Q1.

(a) Complete the equation for photosynthesis.

light
energy
____________ + ____________ ____________ + oxygen
(2)

(b) Scientists investigated how temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis.

The scientists grew some orange trees in a greenhouse.
They used discs cut from the leaves of the young orange trees.

The scientists used the rate of oxygen production by the leaf discs to show the rate
of photosynthesis.

(i) The leaf discs did not produce any oxygen in the dark.

Why?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The leaf discs took in oxygen in the dark.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) In their investigation, the scientists measured the rate of oxygen release by the leaf
discs in the light. The scientists then measured the rate of oxygen uptake by the leaf
discs in the dark.

The graph shows the effect of temperature on

• oxygen production in the light

• oxygen production in the light added to oxygen uptake in the dark.

Page 1 of 71
Use the information from the graph to answer each of the following questions.

(i) Describe the effect of temperature on oxygen production in the light.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Explain the effect of temperature on oxygen production in the light when the
temperature is increased:

from 25 °C to 35 °C

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

from 40 °C to 50 °C.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 2 of 71
 (d) A farmer in the UK wants to grow orange trees in a greenhouse. He wants to sell the
oranges he produces at a local market.
He decides to heat the greenhouse to 35 °C.

Explain why he should not heat the greenhouse to a temperature higher than 35 °C.
Use information from the graph in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Q2.
People often grow pondweed in fishponds to oxygenate the water.

(a) Name the process that the pondweed uses to produce oxygen.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) A student investigated oxygen production in three different pondweeds,

Elodea,Cabomba and Egeria.

The student:

• cut a piece of pondweed from an Elodea plant

• put the pondweed into a tube of water

• counted the bubbles given off in one minute

• did the experiment again using a piece of pondweed from a Cabomba plant

• did the experiment a third time using a piece of pondweed from an Egeria
plant.

The diagram shows the student’s investigation.

Page 3 of 71
 The table shows the results.

Number of bubbles
Pondweed
produced in 1 minute

Elodea 17

Cabomba 28

Egeria 8

(i) The student said:

“I suggest that people grow Cabomba in garden ponds to oxygenate the water
fastest.”

Give three variables the student should have controlled to make sure his
conclusion was valid.

Use information from the student’s method and the diagram.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) The three pondweeds all cost about the same.

Suggest one other factor that people with fishponds might think about before
deciding which type of pondweed to use.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) A person grows Cabomba in his pond.

Page 4 of 71
 The Cabomba plants develop yellow leaves.

Which mineral ion would stop the leaves turning yellow?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q3.
The graph shows the uptake of carbon dioxide and the release of carbon dioxide by a
bean plant on a hot summer’s day.

(a) At which two times in the day did the rate of photosynthesis exactly match the rate
of respiration in the bean plant?

1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________
(1)

(b) The bean plant respires at the same rate all through the 24 hour period.

(i) How much carbon dioxide is released each hour during respiration?

____________________________ arbitrary units

(1)

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 (ii) How much carbon dioxide is used by photosynthesis in the hour beginning at 3
pm?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Answer = ____________________________ arbitrary units

(1)

(c) Over the 24 hour period, the total amount of carbon dioxide taken in by the bean
plant was greater than the total amount of carbon dioxide given out by the bean
plant.

Explain, in detail, why this was important for the bean plant.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q4.
The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing.

The table shows the estimated mass of carbon dioxide exchanged with the atmosphere in
one year.

Mass of carbon dioxide exchanged with

the atmosphere in millions of tonnes

Passed out into Taken in from

the atmosphere the atmosphere

Plants 30 64

Animals 10 0

Microorganisms 24 0

Combustion 6 0

(a) (i) Calculate the total mass of carbon dioxide passed out into the atmosphere in
one year.

Page 6 of 71
 Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Answer ______________________ million tonnes

(2)

(ii) Calculate the increase in the mass of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in one
year.

You should use your answer to part (a)(i) in your calculation.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Answer ______________________ million tonnes

(2)

(b) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

decomposition.

Plants use carbon dioxide in the process of photosynthesis.

respiration.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q5.
A group of pupils investigated the way in which the colour of light affects photosynthesis.

The pupils:

• put a piece of pondweed into a test tube of water

• shone light from a lamp with a red light bulb onto the pondweed

• counted the bubbles of gas produced by the pondweed every minute for three
minutes.

The diagram shows the experiment.

Page 7 of 71
The pupils repeated their experiment using a yellow light bulb, a green light bulb and a
blue light bulb.

(a) (i) What was the independent variable in the investigation?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) To make the investigation fair the pupils needed to control some variables.

Suggest one variable that the pupils should have controlled during their
investigation.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) It is better to count the bubbles every minute for three minutes than to count all
the bubbles in three minutes.

Why?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The table shows the pupils’ results.

Number of bubbles produced in one minute

Colour of bulb
1st minute 2nd minute 3rd minute Mean

Red 24 19 21 21

Yellow 18 14 15 16

Green 6 4 3 4

Blue 32 34 32 33

Algae are tiny organisms that photosynthesise.

In natural light algae grow very quickly on the sides of a fish tank.
The algae make it difficult to see the fish.

(i) What would be the best colour of light bulb to illuminate the fish tank to reduce

Page 8 of 71
 the growth of algae?

Use the results in the table to help you to decide.

Draw a ring around one answer.

red yellow green blue

(1)

(ii) Explain why the colour you have chosen is the best.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q6.
A gardener grows tomato plants.

The tomato plants develop yellow leaves.

(a) What would be the best way of improving the growth of these plants?

Tick ( ) one box.

Add mineral ions to the soil

Water the plants more

Add glucose to the soil

(1)

(b) Most tomatoes are grown in greenhouses.

Page 9 of 71
 By Giancarlo Dessì (Own work) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Tomato growers alter the conditions in greenhouses to make tomato plants grow
faster.

Which changes in conditions will make tomato plants grow faster?

Tick ( ) two boxes.

Increasing the temperature

Increasing the oxygen concentration in the air

Increasing the nitrogen concentration in the air

Turning lights on at night

(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Q7.
Tomatoes are grown in greenhouses in the UK and outdoors in the UK and the Canary
Islands.

The chart shows in which months these tomatoes can be bought in shops in the UK.

Page 10 of 71
 The Canary Islands are about 3000 km from the UK.

Some people prefer to buy tomatoes grown in the UK.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of buying tomatoes grown in the UK,
instead of buying tomatoes grown in the Canary Islands?

Advantages of buying tomatoes grown in the UK

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Disadvantages of buying tomatoes grown in the UK

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 3 marks)

Q8.
Students investigated the effect of changing the carbon dioxide concentration on the rate
of photosynthesis in pieces of leaf.

Diagram 1 shows the type of leaf used by the students.

The students:

• cut pieces of leaf from the green region

Page 11 of 71
• put the pieces into tubes

• added different concentrations of carbon dioxide to each tube

• shone lights on the tubes with either high or low light intensity

• recorded the concentration of oxygen in the tubes after 5 hours.

Diagram 2 shows how each experiment was set up.

The graph shows the results of the investigation.

(a) (i) Describe the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of
photosynthesis at low light intensity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain the effect that you have described.

In your answer you should refer to limiting factors.

Page 12 of 71
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) What would have been the effect on oxygen concentration over the five-hour period
if a white region of the leaf had been used, instead of a green region?

Effect ______________________________________________________________

Explain your answer.

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Some people keep indoor plants which have variegated leaves (leaves with green
and white regions).

If plants with variegated leaves are kept in dim light conditions the white areas of the
leaves start to turn green.

This is an advantage to the plant.

Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q9.
Plants need mineral ions for healthy growth.

(a) Which part of a plant takes in mineral ions?

Tick ( ) one box.

Flower

Page 13 of 71
 Leaf

Root

(1)

(b) Leaves are usually green.

(i) What is the green substance in leaves?

Draw a ring around your answer.

chlorophyll glucose starch

(1)

(ii) The green substance in leaves is important to plants.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) A shortage of mineral ions can affect a plant.

Draw one line from each mineral ion to the effect of its shortage.

Mineral ion Effect of its shortage

Yellow leaves

Magnesium

Stunted growth

Nitrate

White flowers

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 14 of 71
Q10.
The diagram shows where three seaweeds live on a seashore.
As the tide moves in and out, these seaweeds are covered with seawater for different
lengths of time.

Some students investigated the rate of photosynthesis in these seaweeds.

• They cut ten small discs from one seaweed.

• They dropped the discs into seawater in a beaker.

• They recorded the time taken for the fifth disc to float to the surface.

• They repeated this experiment with the other two seaweeds.

(a) (i) Suggest why the discs floated to the surface.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest the advantage of recording the time taken for the fifth disc to reach
the surface, rather than for the tenth disc.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The students carried out their experiments at different light intensities.
The graph shows the results they collected.

Page 15 of 71
 (i) Compare the rate of photosynthesis for flat wrack with the rate for saw wrack
at different light intensities.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Seawater absorbs light.

The growth rate of saw wrack is less than the growth rate of bladder wrack.

Suggest why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q11.

Page 16 of 71
This question is about photosynthesis.

(a) Plants make glucose during photosynthesis. Some of the glucose is changed into
insoluble starch.

What happens to this starch?

Tick ( ) one box.

The starch is converted into oxygen.

The starch is stored for later use.

The starch is used to make the leaf green.

(1)

(b) A student investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis in

pondweed.

The diagram shows the way the experiment was set up.

(i) The student needed to control some variables to make the investigation fair.

State two of these variables.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The bubbles of gas are produced only while photosynthesis is taking place.

What two measurements would the student make to calculate the rate of
photosynthesis?

1. ____________________________________________________________

Page 17 of 71
 2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The graph shows the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.

(i) Name the factor that limits the rate of photosynthesis between the points
labelled A and B on the graph.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest which factor, carbon dioxide, oxygen or water, might limit the rate of
photosynthesis between the points labelled C and D on the graph.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q12.
A gardener grows tomatoes.

He wants to find out how to get the biggest mass of tomatoes.

He plants different varieties of tomato against different walls in his garden.

Page 18 of 71
Use these results to answer the questions.

(a) The gardener wants his test to be fair.

Name one condition which he should keep the same for all his tomato plants.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The table shows the gardener’s results.

Variety of
Sungold Sungold Sungold Sungold Nugget Champion
tomato plant

Wall they were

planted North West South East East East
against

Mean mass of
tomatoes
produced in 3.5 3.0 1.2 2.5 3.2 2.7
kilograms per
plant

(i) To obtain the biggest mass of tomatoes, against which wall is it best to grow
the tomato plants?

Tick ( ) one box.

North wall

South wall

Page 19 of 71
 East wall

West wall

(1)

(ii) To obtain the biggest mass of tomatoes, which variety of tomato plant would it
be best to grow?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) From the information in the table, the gardener’s test was not fair.

Give one way in which the test was not fair.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Q13.
(a) (i) Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.

carbon dioxide + ____________ (+ light energy) → glucose + ____________

(2)

(ii) Most of the carbon dioxide that a plant uses during photosynthesis is absorbed
from the air.

Give one other source of carbon dioxide for a plant.

Draw a ring around your answer.

the soil respiration in the plant osmosis in the plant water

(1)

A student investigated the conditions that plants need for photosynthesis.

The leaves of the plant he used had green and white parts.

Diagram 1 shows how part of one leaf was covered in black (opaque) card.
The plant was placed in a warm, sunny area and was watered well.
Eight hours later the leaf was removed from the plant and was tested for starch.

The results of the test are shown in Diagram 2, the shaded parts show where starch was
present.

Page 20 of 71
 Diagram 1 Diagram 2

(b) Name the two independent variables in this investigation.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Why was no starch found in:

(i) the part of the leaf labelled A

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) the part of the leaf labelled B?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q14.
The diagram shows bushes in a hedge growing near to a house.

The bushes were the same species and the same age.

Page 21 of 71
(a) (i) The student said, “I have noticed that the short bushes grow next to the
house. I think that the more light the bushes get, the faster they will grow.”

Draw lines to match each of the student’s statements to the correct term.

Draw only two lines.

(2)

(ii) Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.

________________ + water (+ light energy)  _______________ + oxygen

(2)

(b) The student decided to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis.

She used the apparatus shown in the diagram.

Page 22 of 71
She measured the rate of photosynthesis by counting the number of gas bubbles
given off each minute.

(i) Suggest how the student varied the intensity of the light received by the
pondweed.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The student’s results are shown on the graph.

Describe the pattern shown on the graph.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) This is what the student wrote for her conclusion.

“Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis of the

pondweed.”

Page 23 of 71
 Why was her conclusion incomplete?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q15.
Green plants are able to make their own food.

Complete each sentence by drawing a ring around the correct answer in the box.

diffusion

(a) Green plants make their own food during the process of photosynthesis

respiration
(1)

(b) This process can be summarised by the equation:

mineral salts

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + light

oxygen
(1)

chlorophyll

(c) The energy needed for this process is trapped for the plant by glucose

light
(1)

chlorophyll

(d) Some of the food made by plants is stored as insoluble glucose

starch
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Q16.
Changing the conditions in which plants grow affects how fast they grow.

The diagram shows a propagator in which scientists can control temperature, light
intensity and carbon dioxide concentration.

Page 24 of 71
The graph shows the effects of changing the temperature, light intensity and carbon
dioxide concentration on the growth of lettuce plants.

(a) Describe and explain the effect of increasing light intensity on the mean mass of
lettuce plants at 4% carbon dioxide and 15 °C.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 25 of 71
 (b) Growers wish to make maximum profits from their lettuces.

What do they need to consider before making decisions about the growing
conditions for their lettuces?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The nutrient solution contains nitrate ions and magnesium ions.

Complete the table to show the functions of these ions in plants and their deficiency
symptoms.

Ion Function in plants Deficiency symptoms

__________________________ _________________________

Nitrate __________________________ _________________________

__________________________ _________________________

__________________________ _________________________

Magnesium __________________________ _________________________

__________________________ _________________________

(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Q17.
(a) The equation describes the process of photosynthesis.

carbon dioxide + _____________ + light energy glucose + _____________

(i) Write in the names of the two missing substances.

(2)

(ii) Name the green substance which absorbs the light energy.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) In bright sunlight, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air can limit the

Page 26 of 71
 rate of photosynthesis. Explain what this means.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Give one environmental factor, other than light intensity and carbon dioxide
concentration, which can limit the rate of photosynthesis.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q18.
The table shows the effects that two different concentrations of sulphur dioxide in the air
had on the growth of rye grass plants.

Sulphur dioxide concentration in

9.0 191.0
the air in micrograms per m3

Number of leaves per plant 85.6 47.3

Total leaf area in cm2 417.2 203.6

Dry mass of stubble in grams 0.48 0.22

(a) What human activity releases sulphur dioxide into the air?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) What effect does sulphur dioxide have on rainwater?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Use information from the table to describe one effect of sulphur dioxide on the
leaves of the grass plants.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The stubble consists of the bases of the stems of the plants and the roots left in the
soil after harvesting.

Use your answer to part (b) to explain why the dry mass of the stubble was less at
the higher concentration of sulphur dioxide.

Page 27 of 71
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q19.
Photosynthesis takes place in green plants.

(a) Name the substance that combines with water in photosynthesis.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Where does water enter the plant?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Name two products of photosynthesis.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Variegated leaves have areas that are green and areas that are white. Some
students used variegated leaves to investigate photosynthesis.

• They covered a variegated leaf with a black paper shape.

• The leaf was left in a sunny place.
• They tested the leaf for starch.
• The results were compared with a leaf that was not covered.

Start present after test

Area of the leaf
tested
covered uncovered

Green area no yes

Page 28 of 71
 White area no no

Explain why starch was present in only one of the tests.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Q20.
(a) Complete the following sentences.

Green plants produce their own food by a process called photosynthesis. In this

process the raw materials are ____________________________ and carbon

dioxide. Glucose and _______________________________ are produced.

__________________________ energy is absorbed by the green substance

called __________________________ .
(4)

(b) Name two things that can happen in the plant to the glucose produced in
photosynthesis.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Plants need mineral salts.

(i) Through which part do mineral salts get into the plant?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain why water is important in this process.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 29 of 71
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Some students set up water cultures to find out how plants use nitrates.
They had two sets of nutrient solutions.
A full solution provided the plant with all the required nutrients.
The results table shows the average mass of the seedlings after 28 days of growth.

(d) (i) Give a conclusion you could make from these results.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Calculate the difference in average mass caused by the addition of nitrates to
the culture solution.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) What are nitrates used for in the seedling?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iv) Some factors need to be controlled to keep this test fair. Name two of them.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(v) Suggest one way you could improve the experiment.

Page 30 of 71
 ______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 15 marks)

Q21.
(a) Plants make their own food by photosynthesis.

Use the following words to fill in the gaps. You can use each word once or not at all.

carbon chlorophyll cytoplasm light nitrogen

oxygen sound starch water

During photosynthesis _______________________ dioxide and _______________

are converted into glucose and ____________________ . The energy needed to do

this is ____________________ energy which is trapped by a green pigment called

_____________________ .

The plant can change the glucose into ___________________ which is insoluble so

it can be stored.
(6)

(b) Which part of a plant is adapted for photosynthesis?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) How do the two raw materials for photosynthesis get into the plant?

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

Page 31 of 71
 ___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Describe one way you could speed up photosynthesis.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q22.
(a) Photosynthesis is a process that takes place in green plants.

(i) What type of energy is needed for this process?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) What substance in the plant absorbs this energy?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) In which part of the plant cell does photosynthesis take place?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iv) Write a balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.

_____________________________ → _____________________________
(3)

(b) Describe two ways you could speed up photosynthesis.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The diagram shows the outline of a cross-section of a leaf. Name cells 1 and 2 and
describe how they are involved in photosynthesis.

Page 32 of 71
 _________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Q23.
The diagram shows how a leaf of a green plant makes glucose.

(a) Use words from the box to complete the labels on the diagram. You may use each
word once or not at all.

carbon dioxide chlorophyll glucose heat

light oxygen water

Page 33 of 71
 (5)

(b) (i) Compete the following sentence.

Glucose in food is a type of _________ . When we eat it, it gives us energy.

(1)

(ii) The plant turns some of the glucose into starch. Why is starch useful to the
plant?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) What does the plant do with the rest of the glucose?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) (i) What is the name of the process outlined in the diagram?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 34 of 71
 (ii) Give one way that leaves are adapted to do this process.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q24.
Photosynthesis takes place the leaves of green plants.

(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the formation of glucose by photosynthesis.

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Describe two ways that the rate of photosynthesis can be decreased without
lowering the temperature.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Some students decided to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis in pond weed. They set up the apparatus and altered the
temperature using ice and hot water. The counted the number of bubbles given off in
a minute at different temperatures. They obtained the following results.

(i) Plot the points on the graph.

Page 35 of 71
 (3)

(ii) Use your graph to predict the number of bubbles per minute at 25 °C.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Suggest a reason why the rate of photosynthesis seems to decrease in this
pondweed after 40 °C.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q25.
A plant with variegated (two-coloured) leaves was left in sunlight for several hours. Pieces
of one of its leaves were then detached (removed) and tested for sugar. The diagram
below shows the results.

Explain, as fully as you can, why the yellow region of the leaf had not produced sugar.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Page 36 of 71
 _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 2 marks)

Q26.
The diagram below shows a food web for some of the organisms which live in a pond.

(a) (i) Name one secondary consumer in this food web.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The algae are small green plants.

Give three conditions needed by green plants to produce sugars.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) This is a pyramid of biomass for the organisms in the aquarium.

Some of the biomass of the producers is not transferred to the tertiary consumers.

Explain, as fully as you can, what happens to this biomass.

Page 37 of 71
 (6)
(Total 10 marks)

Q27.
(a) Complete the equation for photosynthesis.

(2)

(b) The diagram below is printed in a plant care manual.

Use information from the diagram to answer the following questions.

(i) Name one type of plant which could live on the floor of a dense forest in the
middle of summer.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain the reason for your answer to (i) above.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) The drawing shows one type of plant with variegated leaves.

Page 38 of 71
 The manual says that these plants need direct sunlight.

Suggest and explain why this plant needs ‘some direct sunlight’ in order to
develop satisfactorily.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iv) The drawing shows a cactus.

Suggest and explain why cacti can only develop satisfactorily if they receive
full sunlight.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q28.
The graph shows the mean light intensity at different times of the year in an oak wood.

Page 39 of 71
 (a) (i) In which month would you expect the rate of photosynthesis in the oak trees to
be greatest?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) There are plants living on the ground in the wood. In which month would you
expect their rate of growth to be fastest?

______________________________________________________________

Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Name two factors, other than light intensity, that would affect the rate of
photosynthesis in the oak trees.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q29.
The graph shows the effect of temperature on photosynthesis.

Page 40 of 71
(a) Between which temperatures is the rate of photosynthesis fastest?

________________ and ________________ °C

(1)

(b) Suggest why the rate of photosynthesis stays the same between these two
temperatures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) A greenhouse owner wants to grow lettuces as quickly and cheaply as possible in
winter.

At what temperature should he keep his greenhouse in order to grow the lettuces as
quickly and cheaply as possible?

________________ °C

Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 41 of 71
Q30.
Green plants make food in their leaves.

(a) From where do the leaves get the energy that they need to make food?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The graph shows the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.

(i) Between which temperatures is the rate of photosynthesis fastest?

_______________ and _______________ °C

(1)

(ii) Suggest why the rate of photosynthesis stays the same between these two
temperatures.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) A greenhouse owner wants to grow lettuces as quickly and cheaply as

possible in winter.

At what temperature should he keep his greenhouse in order to grow the

lettuces as quickly and cheaply as possible?

_______________ °C

Page 42 of 71
 Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q31.
Busy lizzie plants produce flowers with many different colours.

A gardener wants to produce busy lizzie plants to fill a flower bed in her garden.
She decides to grow them from cuttings rather than seeds.

(a) Give one condition that she should supply to the new cuttings so that they grow
well.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Busy Lizzie plants can produce flowers which are white, pink or red.
A gardener wants to grow a display containing all three colours of flowers.

(b) Give one advantage and one disadvantage to the gardener of growing Busy Lizzie
plants from cuttings rather than seeds.

Advantage _________________________________________________________

Disadvantage _______________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Q32.
The diagram shows a plant leaf during photosynthesis.

Page 43 of 71
 (a) Name:

(i) gas X; _______________

(ii) gas Y. _______________

(2)

(b) Why is sunlight necessary for photosynthesis?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q33.
The diagram shows a plant leaf during photosynthesis.

Page 44 of 71
 (a) Name:

(i) gas X; _______________

(ii) gas Y. _______________

(2)

(b) Why is sunlight necessary for photosynthesis?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Some of the sugars produced by photosynthesis are stored as starch in the roots.
Explain, as fully as you can, why it is an advantage to the plant to store
carbohydrate as starch rather than as sugar.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Q34.
Low light intensity is one factor that limits the yield of a crop.

Page 45 of 71
 In Britain, many tomato growers use artificial lights to increase the yield of tomato crops.

The table shows the amount of natural daylight and artificial lamplight received by a
tomato crop grown in a greenhouse.

Natural daylight Artificial lamplight Total light Percentage

received by tomato given to tomato plant energy increase in
plant received growth
by plant resulting
Month Day Light Hours of Light per day in from artificial
length in energy light given energy J/cm2 light
hours received per day received
by plant by plant
per day in per day in
J/cm2 J/cm2

January 8.1 239 18 492 731 206

February 9.9 492 18 492 984 100

March 11.9 848 12 328 1176 39

April 13.9 1401 2 55 1456 4

May 15.5 1786 0 0 1786 0

June 16.6 1960 0 0 1960 0

July 16.2 1849 0 0 1849 0

August 14.7 1561 0 0 1561 0

September 12.8 1064 2 55 1119 5

October 10.6 614 11 301 915 49

November 8.8 288 18 492 780 171

December 7.6 183 18 492 675 269

(a) Describe the pattern for the amount of light energy received from natural daylight by
a tomato plant during the day.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 46 of 71
 (b) A tomato plant needs 600 J of light energy per cm2 each day to grow and produce
tomatoes.

Use this information and data from the table to suggest an explanation for the
pattern of the artificial light given to the tomato plants.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q35.
Energy for living organisms comes from the Sun.

Complete the sentences by using the correct words from the box.

animals carbohydrates carbon dioxide oxygen plants water

Light energy is captured by green ____________________ .

They use this energy to make ____________________ .

To do this, they also use ____________________ .

(Total 3 marks)

Page 47 of 71
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) LHS: carbon dioxide AND water
in either order
accept CO2 and H2O
allow CO2 and H2O
if names given ignore symbols
do not accept CO2 / H2O / Co / CO
ignore balancing
1

RHS: sugar(s) / glucose / starch / carbohydrate(s)

accept C6H12O6
allow C6H12O6
do not accept C6H12O6
1

(b) (i) light is needed for photosynthesis

or

no photosynthesis occurred (so no oxygen produced)

1

(ii) oxygen is needed / used for (aerobic) respiration

full statement
respiration occurs or oxygen is needed for anaerobic
respiration gains 1 mark
2

(c) (i) (with increasing temperature) rise then fall in rate

1

use of figures, ie

max. production at 40 °C
or maximum rate of 37.5 to 38
1

(ii) 25 – 35 °C

either faster movement of particles / molecules / more collisions

or particles have more energy / enzymes have more energy
1

or temperature is a limiting factor over this range

40 – 50 °C

denaturation of proteins / enzymes

ignore denaturation of cells
ignore stomata
1

Page 48 of 71
 (d) above 35 °C (to 40 °C) – little increase in rate
or > 40 °C – causes decrease in rate
1

so waste of money or less profit / expensive

1

because respiration rate is higher at > 35 °C

or
respiration reduces the effect of photosynthesis
1
[12]

Q2.
(a) photosynthesis
do not accept other additional processes
1

(b) (i) any three from, eg:

ignore time / apparatus

• mass of pondweed
type of pondweed = max 2
accept amount / volume / length / size
ignore number / surface area of leaves / pondweed
unqualified

• volume of water
accept amount

• other reasonable features of the water

• light intensity
accept distance between light source and tube / pondweed

• light colour
accept light if neither colour nor intensity is given

• carbon dioxide

• temperature

• pH
3

(ii) any one idea from, eg:

ignore reference to cost

• how much oxygen they give off

• is pondweed poisonous to fish

• will fish eat pondweed

• is pondweed harmful to environment

Page 49 of 71
 • how long the pondweed lives

• growth rate / size of pondweed

• reference to appearance / aesthetics

• availability
1

(c) magnesium / Mg
accept iron / Fe
ignore ion and + or -
ignore nitrate
1
[6]

Q3.
(a) 7.15 to 7.45 am and 7.15 to 7.45 pm
both required, either order
accept in 24 hr clock mode
1

(b) (i) 11
1

(ii) 32.5 to 33
allow answer to (b)(i) + 21.5 to 22
1

(c) any two from:

• more photosynthesis than respiration

• more biomass / carbohydrate made than used

allow more food made than used

• so plant able to grow / flower

accept plant able to store food
2
[5]

Q4.
(a) (i) 70
award 2 marks for correct answer irrespective of working
allow 1 mark for 30 + 10 + 24 + 6 (with wrong answer or no
answer), do not award this sum if other figure(s) are
included in the addition
2

(ii) 6
award 2 marks for correct answer irrespective of working
award 2 marks for correct answer to (a)(i) – 64 (ecf)
award 1 mark either for 70 – 64 or answer to (a)(i) – 64 with

Page 50 of 71
 no answer or incorrect answer
2

(b) photosynthesis.
1
[5]

Q5.
(a) (i) colour of light / bulb / lamp
allow wavelength for colour
allow bulb alone
do not accept light / colour unqualified
1

(ii) any one from eg

• temperature
allow heat

• light intensity or distance between lamp and plant / tube

allow amount / brightness of light
ignore light unqualified

• carbon dioxide
allow symbols

• other light in room

allow use a dark room

• mass / size / amount / age / type of pondweed

allow same piece of pondweed
ignore pondweed unqualified

• volume / amount of water

ignore reference to time
1

(iii) improved reliability

allow for reliability or less likely to lose count

or

can spot anomalies / changes

allow reference to calculating a mean / average
ignore reference to accuracy / precision / fair
1

(b) (i) green

1

(ii) any two from:

ignore references to colour

• least / less bubbles / gas / oxygen / mean

Page 51 of 71
 reference to least / less needed only once, in context, for 2
marks

• least / less photosynthesis

• least / less glucose / sugar / carbohydrate / food made

only penalise no once, ie
no bubbles = 0 mark
no bubbles so no photosynthesis = 1 mark
allow most / more green light reflected (by chloroplasts)
2
[6]

Q6.
(a) add mineral ions to the soil
extra box ticked cancels the mark
1

(b) increasing the temperature

each extra box ticked cancels 1 mark
1

turning lights on at night

1
[3]

Q7.
any three from:
maximum 2 marks if only advantages or only disadvantages
given
ignore references to cost unqualified

advantages: (max 2)
ignore reference to fresher

• less transport / example of transport or less fuel used

accept implication eg less food miles
allow no transport / fuel costs

• less pollution / example

accept eg less carbon dioxide / smaller carbon footprint
allow no pollution / example

• support of local / UK economy / farmers

disadvantages: (max 2)

• not available all year

• may require use of heat / light

• (production of) heat / light causes pollution

Page 52 of 71
 [3]

Q8.
(a) (i) increase (and then level off) and max / up to at 0.15 (%) (carbon dioxide)
ignore references to oxygen concentration only
ignore mention of 23
1

(ii) CO2 is limiting at low CO2 / at first

ignore specific numbers
1

light is limiting at high CO2 / at end

1

(b) mark both parts together

effect: (oxygen) falls

1

explanation: (oxygen) used for respiration

if no other marks awarded allow (effect) no change and
(explanation) no photosynthesis for 1 mark
1

(c) more chlorophyll / chloroplasts

1

allows more photosynthesis / description

for both marks must refer to more at least once
1
[7]

Q9.
(a) root
1

(b) (i) chlorophyll

1

(ii) absorbs / traps / takes in light

do not accept attracts / solar energy /sunshine / sun
1

(for) photosynthesis
accept to make food / glucose / sugar/ biomass
1

Page 53 of 71
 (c)
1 mark per correct line
extra line from a mineral ion cancels the mark
2
[6]

Q10.
(a) (i) oxygen produced
1

(ii) any one from:

• average / mean / median

ignore reliable / precise / accurate

• some may be anomalous

allow some may not float
1

(b) (i) do not allow answers in terms of time only

if candidate answers in terms of comparing rate of change
then the rate of change of photosynthesis must be in the
correct direction for 1 mark

any two from:

• low intensity / below 12.5 / 2.5 - 12.5 (units of light) flat wrack /it, rate of
photosynthesis faster or saw wrack rate of photosynthesis slower
allow any value in range

• high intensity / above 12.5 / 12.5 - 15 (units of light) flat wrack / it,rate of
photosynthesis slower or saw wrack rate of photosynthesis faster
allow any value in range

• same (rate) at 12.5 units

2

(ii) any two from:

• saw wrack receives less light

Page 54 of 71
 accept converse if clear reference to bladder wrack

• less photosynthesis
if first and second responses, ‘less’ needed only once

or
less carbohydrate / sugar / starch production

• when tide is in or at high tide or any tide above low tide

accept saw wrack covered by water / submerged longer /
more
reference to position on shore is insufficient
2
[6]

Q11.
(a) the starch is stored for later use.
1

(b) (i) any two from:

do not accept temperature-apply list principle
ignore reference to time

• carbon dioxide (concentration)

• light intensity
allow one mark for light if neither intensity or colour are
awarded

• light colour / wavelength

• pH

• size / amount plant

• same / species / type plant

allow ‘the plant’

• amount of water in the tube

ignore amount of water alone
2

(ii) number / amount of bubbles or amount of gas / oxygen

allow volume of bubbles (together)
ignore ‘the bubbles’ unqualified
1

(relevant reference to) time / named time interval

allow how long it bubbles for
do not accept time bubbles start / stop
ignore speed / rate bubbles
ignore instruments
do not accept other factors eg temperature

Page 55 of 71
 accept how many bubbles per minute for 2 marks
1

(c) (i) temperature

allow heat / °C / cold
1

(ii) carbon dioxide / CO 2

CO2 / CO2 / Co / Co2 / co / co2

2 2

do not accept CO / 2CO

1
[7]

Q12.
(a) any one from:

• (type of / amount of) soil / minerals / nutrients / pH

• amount of water / time of watering

• space between plants / plants and wall

• time for growth

list principle
ignore carbon dioxide / same number of plants / food
do not allow temperature / light / exposure to wind
1

(b) (i) North wall

1

(ii) nugget
list principle
1

(c) has not tested all varieties / nugget / champion against all walls
do not allow repeat experiment
1
[4]

Q13.
(a) (i) water / H2O
allow hydrogen oxide
1

oxygen / O2 / O
allow upper and lower case symbols and superscripts
answers must be in this order
1

(ii) respiration in the plant

allow clear indication of correct response
1

Page 56 of 71
 (b) light (no light) / light intensity
ignore references to the card / covered / uncovered
1

chlorophyll (no chlorophyll) / chloroplast

allow leaf colour or both green and white given
1

(c) (i) no light (received) or it’s dark

allow no photosynthesis
do not allow little light / photosynthesis
ignore sun
apply list principle for other factors
1

(ii) no chlorophyll / chloroplasts (present)

allow no / little photosynthesis
allow white or not green or little chlorophyll / few
chloroplasts
apply list principle for other factors
1
[7]

Q14.
(a) (i)

both correct = 2 marks

one correct = 1 mark
extra line from a statement cancels the mark
2

(ii) 1st space: carbon dioxide

allow CO2 (ignore superscript)
do not allow CO alone
1

2nd space: glucose / sugar / starch / carbohydrate

1

(b) (i) any one from:

Page 57 of 71
 • move lamp or change distance between lamp and plant
ignore measure the distance

• change wattage / power of (light) bulb

do not accept just “change bulb”

• change voltage / power supply to the (light) bulb

• change the number of lamps

• put translucent material between lamp and plant

accept examples, eg tracing paper / filters
do not accept coloured filters
1

(ii) rises
1

levels off
ignore numbers
1

(iii) idea that it levels off

or

does not increase at all light intensities

or

it only increases to a certain amount

answers should relate to photosynthesis and not to bubbling
1
[8]

Q15.
(a) photosynthesis
1

(b) oxygen
1

(c) chlorophyll
1

(d) starch
1
[4]

Q16.
(a) any three from:

Page 58 of 71
 • ((mean) mass) increases up to 7 / 8 units (of light) then levels off

• light limiting factor up to 7 / 8 units

• for photosynthesis
must be in correct context

• other factor / temperature limiting above 7 / 8 units

3

(b) any two from:

• cost of providing conditions / heat / light / CO2

• effect of treatment on profit

allow too much of factor is wasteful

• relevant use of data from graph eg limiting factors

• named other factors eg fertiliser / pest control / weeds /

density of planting
allow taste / appearance
2

(c) nitrate function

produce amino acids / proteins / enzymes

ignore DNA
do not allow chlorophyll
1

nitrate deficiency

stunted growth
allow description
ignore plant dies
1

magnesium function

produce chlorophyll
ignore chloroplasts
1

magnesium deficiency

yellow leaves / plant

ignore plant dies
1
[9]

Q17.
(a) (i) L.H.S. – water / H2O
1

R.H.S. – oxygen / O2

Page 59 of 71
 accept H2O
accept O2 / O
1

(ii) chlorophyll
must make it clear that it is the chlorophyll
do not credit chloroplast on its own
do not accept chloroplast / chlorophyll
without indication that it is chlorophyll
1

(b) (i) light intensity / temperature is high enough for higher rate or light /
temperature is not limiting
1

low CO2 available or not enough CO2

available or rate would be higher with more CO2
1

(ii) temperature
allow water / rain
allow (too) cold / hot as a minimum
allow wave length / frequency / colour
ignore ions
ignore heat
1
[6]

Q18.
(a) burning fossil fuels / coal / gas / oil
accept driving vehicles / eg cars
accept coal-fired power station
accept car emissions
ignore combustion unqualified
do not accept power station unqualified
do not accept using fossil fuels
1

(b) (i) (SO2) makes it acidic / makes acid rain / lowers pH

1

(ii) any one from:

(SO2) kills leaves reduces number of leaves reduces leaf area

or smaller leaves causes fewer leaves to grow
ignore correct extras, eg
withered, yellow etc
1

(c) any two from:

(fewer leaves / less leaf S.A) so less photosynthesis

less food / less sugar / less starch supplied (to roots / to stems)

(SO2) lowers pH of soil / makes soil acidic

Page 60 of 71
 ions (/minerals / salts / nutrients) less available (to plants)
accept don’t get enough nutrients
2
[5]

Q19.
(a) carbon dioxide/CO2
1

(b) through the roots/root hairs

do not accept leaves
1

(c) oxygen
1

sugar/glucose/other named sugar/starch/carbohydrate

1

(d) award one mark for each mark point

n.b. accept chloroplast for chlorophyll
n.b. credit the candidate who answers in terms of the white
areas of the leaf

chlorophyll is green
e.g. green areas have chlorophyll
1

chlorophyll/green is needed for photosynthesis

e.g. it is only in green areas that
photosynthesis can take place
after this point do not penalise a candidate if they do not
refer to photosynthesis
1

light is needed
e.g. it does not happen in the dark
do not accept sunshine/sun
1

photosynthesis produces/makes starch

e.g. starch is made
so
e.g. ‘you need light to make starch’ scores 3rd and 4th
marking points
‘you need chlorophyll and light for photosynthesis’ scores on
the 2nd and 3rd marking points
‘photosynthesis makes starch and you need green leaves
and light for it to work’ scores
on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th marking points
1
[8]

Page 61 of 71
Q20.
(a) water [1]

oxygen [1]

(sun) light or solar [1]

do not accept sun’s

chlorophyll [1]
do not accept chloroplasts
4

(b) any two from:

stored as fructose
stored as sucrose
stored as starch
stored as oil or lipid
moved or transported away in the phloem
do not accept “stored” by itself

respired or burnt up for energy or

fuel changed to protein
changed to cellulose
changed to fructose
changed to starch
changed to oil or lipid
do not accept “food for plant”
do not accept “used up” by itself
2

(c) (i) roots or root hair (cells)

1

(ii) the mineral salts are (dissolved) in water [1]

water transports salts throughout the plant

or water enables osmosis or diffusion to take place [1]
2

(d) (i) plants grow better with some nutrients than none
or
plants grow better with nitrates than without
comparison is needed
accept “faster” as equivalent to “better”
accept don’t grow well with only water
1

(ii) 0.14(g)
units not needed
1

(iii) making protein or amino acids

do not accept help them grow
accept named protein or DNA or chlorophyll
1

Page 62 of 71
 any two from:

(iv) type or variety or starting weight or

2

(iii) size of seedlings

keep the environment the same
only if light or temperature or day
length not already credited

light
temperature not heat
time of growth
do not accept the same equipment
do not accept help them grow
1

day length
amount of culture solution or/size of
accept named protein, DNA chlorophyll

boiling tube
number of seedlings per tube
pH
CO2
humidity
[15]

Q21.
(a) carbon
water
oxygen

light

chlorophyll

starch
1 mark each
6

(b) leaf (or named part of leaf)

or
chloroplasts
accept anywhere green
do not credit chlorophyll unless qualified
1

(c) water through the roots

or
root hairs
or
by osmosis
do not credit where the candidate is unclear about which is
which

Page 63 of 71
 1

CO2 through the leaf

or
stomata
or
by diffusion
1

(d) any one point:

increased CO2 concentration

increased water supply
increased temperature (up to a point)
increased light (intensity)
accept altered light quality by less green or increasing other
colours
accept increased duration of exposure to light
do not credit sun or sunshine
accept CO2 from respiration
1

[10]

Q22.
(a) (i) light or solar
do not credit sun’s energy
do not credit radiant
1

(ii) chlorophyll
1

(iii) chloroplast
1

(iv) CO2 + H2O

reactants identified (accept words)
1

C6H12O6 + O2
products identified (accept words)
1

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

balanced equation
1

(b) any two from:

increased CO2 concentration

increased water supply

increased temperature (up to a point)

increased light intensity

Page 64 of 71
 do not accept heat or warmth

altered light quality by less green or

increasing other colours
2

(c) any four points

• palisade (mesophyll)

• lots of chloroplasts or chlorophyll

or main site for photosynthesis
or absorb maximum amount of light

• guard cells

• CO2 in or O2 out or water vapour

out

• controls size of stoma or pores in

leaf
allow stomata
4
[12]

Q23.
(a)

(b) (i) sugar or carbohydrate

1

(ii) it can be stored or it is insoluble

accept it has no osmotic effect
1

(iii) any one from:

respires it or releases or transfers
energy
turns it or stores it as fructose or

Page 65 of 71
 sucrose or lipid or protein or
cellulose
1

(c) (i) photosynthesis

1

(ii) any one from:

flat surface
stomata
thin
chloroplasts
veins
large surface area
air spaces
do not accept chlorophyll
1
[10]

Q24.
(a) reactants: CO2 + H2O
1

products: C6H12O6 + O2
1

balance:

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

1

(b) 1 mark each for any of the following

ideas:

lower CO2 concentration

lower light intensity

decrease water availability

alter light wavelength or colour

accept more green light
2

(c) (i) scales correctly constructed

i.e. equal intervals along each axis
1

points plotted correctly

1

appropriate line correctly drawn

accept dot to dot or line of best fit
cancel if line extends through zero or beyond 50°C
1

(ii) 18 – 19 (bubbles per minute)

Page 66 of 71
 1

(iii) heat denatures enzymes or destroys

membranes or ruptures cells or
destroys cells
do not accept kills enzymes
1
[10]

Q25.
Does not contain chlorophyll which is needed to absorb light or energy
each for 1 mark
[2]

Q26.
(a) (i) e.g. mussels/caddis loach
for 1 mark
1

(ii) 3 of:
carbon dioxide
water
chlorophyll/chloroplasts
light
any 3 for 1 mark each
3

(b) 6 of e.g.
some plant/animal material not digested by consumers passes out with faeces
respiration releases energy used in movement lost as heat
some ‘lower’ organisms die energy transferred to decomposers/detritivores
thence to environment
any 6 for 1 mark each
6
[10]

Q27.
(a) carbon dioxide
oxygen
2

(b) (i) e.g. rubber plant/fern

1

(ii) because can tolerate low light levels

1

(iii) yellow parts of leaf do not contain chlorophyll therefore more light
needed for photosynthesis
2

Page 67 of 71
 (iv) no leaves/only have stem only have small area which can
photosynthesise
2
[8]

Q28.
(a) (i) June
for 1 mark
1

(ii) April
max. light
photosynthesis makes sugars/substances needed for growth
for 1 mark each
3

(b) 2 of:
temperature
carbon dioxide availability
water
chlorophyll
any 2 for 1 mark each
2
[6]

Q29.
(a) 21.5 – 22 and 27 – 27.5
for 1 mark
1

(b) ideas of
limiting factor / shortage of
e.g. light / carbon dioxide / water / chlorophyll
each for 1 mark
(allow 1 for ‘maximum / optimum rate of enzyme activity if no
reference to limiting factors) (ignore denaturation)
2

(c) 21.5 – 22° C

(allow first figure from answer to (i) so that no ‘double-
penalty but only if this first answer is 20 or greater)

maximum rate of photosynthesis / highest / fastest

but related to flat part of curve

most economical heating / cheapest related to heating

must relate to the temperature the candidate has given
each for 1 mark
3
[6]

Q30.

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 (a) Sun / sunlight / light
for 1 mark
1

(b) (i) 21.5 – 22 and 27 – 27.5

for 1 mark
1

(ii) ideas of limiting factor / shortage of

e.g. light / carbon dioxide / water /chlorophyll
each for 1 mark
(allow 1 for ‘maximum’ rate of enzyme activity if
no reference to limiting factors)
(ignore reference to dematuring)
2

(iii) 21.5 – 22° C

(allow first figure from answer to (i) so that no ‘double-
penalty’ but not below 20)

maximum rate of photosynthesis

(can relate to any number on ‘flat’)

most economical heating (must relate to left end of ‘flat’

each for 1 mark
3
[7]

Q31.
(a) water / damp / wet
or
suitable temperature / warm / heat / hot
or
light / sun
(accept rooting powder / soil qualified e.g. fine / nutrients / fertiliser / minerals)
(do NOT allow oxygen / carbon dioxide / food)
for 1 mark
1

(b) advantage
quick / cheap / several from one plant / known outcome / same as parent
(reject all the same)
disadvantage
all the same / all get same disease
for 1 mark each
2
[3]

Q32.
(a) (i) carbon dioxide / CO2 (reject CO)

(ii) oxygen / O2 / O (reject water vapour)

for 1 mark each
2

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 (b) (provides) energy
for 1 mark
1
[3]

Q33.
(a) (i) carbon dioxide / CO2 (reject CO)

(ii) oxygen / O2 / O (water vapour neutral)

for 1 mark each
2

(b) (provides) energy

for one mark
1

(c) starch insoluble therefore water not taken in by osmosis

or
sugar is soluble / has small molecules may diffuse out therefore lost
(ignore ref. to cells bursting)

or
starch has large molecules
cannot diffuse therefore retained
for 1 mark each
3
[6]

Q34.
(a) low in winter / named months /when the days are short
accept increases in spring / Dec – June
1

high in summer / named month(s) / (when days are long

decreases in autumn / June – December
1

reasonable quantitative statement

accept any reasonable calculated /
translated quantitative statement
higher in summer than in winter for 2 marks
comparative statements may be worth 2 marks
but
8/11 times higher in summer than in
winter for 3 marks
1

(b) no artificial light given in summer / light only given in winter

since natural light greatly exceeds minimum / 600 J (required to produce

tomatoes)
accept day length if linked to light energy

OR

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 light only given in winter

as natural light less than the minimum

needed (to grow them) or 600 J

OR

for 2 marks:
percentage increase in growth from artificial] light only significant in winter
2
[5]

Q35.
plants
1

carbohydrates
accept oxygen
1

carbon dioxide
accept water
(these words must be in this order)
1
[3]

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