Tab 1
Physics notes
Force & Pressure
Rest and Motion
● Rest: When a body does not change its position with respect to its surroundings, then
the body is said to be at rest.
● Motion : When a body changes its position with respect to its surroundings, then the
body is said to be in motion.
Force
• Force: Force is an external physical cause that tends to change the state of rest or motion
of a body or bring about a change in the shape or size of a body.
Ex: kicking a ball, batsman hitting a ball , squeezing a gum bottle
Note: 1. Force does not affect the mass of a body on which it acts.
2. Force is invisible but its effect is visible
3. Force is a vector quantity that is expressed in terms of
magnitude and direction with an arrow whose length
measures the magnitude of force.
Unit of Force
• SI unit – Newton(N)
• 1 Newton is defined as the force which when applied on a body of mass 1 kg in the
direction of motion increases its speed by 1 m in one second.
• Force of gravity/ Weight: The force of attraction exerted on a body by the earth. [ it
varies in different parts of the earth] Its unit is kgf
• Relation between Newton and kgf:
1kgf = 10 N / 1 N = 100 gm
1 N is the force of gravity at a place on (0.1kg) 100 gm mass.
Thrust
• The force acting normally on a surface is called thrust.
• A body always exerts thrust equal to its own weight when placed on a surface.
• Effect of thrust: Effect of thrust depends on the area on which it acts. Greater the area
lesser the effect of thrust. Example: walking on sand, hitting a nail…..
Pressure
• Pressure is defined as the thrust per unit area.
• Pressure = Thrust ----------- P = F
Area A
• Note: Pressure is a scalar quantity.
• Factors affecting Pressure:
1. On the area of the surface on which it acts
2. On the magnitude of thrust acting of the surface
Unit of Pressure
• S I unit – Pascal ( Pa) / N m-2
• 1 Pa is the pressure exerted by a thrust of 1 N on a surface area
of 1 m-2
Other units: 1. k Pa = 1000 Pa
2. kgf cm -2
3. atm (atmospheric pressure)
1 atm = 76 cm of Hg = 1.013 X 10 5 Pa
Examples for Factors effecting pressure:
• Thrust: Greater the thrust greater the pressure and lesser the thrust lesser the pressure
Area - Greater the area lesser the pressure.
Lesser the area greater the pressure.
Difference between thrust and pressure
Thrust Pressure
• Force acting normally on a surface • Thrust acting per unit area
• It does not depend on the area on which it • It depend on the area on which it acts
acts
• S.I unit is pascal or N m-2
• S.I unit is newton
● Liquid Pressure :
● Liquid exerts pressure in all directions due to its own weight.
● 1. Liquid exerts pressure at the bottom of the container.
● 2. Liquid exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
Factors affecting Liquid Pressure:
1. Pressure increases with the height of the liquid column below the free surface.
2. Pressure increases with the increase in the density of the liquid.
Consequence of liquid Pressure
Pressure in liquids increases with increase in the depth if the liquid column from the free
surface. HaveDams have thicker walls towards the bottom to withstand the liquid pressure
Liquid Seeks its own level
Atmospheric Pressure :
The thrust exerted on unit area of the earth’s surface due to the air column is called
atmospheric pressure .
1.The envelope of air around the earth’s surface is called atmosphere.
3. Atmospheric Pressure is about 105 N𝑚−2
2. It extends to about 200Km above the earth’s surface .
4. A total of 200000 N of thrust is experienced by a human body due to air column but gets
balanced by blood pressure.
Existence of Atmospheric Pressure :
Activity 9 n 10 pg 50
Standard value of Atmospheric Pressure:
Atmospheric Pressure at see level is 76cm or 760mm of mercury.
760mm Hg = 1.013 X 105 Pa
• Atmospheric Pressure decreases with height above the sea level.
Consequences of Atmospheric Pressure:
Second heading tb, pg 51 all
Household Electricity
● Direct Current ( D. C ): Cell , battery ,solar cell. A Cell is a source of direct current
of constant magnitude flowing in one direction.
● Alternating Current ( A . C ): generators , mains Alternating current changes its
magnitude and polarity many times in one second. We use A.C of 50 (fifty) Hz.
Current :
● current is the rate of flow of charges(electrons) in unit time. [ unit ampere (A)]
● [ I = Q/ t]
● Potential Difference : It is defined as the work done in moving a unit charge from one
electrode to another electrode. [ unit – volt (V) ]
● Electrical circuit :
Relation between charge, p.d, W.D and time
● If current (I) flows through a conductor of resistance(R) for time (t), when p.d(V) is
connected across its ends , then
● Work Done = charge x potential difference
W = Q X V ………..(1)
● But, Current = Charge / time
● I = Q / t (or) Q = I X t…..(2)
Substitute (2) in (1)
● Hence Electrical Energy supplied = W = V x I x t ……..(3)
● Power = W D / t = V I t / t [ power is rate of doing work] Power = V x I
Transmission of Power from Power station :
Note : Frequency of this a.c current is 50 Hz
The voltage is raised from 11kV to 132 kV to reduce loss of energy during transmission.
High tension wires are not insulated as they transmit current at that high voltage.
Supply to homes : From City sub Station electric power is supplied overhead wires or
underground cables.
Cables : live / Phase Wire (L) – carries current from the source to the distribution board at 220
V
Neutral Wire (N) – it is the return path of current at 0 V.
Earth Wire (E) – passes the current to the earth at 0V
Note : The neutral and earth wires are connected together at local substation and earthed
to maintained at 0 potential.
Electric Meter : Electric meter is called as kWh meter as it measures the amount of electric
energy consumed in the unit kWh(unit) for which we pay electricity bill.[B.O.T]
Commercial Unit of Electric Current : B.O.T (or) kWh
One kilowatt hour is defined as the amount electrical energy consumed when an electrical
appliance of power 1 kW is used for 1 hour.
Electrical Energy = Power X time 1 kWh = 1k W X 1 h = 1000W X (60X60)s = 3600000 J
1 kWh = 3.6 X 106 J
Electric Fuse: A fuse is safety device used to limit the current in an electric circuit.
A fuse consists of a thin wire stretched between two terminals in a porcelain holder that fits
into a porcelain socket.
Purpose of Electric Fuse:
Short Circuit: Whenever live wire comes in contact with neutral wire due to break of
insulation and maximum current flows through the wires
Voltage Fluctuations: Due to sudden changes in voltage some times high current may flow
into the circuit. This leads to over heating of the circuit and also may cause fire.
A fuse wire is always connected in the live wire, on heating of the wire fuse melts and breaks
the circuit. This safeguards the appliance from any damage.
Fuse Wire:
A fuse wire is a short thin wire made of an alloy of lead and tin.
It has high resistance and low melting point of 200⁰C
Fuse wire is always connected in series with the live wire.
Thickness of the wire depends on the current rating.[ greater the current , thicker the wire]
Note: all modern gadgets have inbuilt fuse.
Why copper is not used as fuse wire?
Copper has low resistance and high melting point[1080⁰C]. So it will not melt due to over
heating and hence the appliance connected to the circuit gets damaged.
MCB: A miniature circuit breaker [MCB]is an automatic switch used in place of a fuse. When
excess current flows in the circuit it automatically falls down (switches off) . It can be reset
once the fault is rectified.
Electric Circuit in a room:
Electricity supplied is of 220V.
3 cable wire runs from the meter board to different rooms.
All electrical appliances will be connected in parallel circuit.[ Each appliances]
Earthing of an appliance:
If there is a break of insulation for some reason and the live wire comes in contact with the
metallic body of the appliance one will receive a fatel shock.
If the metallic case of an appliance is always earthed then the current flows into the earth
and we will get protected from the electric shock. Appliance will be saved from any type of
damage.
Power Rating of an Appliance:
All electrical appliances such as TV, tube light, Oven etc are rated with power-voltage.
Ex: An electric bulb is rated as 100W-220V . It means that if the bulb is lighted at 220V
supply, it converts 100J of electrical energy into heat and light energy per second. [ P = VI ]
Household Consumption of Electricity:
The electrical energy is sold in unit called kilowatt hour(kWh) for which the consumers pay the
electricity bill. Commercially called Units.
Energy = Power(w) X time(h) / 1000 = V X I X T / 1000
EE = P (w) X t(h ) / 1000 = P(kw) X t (h)
Electrical Hazards:
Too many appliances used simultaneously can cause overload to the circuit. This may cause
short circuiting and even cause fire.
Poor insulation can cause short circuit that may damage the appliance.
If a person comes in contact with live wire , he will receive a fatal shock.
Precautions while using electricity: Do not touch gadgets and switches with wet hands.
All appliances are to be earthed properly.
Do not repair the appliance yourself.
Wiring should have proper insulation.
Old wiring should be changed from time to time.
Keep the gadgets in off position when not in use.
