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17 views54 pagesMCB 201 M, Q, A.by Joel
The document provides an overview of microbiology, detailing various branches such as bacteriology, mycology, and virology, along with the structure and functions of bacteria. It discusses the nutritional categories of microorganisms, their growth requirements, and the influence of environmental factors on microbial growth. Additionally, it covers the classification of bacteria based on shape, arrangement, and modes of nutrition, including autotrophic and heterotrophic types.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views54 pagesMCB 201 M, Q, A.by Joel
The document provides an overview of microbiology, detailing various branches such as bacteriology, mycology, and virology, along with the structure and functions of bacteria. It discusses the nutritional categories of microorganisms, their growth requirements, and the influence of environmental factors on microbial growth. Additionally, it covers the classification of bacteria based on shape, arrangement, and modes of nutrition, including autotrophic and heterotrophic types.
Uploaded by
okoliechibuezecasmirCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
—————
> $07 ee ee
Branches Microbiology
L
Bacteria wy, |
Different form of bacteria, /
Microbial nutrition v
ie ee
Cultivation and growth of microorganisms
Growth requirements of microorganisms
Reproduction of bacteria _
¥ Types of media for microbial growth
Nutritional Categories of microorganisms /
4 Modes of culturing microbes: Pure culture techniques; 4
batch culture; continuous culture Phases of growth in |
batch culture j
Nvironmental factors influencing microbial growth
w Antimicrobial agents: definitions of terms (i) Antibiotics’ (ii) d]
Static and cidal agent (iii) sterilization (iv) disinfection (v)
Sanitization (vi) antiseptic |
Structure and functions of cell wall, outer member, }
Periplasm, cell member, pilli, flagella etc. v
| Shapes and arrangements of bacteria. .~
* Structure of enzyme
be Microscopy
| ; :
| Some Exam key point Sp.sq
Past Question : ; ——a | Se oe os
Branches Microbiology ified into pure an
The branches of microbiology can be class sified based o
applied sciences. Microbiology can be mycology, protozoolog:
taxonomy, in the cases of bacteriology, ay atween the specifi
and phycology. There is considerable ove! “with other discipline:
branches of microbiology with each other an end beyond th
and certain aspects of these branches can ext
traditional scope of microbiology. i
. Bacteriology: The study of bacteria.
Mycology: The study of fungi.
Protozoology: The study of protozoa.
Phycology/algology: The study of algae.
Parasitology: The study of parasites.
Immunology: The study of the immune system.
Virology: The study of viruses.
Nematology: The study of nematodes. ;
Microbial cytology: The study of microscopic and
submicroscopic details of microorganisms. aan !
Microbial physiology: The study of how the microbial cell
functions biochemically. Includes the study of microbial
growth, microbial metabolism and microbial cell structure.
{- Microbial ecology: The relationship between
microorganisms and their environment.
yw Microbial genetics: The study of how genes are*
organized —_and regulated in microbes in relation to their
cellular functions. Closely related to the field of
molecular biology.
Cellular microbiology: A disci
and cell biology.
a: Evolutionary microbiology: The study of the evolution of
microbes. This field can be subdivided into:
Microbial taxonomy: The naming and classifi
microorganisms.
Microbial systematic: The study of the diversity and 7
genetic relationship of microorganisms.
6 Generation microbiology: The study of those
microorganisms that have the same characters ac iéir
parents.
By ju Systems microbiology:
bio'ogy and microbiology.
“e Mc lecular microbiology: The study of the molecular
2
pline bridging microbiology
ication of
A discipline bridging systems Principles of th i
] microorga a Physiological processes
ty Biolog t f
which are re nt: The study of those microorganisms q5
{Predictive mare Used in weapon industries. |
between co; 'Crobiology: The quantification of relations -
Pathogenic aroling aoe in foods and responses of
Spoila i i i
mathematical modellicg microorganisms using
lel
me of the Major isdn Microb |
Medical microbiology Microbiology |
Environmental Microbiology |
i1
{De
Immunology
Industrial Microbiology E
f Agricultural Microbiology
BACTERIA |
cteria are omnipresent, occurring in all environmenis. They }
cur in water, in air, in soil, and in or on the bodies of living
nisms, There are bacteria which occur in hot springs as well as
reme cold temperature. Bacteria, despite their simplicity,
din a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for 1
nite of their unique biological structures. Many structural Sd);
itt re unique to bacteria and are not found among archaea or >
Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to larger st
“5 and the ease with which they can, be manipulated ¥ ‘
e@rimentally, the cell structure of bacteria has been well studied,
paling many biochemical principles: that
sequently applied to other organisms. of \ Ss
j DIFFERENT FORMS OF BACTERIA \
veos ave the common forms of bacteria.
i (sin SOCCUS) to |
Ao arieal has, They can be further distinguished :
have been. «© |
eens * }
|
|
j
coccus (oan sina
icoccus (occur in pails,
ur in groups of four)
Bee ees (occur in the form of a flament) and
hylococcus (occur in the form of sheets),
3
tl A steal “A ] | Examples: Sarcina ventriculi, Sarcna ureae, ete
|
eae cs 0 |!
f boy &
e
5. Staphylococci - The cocci are arranged in grape-like clusters
f formed by irregular cell divisions in three plains.
| f Examples: Staphylococcus aureus
‘ se a] Sant
‘ pc LhuUSs
Soe a Bias
They are straight, cylindrical, rog shaped bacteria, They may be
further distinguished into
Monobacillus (single)
Diplobacillus (in pairs)
Streptobacillus (in filamentous form) and
i Palisade Bacillus (in the form of a Stack)
| Arrangement of Bacilli
he cylindrical or rod-shaped bacteria are called bacillus’ (plural:
bacilli).
1. Diplobacilli Most bacilli aPPeal as single rods, Diplobacill
appear in pairs after division
Example of
Single Rod: Bacillus Cereus!
Rees. 5 a burnetii, Moraxella_bovis,
Examples of Diplobacilli: Coxiella
Klebsiella thinoscleromatis, e
Puss] ayn
ged in chains, as the cells
2. Streptobacilli - The bacilli are arran
bacillus monoailiformis
divide in-one plane. Examples: Strepto!
ae gf ‘Sinemretroaitt
~
ro.
\ 3. Coccobacilli - These are so sh
; a ort and stumpy that
$ appear ovoid they look like coccus and a
bacillus.
Examples: Haemophilus i inaii
CHa aaeeea ite influenzae, Gardnerella vaginaiis, and
cuenaaete
: ere L
A Spirillum
Hees ae are ae Goiled like a corkscrew
the cell divisions, resulting ne ue Forte of aston Oe
picket fence and angul
Example: Corynebacterium dipht that look like Chinese letters Vibrio
these are elongated, C shaped or comma shaped bacteria.
Flagellation.Most of the bacteria contain one to many locomotor
structures called flagella. Cocci do not have flagella. Based ‘on the
number and mode of attachment of the flagella, bacteria can be
distinguished into the following types:
a.) Atrichous : Bacteria without flagella.
b.) Trichous: They bear one or more flagella.
c.) Cephalotrichous : Bacteria with many flagella attached at
oneend
d.) | Amphitrichous : Bacteria with a single flagellum at each
end
e.) Monotrichous : Bacteria with a single flagellum, atone end
Example: Vibrio cholera and Pseudornonas sp.
f.) Lophotrichous : Bacteria with a group of flagella
attached at each end Example: Spirillum
g.) Peritrichous : Bacteria with flagella all over the body
Example: Salmonella Typhi and E coli.
(These three flagellations are called polar arrangements) =
Pili and(singular fimbriae- These are short thin, straight, Nair
like projections found on .
the surface of some bacteria. Both are proteins, they are smaller
than the flagella Fimbriae (sometimes called "attachment pili")
are fine filaments of protein, usually 2-10 nanometers in
diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are
distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs
when seen under the electron microscope. | Fimbriae ate
believed to be involved in attachment to solid surfaces OF to other
cells, and are essential for the virulence of some bacterial
pathogens. Pili (sing. pilus) are cellular appendages, slightly
larger than fimbriae, that can transfer genetic materia! between
bacterial cells in a process called conjugation where they are
called conjugation pili or "sex pili” (see bacterial genetics, below)
They can also generate movement where they are called type IV
pili (see movement, below).
Their differences
Y Pilli are found only in gram ni
are found in both, gram nega!
Fimbriae are shorter in length
compared to pill.
Pilli are more numerous than fimbriae.
Fimbriae are less rigid than pill.
Pilli are responsible fort bacterial conjugation but fimbriae
are responsible for cell to surface attachment,
Formation of pilli is governed by plasmid genes but
fimbriae is not.
egative bacteria but fimbriae
tive and positive bacteria.
and smaller in diameter as
Mode of Nutrition and Nutritional Categories of
Microorganisms
They exhibits different modes of nutrition level such as-
Autotrophic bacteria:. These bacteria are able to
synthesize their own food. For e.g.: Phototropic bacteria and
chemosynthetic bacteria ~
Heterotrophic bacteria: These bacteria are unable to
size their own food, hence they depends on other organic
synthe:
materials. For e.9.: saprophytic bacteria-these bacteria feeds on
dead and decaying matte
symbiotic bacteria: These bacteria have a mutual
benefit from other organisms. For e.g.: nitrogen fixing bacteria
8
\ -S-,
|
|
|
(or) rhizobium. . I
Parasitic bacteria: These bacteria are present in plants,
animals and human beings. These bacteria feeds on host cells
and causes harm to the host.
= Nutritional types in bacterial metabolism
Nutritional | Source of Source of carbon | Source of carbon
type energy
Phototrophs | Sunlight | Organic compounds | cyanobacteria, Greensu
| (photoheterotrophs) ffur
| or carbon fixation | hacteria, Chloroflexi, or
(photoautotrophs) | purple bacteria
ee ees ee
Lithotrophs | Inorganic | Organic compounds Thermodesulfobacteria
compounds | (lithoheterotrophs) | Hydrogenophilaceae, or
or carbon fixation —_| Nitrospirae
(lithoautotrophs)
Organotrophs | Organic | Organic compou nds | Bacillus, Clostridium or
compounds | (chemoheterotrophs) | Enterobacteriaceae
or carbon fixation
(chemoautotrophs)
ZHOTOAUTOTROPHIC BACTRIA
jacteria form the largest number of livin i
n ke ig Organisms on the planet
and are habitable in all types of environments. Being as diverse as
they are, theory mode of nutrition is Alco varied The
photoautotrophic bacteria, belong to that type of bacteria that are
Some ° eynshesizing their own food with the help of sunlight, that
@ process of photosynthesis hs or
photoautotrophic bacteria, u Shatere hence aulcrophe o
Types of bacteria based on nutritional modes
‘asing on the modes of Nutrition . bacteria can be classified in to
9
|
4 ai lttues le the photoautotrophs, chemcautotraphs,
Lithotrops ete, the folowing classification ean be made:
Photeautotrophie bacteria synthesize theit own organic
corspounds using sunlight as the enefgy, tource and carbon
‘onde as the carbon source
Chemaautotrophic bacteria utilize carbon dioxide and produce
ganic compounds using theenergy nimple inorganic stances,
Photoheterotrophie bacteria use sunightas.an energy source but
‘heir carbon mustcome from arganic compounds, no! Ce,
Chemoheterotrophie bacteria include parasitic types that draw
nutrition trom living hosts, and saprophytic types thal obtain
futition fom products, westes, or remains ofother organisms
‘Types of Bacteriochtorophyl
‘The photoautotrophie bacteria has bacteriochlotophyll wich it
Uses for photosynthesis end can fx carbon acteriochlorophyll are
{elated 1 chlorophyll andre the fundamental components neaded
for photosynthesis in algae, cyanobacteria and plants. Those that
contain bacteriochlorophyll do nol produce oxygen, and different
wavelengths are usedby the pigment
light energy
HS 5, chormons
10
|
|
Examples of photoautotrophic bacteria
Pleurocapsales spp.
Nostocalies spp
Rhodobacter "spp. ele,
Predactous fungi
ZThere are many animal tapping fungl which have develope
ingenious mechanisms for capturing small animals. such’ ac~
gelvorms, rotfers oF protozoa which they use for food. Sever)
PPecies of fungi in the genera Arthrobotrys. Dactyelis ary
Gactylaria ullizes a rapidly constricting ring around a nematoas
apa hold aptve while the hyphae sink haustoria into the bagy
flihe victim, Some predacious fungi seerete a sticky substance
the ‘surface of their hyphae to which a passing small anol
adheres. Haustorum like hyphae then grows into the body of te
animal and absorbs food, The animals ultimately die,
Call Structure of Domain Bacteria Intracellular Structure
A bacterium contains a wel-developed call structure wich ie *
Gebenslble for many other unique biological properties. It can be
assied into intaceluarsructureandextra-callarstructins,
Intracellular structure
Te Bacterial eli surrounded by cell membrane, which hols the
cyleone, Ptolcins, and otter esseniial compounds ‘of tne
gemlasm As bacteria are prokaryotes they do nat land ts hae
stepgane- bond erganeles, so they contain few largeintraseiase
structures, The organelles such 2s Golgi apparatus ana endooiasmic
reliculum are present in bacteria whereas the organelles. such as
ndria, and chloroplast are absent.
nusieus, mit
Cell Structure of Domain Bacteria : Extra Cellular Structure .
‘Bacterial cell is made up of peptidoglycan. Bacterial cell is
completely different from the cell walls of plants and fungi, made up
of chitin and cellulase. This cell wall is very essential to survival of
‘many bacteria, There are two types of cel wallin bacteria they ar
Gram-positive and Gram-negative.
Gram-positive bacteria — have a thick wall containing
‘many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoicacids.
‘Gram-negative bacteria - contains a thin wall consisting
ofa few layers of peptidoglycan which is sufrounded by a second
~-— lipid membrane.
i
f Extra-cellular structure
=, epee N
Be <=
BS ae ee
GS :
ki SSS
Extra-celular is dependent on bacterial secretion system. The
Ebove cagram shows the growth ofbacilus athress in
cerebrospinal Mu
blue green algae, E.co, eto.
Parts of Prokaryol¢ Cell and their Functions that isnot found in
: bacteria
Example: Bacteri
| capsule: itis composed of a thik polysaccharide. tis akind of
{slime layer, which covers the outside ofthe cll wall. Iti used to
stick cls fogether and works asa food reserve and it also
protects the cel from dryness and from chemical.
12
SS
|, mewurarie. wesosome plays @ Vist role in celular respirations,
| eplication of DNA, cell division, separation of chromosomes
+
7 during cell division and also performs the role of Golgi bouts:
| and mitochondria, gi bodies
‘STRUCTURE, SHAPES AND ARRANGEMENTS OF
| 4 BACTERIA
| Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular microorganisms. Their
cell structure is simpler than thase of other organisms called
| eucaryotes. Basioally they lack true nucleus and membrane
bound organelles. Structures often observed in bacterial call ae
+ summarized and ilustrated in Fig 1. Note that no single
bacterium possesses af ofthe suture aa ings, Same
are found only in certain cells in certain condi eri
ae aah tas in conditions or in certain
Like all ces, 2 typical bacterial cell has three sections
‘The Cell envelope; -The Cyloplasm; The extemal structures ~~
STRUCTURE OF A EACTERIRE CELE
(A IHS CELL ENVELOPE —Al he layers surounding the
_ tate membranes ner most ayer ofthe cell envelope utich
ra, cll a= chemically complex, covers the plasma
1 cp CU2UEN Capsule or slime layer outside the cal val in
"Sputum Suns ade oe a atone,
“A THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURES — Extend from the cell
- 13 surfece into the envionment,
“Help the bacferium to respond to and maniter the external
envkonmente -
“Consists ofthe flagella and the pili or fimbrie,
membrane- Also called the'coltmembrane, tt has the
(biayes) of
vane structure composed of 2 layer
}—phasphoipd witin wich protein fst A pars, phespne
Eromorene only allows water, gases and a few small molecules 10
‘Tove feely tough fe while aging back the other molecules. iS
frevelore 2 semipermeable membrane, Most membrane
Essocated phospholinids are amphipathic. have polar heads
{eystophyic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tls. The hydrophobic
unbranched faty acdchains.
-polaror hydrophilic heads" Ike to stay in an aquends environment
‘sing the outside worldand the insid= ofthe cal
Hton-polar or bydrophobie tels" want to be away from water,
M renvironment The tals are in the canter ofthe membrane. In
ther words, ter hycrophobie region a
fhe ryarephile portion project from the membrane surta
_ The lipid composition of bacteria PM varies with erviranmental
Jemeretyre n such a way thatthe membrane remain Mut uring
Sronth, For erample bacteria growing at owe higher temperate
Reve more unsaturated their membrane
FESpnotpids. At higher temperature, their phospholpics 0%
eresried tally acids. Bacteal membrane usualy cfr tom
[eiSiyeti membranes in lacking sterol (sere containing fds)
Faeeet many bacterial membrane contain sterol Hike molecules
re ule inthe lipid whe
dhopaniogs
oe of bacterial membrane proteins have identi
Three ‘yp!
Indthey nave different functio
integral prot
substancy, ac
‘rechanisms known a
Sethe cytoplasmic membrane. in 3
Miniporteymportand antiport.
dutersurface proteins veual
shh prilasmi proteinsin the transo
esl.
Fees urtace proteine: cooperate wth other proteins in ener
inne eationsandeleo ober mpotantealar functions
ort oflarge molecules into
A
aoarly af bacteriat coll walls contain peptidoglycan (murein)
which has pores. peptidoglycan
ipa signature molecus fr bacteria, No other organisms have been
Ganstosynmeszet is
rosea ofrany dete! subunts Each subnitcon
_Szatgucosamine (NAG) and N/ acelymuramic perrnn
sel deren arino acs, Tree of hesa amino acs 21 not
rd in icine Dogktame acid, ‘D-slanine -
—ianinopinaicecid. © Sr Ortanine, and meso:
ee ann
~ rae il enn cise
rane (7- to 8-nm-thick). aemee
einsfirmly embedded In the membrane tianspoq—
lyin Gram-negative bacteriainteract a: yeriplasmic space. The substance that occupies me
espe cuca na aie ea
eC hess i ds
Be cal wats
mansrne
rotoplest are csin when Gram postive batera ar exposed
ayscame rp Feeplte es afthe clive,
tolysozyme or penicilin resulting
Itistheretore surrounded by only
jigsmamembrane.
GramPositive envelope
“The table below shows the differences of cel wall structure in gram
posiveand gram-negative bacteria,
re
[2 meena erates oat
= eae by a
Gram stain - The different stating characleistic is besed on
diferences In the structure of their cell walls. Gram postive cell
wall consist ofmany layers ofpeptdoglycan (cross-lnkedby
leichoie acid and lipoteichoic acd). Gram negative cell walls have
‘one or very few layers of
peptidoglycan, surrounded by lpid-based outer membran
Glycocaly, Capsule and Stime layer.
Glycocalyx ‘refers. to 9 layer consisting of @ network of
polysaccharides extending from the surface ofthe gell. The term |
‘ean encompass both capsules add slime layers because they
usually are composed of polysaccharides. Itcanbe thick and stabla
lke capsule or losely attached to cell walike sim layer. 3
Functions:-
1. Aids in attachment fo solid surfaces, including tissue surfaces.
2, Protects pathogenic bacteria fom the attack of the host's
immune system.
Slime layer is a zone of disse, unorganized material that is
removedeaslly.
wolved in attachment of bacteria to other cells or
"Functions
inanimate surfaces to form bofins,
-Canalso be usedasa food reserve forthe cell
8 THE CYTOPLASM
Bacterial cytoskeletons- similar in stucture and function with
those of eukaryotes:
Funetions: Participate incell division
7 pe
Localize proteins to cartan sites inthe cal,
Determine cell shape
Inclusions
Inclusions are considered to be nanlving components ofthe cell
that do not pocsees matabole avy ang are nt bounded by
‘membranes. The most common inclusions are glycogen, Ipid
Crystals, and pigments, Volutin granules are
eyloplasiie inclusions ef complexed inorganic polyphosphate.
‘These granulze are called metachromatic granules due to their
displaying the metachromatic effect they appear red ot blue
‘when stained wih the blue dyes methylene blue or toluidine bie.
Functions:
1. Many inclusions are used for storage (eg. of carbon
‘compounds, inorganic substances, and energy.
Used fo reduce osmotic pressure by tying UP
in particulate for.
3. Many serve 2s micro compartments sultable for functions oth
than storsgs. Eg. the carboxysome, a micto-compartment for
carbondionde fixation,
Gas vacuole provides buoyancy to many of which are
photosyntnetc.
Bacterial endospores —An endospore, a heat-resistant and
rnon-growing svusture (dormant), formed within some bacterial
Calls. An endospore can retain is viablty over long periods of
time under adveres environmental conditions. When the
environment bacome more favourable, the endospore then
germinates to a vegetative cell They are produced by certain
embers of bacteria belonging to the genera Bacilus, -
Ciestridium and Sporosarcina.
Features — endospores are extigordinariy resistant to
‘environmental stresses such as heat,
Uittraviolont radiation gamma radiation, chemical disinfectants
‘and desiccation. Several species of endospore-forming ba
re dangerous pathogens. E.g. Clostridium botulinum causes,
18
botulism, a food-borne disease, Clostridium totani causes
tetanus and Bacillus anthracis fs causes anthrax.
Coll Wall:
Cellwals ofbacteriaare made up ofglycoprotein mute,
“Themain arco fal walls Wels Inproving suppat; >
‘michoicalovonginand dy toca,
{tproteets cell from bursting in a hypotonic medium,
Plasma Membrane:
It is also known 2s cytoplasmic.membrane (of) col
‘membrane,
It is composed of phospholipids, proteins and
~~ carbohydrates, forming aMuid-mnosaie,
|thelps in transportation of substances including removal of
‘wastes from the body. oo
Ithelpsin providing a mechanical bari tothe cell.
Plasma membrane acts 2s a semi permeable membrane
whieh allows only selected material to move inside sed
oulsideot the cell
cytoplasm: weno
Helps in celuar growth metabotsm andepication
Gytopiasm is the store houses of al tye chetcals and
components hatare used sustain the fe ofabactorumn
Ribosome: oe
Any granule made up of RNA and proteins,
They ae hese of roi syinons rs
ea rely Neatingsbustures that help in ancering.
the genetic code. " ad
Plasmi
Plasmids are small citcle of DNA, red
Bacterial cells have many plasmids.
19 Plasmids are used to exchange DNA between the 4
bacterial cel. t
This is @ rigid rotating tal, i
~ ~—=-Ithelas the cell to move in clockwise and anticlockwise,
forward and also helps the cell to spin |
Chemotaxis: movement of bacteria toward or away trom
chemical stimuli : .
Magnetotaxis: movement along the Earth’s magnetic
3
i
5
5B
8
é
5
Phototexis: response to diferences in ight density.
Bacteria ewim to areas of paricular light inst,
Short protein apy
‘Smaller than fagela
Fixes bacteria to surfaces, .
+___Itelso helas in reproduction during conjugation.
Cepsul
Capsule is kind ofsime layer, which cavers the outside
q ofthe cell wall.
‘They are composed of a thick polysaccharide.
4 itis Used to stick osls together and works as a food
resene.
It protects the cell from dryness and from chemicals, i
: Reproduction in Bacteria:
: sion ans Binary
2 reproduction n bacteria s many by cet cio
"escrcin some cases tw baci i epratice y busing.
Resprsion in bacteria
i 5 respiration,
Anaerobic bacteria: does not require oxygen for resp
‘Aerobie bactoria: require oxygen for respiration.
famist ifferentiating badtefal —
‘Gram stelning bacteria-are-a method ofc bat
‘species into two large groups, which are basad on their chemical
and physical properties oftheir cell wal.
‘Gram positive bacteria: Those bacteria when they are stained
in gram stain results in purple colour.
20
gua sute resuns in pink colour
Locomotion of bacteria:
They move around by using thei locomotion
and fagela
nS Such as cla
Phylogeny: All bacteria stem from a common ancestor and
dwersied since, consequently possess diferent levels of
evolutionary relatedness (see Bacterial phvla ard Timsline of
valution)
Metabolism: Different bacteria may have different metabolic
ablities (see Mic-dbialmetabolism)
Environment: Different bacteria thive in different environ
such ashighow temperaturs and eat (a Extremoshiles)
Morphology: There are many stuctural cifzrences between
Soca uch ar colahepe Gran sah unto be lays)
o* bilayer composition (see Bacterial cellar momholouies,
Bactealcellstuctuce)
Pathogenicity: Some bacteria are pathogenic to plants or
‘snimals (see Pathogenie Bacteria
Subdivisions based on Gram stzfning
Despite there being litte agreement on tha major subgroups ofthe
Bacletia, Gram staining resulls were most commonly used a8 @
