is favoured and given more emphasis than two dimensional paintings. Whilst some experts hold
that the art of sculpture in the continent dates back to the Nokcivilisation of Nigeria in 500 BC,
this is disputed due to evidence of the art’s existence in Pharaonic Africa.
C To the expert eye, African art is clearly defined by the region from which it is from
and easily identifiable from the differences in technique used and material from which it is made.
Figurines from the West African region are sculpted in two distinctly different forms. The first is
characterised by angular forms and features with elongated bodies, such sculptures being
traditionally used in religious rituals. Conversely, the traditional wood statues of the Mande
speaking culture possess cylindrical arms and legs with broad, flat surfaces. Metal sculptures
which hail from the eastern regions of West Africa, are heralded by many as amongst the most
superior art forms ever crafted.
D Central African sculpture may be a little more difficult to identify for the novice
observer as a wider variety of materials may be used, ranging from wood to ivory, stone or
metal. However, despite tills, the distinct style of usage of smooth lines and circular forms still
helps to define the origin of such works. In both Eastern and Southern Africa, typically, art
depicts a mixture of human and animal features. Art from the former region Is usually created in
the form of a pole carved in human shape and topped with a human or animal image which has a
strong connection with death, burial and the spiritual world. Such creations are less recognised as
art in the traditional sense than those from other parts of Africa. In Southern Africa, the
human/animal hybrid representations are fashioned from clay, the oldest known examples dating
back to from between 400 and 600 A.D.
E Although these distinct and defining regional differences in artistic expression exist,
there are also universal similarities which define African art as a whole. Primarily a common
characteristic is that focus is predominantly on representation of the human form. A second
common trait of African art is that it is often inspired by a ceremonial or performance-related
purpose; the meaning behind the art and its purpose often intended to be interpreted in a different
way depending on an individual’s age, gender or even social and educational status.
F Throughout the African continent, artworks tend to be more abstract in nature than
intending to present a realistic and naturalistic portrayal of the subject in question. Artists such as
Picasso, Van Gogh and Gauguin are said to have been influenced and inspired by African art. Its
ability to stimulate emotional reaction and imagination generated a great deal of interest from
western artists at the beginning of the 20th century. As a result, new European works began to
emerge which were of a more abstract nature than previously conceived. More intellectually and
emotionally stimulating art was born than had been seen before in a culture which had
traditionally faithfully represented and depicted the true and exact form of its subjects.

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G The ‘Modernism’ movement of the 20th century embraced innovation in literature and
art, its devotees wishing to move beyond realism in artistic expression. The sculptor Henry
Spencer Moore, born in 1898 in Yorkshire, was one of the key players involved in introducing
and developing his own particular style of modernism to the British art world. He is best known
for his abstract bronze sculptures of the human form, many critics drawing parallels between the
undulating landscapes and hills of his home county Yorkshire and the shapes and lines of his
sculptures.
H By the 1950s, Moore’s work was increasingly in demand and he began to secure high
profile commissions including an artwork for the UNESCO building in Paris. By the end of
Moore’s career, due to his popularity and the scale of the projects he undertook, the sculptor was
extremely affluent; however, a huge proportion of his wealth was donated to the Henry Moore
Foundation established with the aim of supporting education and promotion of the arts. The
foundation is a registered charity and has continued to offer funding to a wide range of projects
including grants to arts institutions and bursaries and fellowships for students and artists since
Moore’s death in 1986.
Questions 1-4
Complete the summary
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
In Africa, sculpture is more predominant and more highly 1………………………….than canvas
art, for example.

In Asia, many prestigious works are connected to 2………………………….. values.

Sculpture is an ancient art in which figurines are created from materials which are, in the main,
3………………………… to ensure longevity of the art form; however, though more
4……………………………. , materials such as ice are used in certain spheres.

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Questions 5-9
Complete the tableChoose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
[Link] your answers in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.
REGIONAL AFRICAN ART

Region Style Additional Information

Eastern Africa Subjects similar to the Less sought-after than other styles of
5……………………area of the African art.
country.

Southern Africa Artwork representing human & Made from 6………………………..

animal form

Style 1 Conventionally made for the purpose

of 7……………………
Sharp lines, long bodies

Western
Style 2 Made by Mande speakers
Africa
Cylindrical, broad and flat lines
crafted from
8………………………….

Central Africa Smooth lines & circular forms Often more difficult to recognise due
to the diversity of
9………………….. used.

Questions 10-12

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for
each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-12 on your answer sheet.
Verification of art in which civilisation sheds doubt on the theory that African art dates back to
the Nok period? 10…………………

Due to African influence, what did Western art become that allowed it to be more intellectually
and emotionally stimulating? 11……………………

What did Moore most often depict which brought him the greatest recognition?

12……………………

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READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-27, which are
based on Reading Passage 2 below.
TEAM BUILDING
Particularly in times of economic downturn, efficiency is of supreme importance across all
industry bases; whilst companies may be looking to cut their costs, many still invest in staff
motivation, training and development programmes, having developed an understanding of just
how crucial strong internal relationships can be for success.
Louise Edwards of HR Success says that one of the barriers she comes across time and time
again is that corporate heads often seem to understand that ‘team building’ is important but are
not quite sure what it is or how to achieve it. In the terms of a sports club, she says, the team (i.e.
what it is and how it is defined) is obvious and easy to identify. In contrast, she says, within a
company – particularly a multi-layered, larger organisation, definitions may become more
confused. Many define a business ‘team’ as the group of people who report to the same boss – a
department, for example. However, according to Edwards, it is more productive to define a team
as a group of people working towards a common goal. In training terms, therefore, this group
could be members of a department with the same roles and responsibilities, such as a sales team
with the common goal of selling or even the organisation as a whole, whose ‘goal’ in this case is
the continued success of the organisation, their many different skills and roles all contributing to
this in a number of ways.
Brenda Durham of Corporate Trouble-Shooters believes it inevitable that to some extent conflict
will exist in a successful workplace since the necessary diversity of skills and personalities
required for success will also unavoidably lead to misunderstandings and disharmony from time
to time. A cohesive unit that minimises friction, she believes, can however be developed in any
organisation committed to investment in its people. Whilst the taking on of external expertise for
staff training and team building programmes can be costly, a number of companies, particularly
those with a robust human resources department, are undertaking the training themselves.
Liaison Wizards, established in 2001 and headed by Jeff Blackshaw, offers free training and
development advice to companies wishing to offer motivation seminars designed in house, in the
belief that contextualised training is always more effective. The company’s own business model
is based upon generating revenue from advertising on their popular website – a great success, so
far, having surpassed financial projections for each year it has been in operation to date.
Blackshaw likens the key to successful corporate team building to the tactics employed in a less
formal sporting environment. He says that bonds, connections and empathy developed between
members of a rugby team, for example, can also be developed within a department in the
business world or even at company level. He says that good team work is fostered by respect,
encouragement, shared enthusiasm and a caring and supportive workplace. Trying to exploit or
dictate to personnel is sure to lead to failure, Blackshaw says.
Brian Osbourne, Human Resources Director of Opmax Inc, believes that programmes developed
in house are inherently more likely to be of greater success than external offerings for two main
reasons. Most importantly, he says, people are much easier to motivate if they themselves can be
involved in designing and deciding activities – this level of consultation at the planning stage
being much easier to achieve for an internal department than an external consultant. Of only
slightly less importance, says Osbourne, training activities must be perceived by participants as
providing outcomes geared towards developing the individuals’ potential, Once again,
programmes developed by people with an insight into the personalities and culture at hand can
be more easily tailored to suit the distinctive needs of that particular audience.

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According to Osbourne, one of the biggest barriers to successful staff training is the perception
that activities are too game-focussed, with no real objectives; many professionals, believing that
such games are trite or patronising, are unable to appreciate the hidden benefits of building
understanding and camaraderie within the group. If presented correctly, within the correct
context and in conjunction with other, more staid approaches, Louise Edwards holds that games
can be an enormous asset in staff training. In simple terms, Edwards defines the objectives of
team building activities as a process, starting with the first stage – the clarification of the
collective goals. This leads to the identification of the inhibitors preventing achievement of those
goals and the introduction of enablers which will assist in goal achievement. This is followed by
stage four – the final stage, where outcomes are measured and from that point on are monitored
to ensure that goals are achieved and continue to be achieved. In stages 2 and 3 (identifying
barriers and introducing positive alternatives) Edwards believes that the use of humour goes a
long way towards relationship building on a personal level through development of empathy and
removal of antipathy, ultimately fostering cooperation and support on a more formal level.
Alan Kidman, HR Manager of Tellam Industries agrees that the use of humour and games within
a training context can go a long way towards helping an organisation achieve its goals. He has
recently designed a two month long in house team building programme for senior management
and will soon be delivering the first of a series of 8 workshops and activities. The goal of the
project, he says, was to strengthen communication and support within the extremely diverse
departments of the organisation. Heads of six departments, collectively responsible for over 200
staff members, are to be involved in the series of seminars. The programme, Kidman says, is
experimental and if it proves to be a success is also intended for use in the organisation’s
branches overseas. Previously the organisation has taken a more formalised approach to staff
development training relying on methods such as psychometric testing discussions, motivational
conferences and formal appraisals. The new, and as yet untried, approach will challenge
participants in, by comparison, rather radical ways. One initiative, for example, requiring the
writing, organisation and delivery of a theatrical performance to which all staff members will be
invited to view.
Team building and motivational approaches include a wide variety of methodologies, techniques,
theories and tools. Experts generally agree that different options may succeed or fail depending
upon the culture of the organisation in which they are implemented. A fit with the personalities
involved in crucial to success. Not only is delivery of appropriate training sessions themselves
important but professional and measurable follow up is also a must.
Questions 13-17
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

In boxes 13-17 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

13 Typical stresses of working with different people are removed with the correct training.

14 Liaison Wizards claims that training has increased their income every year since the
company started..

15 Many companies are unsuccessful because they are dogmatic and take advantage of staff..

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16 In house training is more successful primarily because employees feel more involved in the
planning..

17 The value of games as a training tool can be misunderstood..

Questions 18-22
Look at the following list of statements based on Reading Passage 2.

Match the statement with the correct person A-E. You can use each letter more than once.

A Louise Edwards

B Brenda Durham

C Jeff Blackshaw

D Brian Osborne

E Alan Kidman

18 Many companies will experience friction between staff.

19 Training specifically tailored to a company is more efficient than generic training.

20 Modern methods of training, although still only being piloted, can bring people from different
perspectives together.

21 Successful team relationships are formed in a positive work environment.

22 A lack of clarity as to what the term ‘team building’ means.

Questions 23-27
Complete the summary USING NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for
each answer.

Team building can be considered to have 23 …………………….. clear stages. Initially, it is

essential to be clear as to the 24…………………… of the entire team or company.

Those barriers which are preventing the team from achieving these aims are identified as
25………………… , and are addressed by introducing enablers. Here the use of 26
……………………….. can be used to help build a cooperative relationship. Finally, success
can be quantified and continually 27…………………….

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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are
based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Genealogy
A. Genealogy, the study of tracing family connections and relationships through history – so
building a cohesive family tree, has become an increasingly popular hobby from non-specialist
enthusiasts over recent decades. The introduction of the Internet has, in many ways, spurred
interest levels since historical information has been made far more accessible than previously.
Experts warn, however, that sources obtained from the internet must be considered with caution
as they may often contain inaccuracies, often advising novice genealogists to join a family
history society where they are able to learn useful skills from experienced researchers.
B Originally, prior to developing a more mainstream following, the practice of
genealogy focused on establishing the ancestral links of rulers and noblemen often with the
purpose of disputing or confirming the legitimacy of inherited rights to wealth or position. More
recently, genealogists are often interested in not only where and when previous generations of
families lived but also details of their lifestyle and motivations, interpreting the effects of law,
political restrictions, immigration and the social conditions on an individual’s or family’s
behaviour at the given time. Genealogy searches may also result in location of living relatives
and consequently family reunions, in some cases helping to reunite family members who had
been separated in the past due to fostering/adoptlon, migration or war.
C In Australia, there has been a great deal of interest of late, from families wishing to
trace their links to the early settlers. As a result of the loss of the American colonies in the 1700s,
Britain was in need of an alternative destination for prisoners who could not be accommodated in
the country’s overcrowded penal facilities. In 1787, the ‘First Fleet’ which consisted of a flotilla
of ships carrying just over 1300 people (of which 753 were convicts or their children and the
remainder marines, officers and their family members) left Britain’s shores for Australia. On
January 26, 1788 – now celebrated as Australia Day – the fleet landed at Sydney Cove and the
first steps to European settlement began.
D Genealogy research has led to a shift in attitudes towards convict heritage amongst
contemporary Australian society, as family members have been able to establish that their
ancestors were, in fact, not hardened and dangerous criminals, but had, in most cases, been
harshly punished for minor crimes inspired by desperation and dire economic circumstances. So
dramatic has the shift in attitudes been that having family connections to passengers on the ‘First
Fleet’ is considered nothing less than prestigious. Convicts Margaret Dawson and Elizabeth
Thakery were amongst the first European women to ever set foot on Australian soil. Details
about the former, whose initial death sentence passed for stealing clothes from her employer was
commuted to deportation, and the latter expelled for stealing handkerchiefs along with others of
similar fate are now available on the internet for eager descendants to track.
E Although many of the deported convicts were forbidden to return to Britain, others
such as Dawson, were, in theory, expelled for a given term. In reality, however, the costs of
attempting to return to the mother country were well beyond the means of the majority.
Genealogists now attribute the successful early development of Australia to such ex-convicts
who decided to contribute fully to society once their sentence had been served. Many rewards
were available to prisoners who displayed exemplary behaviour, including land grants of 30
acres or more, tools for developing and farming the land and access to convict labour. Genealogy
studies also show that many former prisoners went on to hold powerful positions in the newly
forming Australia society, examples being Francis Greenway – a British architect expelled on
conviction of fraud – who went on to design many of Sydney’s most prominent colonial

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buildings, and Alexander Munro, transported after stealing cheese at the age of 15, who would
later build Australia’s first gas works and hold the position of Town Mayor.
F In North America, the Mormon Church, headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, holds
wo major genealogical databases, the International Genealogical Index and the Ancestral File,
which contain records of hundreds of million individuals who lived between 1500 and 1900 in
the United States, Canada and Europe. Resources available to genealogy enthusiasts include the
Salt Lake City based Family History Library and more than 4000 branches where microfilms
and microfiches can be rented for research and the newer Family Search internet site which
provides open access to numerous databases and research sources. Such data sharing practices
are central and crucial to genealogical research and the internet has proven to be a major tool in
facilitating ease of transfer of information in formats suitable for use in forums and via email.
The global level of interest in and demand for such information has proven so intense, that traffic
load on release of sources such as Family Search and the British Census for 1901 led to
temporary collapse of the host servers.
G Experts advise that reliability of sources used for genealogical research should be
evaluated in light of four factors which may influence their accuracy, these being the knowledge
of the informant, the bias and mental state of the informant, the passage of time and potential for
compilation error. First, genealogists should consider who the information was provided by and
what he or she could be ascertained to have known. For example, a census record alone is
considered unreliable as no named source for the information is likely to be found. A death
certificate signed by an identified doctor, however, can be accepted as more reliable. In the case
of bias or mental state, researchers are advised to consider that even when information is given
by what could be considered a reliable source, that there may have been motivation to be
untruthful – continuing to claim a government benefit or avoidance of taxation, for example.
H Generally, data recorded at the same time or close to the event being researched is
considered to be more reliable than records written at a later point in time, as – while individuals
may intend to give a true representation of events – factual information may be misrepresented
due to lapses in memory and forgotten details. Finally, sources may be classified as either
original or derivative. The latter refers to photocopies, transcriptions, abstracts, translations,
extractions, and compilations and has more room for error due to possible misinterpretations,
typing errors or loss of additional and crucial parts of the original documentation.
Questions 28-32
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i to ix in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i An Embarrassing Heritage

ii Assessing Validity

iii Diversity of Application

iv Interpretation Errors

v Past Usage

vi Useful Sources

vii Australasian Importance

viii Changing Viewpoints

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ix Significant Roles

Example: Paragraph C; Answer: vii

28 Paragraph B

29 Paragraph D

30 Paragraph E

31 Paragraph F

32 Paragraph G

Questions 33 – 36
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 33 – 36 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

33 Early applications of genealogy focused on behaviour, movement and settlement of

populations.

34 The punishment of deportation was reserved for those who posed a serious threat to British
society.

35 Some ex-convicts chose to stay in Australia due to the opportunities it presented.

36 Overwhelming interest in obtaining genealogical information has led to technological

difficulties.

Questions 37-40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet
37 Why has recreational genealogy become more popular?

A Because it is now a fashionable hobby.

B Because more people wish to trace missing relatives.

C Because there are less political barriers.

D Because it is no longer requires so much effort.

38 Whose original sentence for breaking the law was reduced?

A Francis Greenway.

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 B Margaret Dawson.

C Alexander Munro.

D Elizabeth Thakery.

39 What is fundamental to genealogical research?

A Original records.

B Electronic transfer.

C Pooling of information.

D The IG Index.

40 Why does census information need to be approached with caution?

A Because it cannot easily be attributed to a particular individual.

B Because it is often not validated by a physician.

C Because administration practices in the past were unreliable.

D Because informants may not have been truthful due to financial motivations.

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