Chapter 6
Power Supplies
Shahid Iqbal
Department of Electrical Engineering
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Email: [email protected]
6.1 Linear Power Supplies
Unregulated DC Regulated DC
BJT
io
Bridge + Vo +
Base
AC input Rectifier Control Error Load
vd Amplifier Vo
50Hz
- Vo,ref -
50Hz
Transformer
Feedback control
Filter Capacitor
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6.2 Switching Power Supplies
DC-DC conversion with isolation
Shielding
Unregulated Regulated
Input DC Output Vo
DC
rectifier Switching rectifier
+ filter converter + filter
HF power
transformer
EMI
Filter
Base/gate PWM Error
drive circuit controller amplifier
AC input
50Hz
HF signal
transformer Vo,ref
Feedback control with isolation Shielding
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6.3 DC-DC converters with electrical isolation
Two basic categories of DC-DC converters with
electrical isolation, based on the way of
utilization of the transformer core:
• 1. Unidirectional core excitation: only the
positive part (quadrant I) of the B-H loop is
used.
• 2. Bidirectional core excitation: both the
positive (quadrant I) and the negative (quadrant
III) parts of the B-H loop are used alternatively.
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6.3 DC-DC converters with electrical isolation
Hence, DC-DC converters that constitute a switching DC
power supply can be:
• 1. Unidirectional Core excitation DC-DC converters
– i) Flyback converter (derived from buck-boost converter)
– ii) Forward converter (derived from buck converter)
• Both converters have been discussed in chapter 3
• 2. Bidirectional Core excitation DC-DC converters
– i) Push-pull converter (derived from buck converter)
– ii) Half-bridge converter (derived from buck converter)
– iii) Full-bridge converter (derived from buck converter)
– These three converters are from the modifications of the single-
phase switch-mode inverter topologies as discussed in chapter 3
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6.4 Control of DC-DC converters with isolation
• 1. Flyback and forward converters
The PWM control schemes are the same as the nonisolated conterparts
discussed in chapter 4.
• 2. Push-pull, half-bridge and full-bridge DC-DC converters
The PWM control schemes are different from those of discussed in
chapter 3. There are control intervals during which all the switches are
off simultaneously.
• 3. Resonant DC-DC converters
The PWM control schemes are not used. Instead, the switching
frequencies are varied from 0Hz (all switches are completely off) to a
maximum frequency. The conduction intervals of switches are depended
on the output voltage levels.
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6.5 Fly-Back Converter
v2
When S1 is on, D1 conducts.
Vo D NS
(1)
VS 1 D NP
1 D R NP
2 2
Lm (2)
2f S
N
Vo D
(3)
Vo RCo f
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6.6 Forward Converter
v2
Vo NS
D (1)
VS NP
Vo 1 D
(2)
Vo 8 LoCo f 2
V 1 D
Lo o (3)
iLo f
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6.7 Push-Pull DC-DC Converter
When S1 is on, D1 conducts. iD1 D1 + vL - Io
N + L iL +
v o1 2 VS vo1 Vo
N1 N1 N2 - -
N
v L 2 VS Vo (1) +
N1 N2
N1 VS S1 S2
During toff , D1 and D2 are on to - D2
conduct iL with iD1 = iD2 = iL/2.
none
vo1 0 vL Vo
none
none
(2) Switch on: S1 S2 S1
vo1
Since VL,avg = 0, from (1), (2) and ton N2
VS
N1
+ toff = T/2:
Vo ton toff
1 N 2 t
0 T/2 Ti
V V t ( Vo off 0
) t
T / 2 N1
S o on L
Io
Vo N
2 2 D t
VS N1 iD1
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6.8 Half-Bridge DC-DC Converter
+
S1
When S1 is on, D1 conducts. iD1 D1 + vL - Io
C1 + L iL +
N V vo1
v L 2 S Vo (1) + N2 - Vo
N1 2 v1 -
N2
During toff interval, VS VS/2 -
S2 N1
iD1 = iD2 = iL/2 C2 D2
vL = -Vo
(2)
none
none
none
Switch on: S1 S2 S1
By VL,avg = 0, (1), (2) and ton + toff -= T/2: vo1
N 2 VS
1 N 2 VS N1 2
Vo t on (Vo ) t off 0
T / 2 N1 2
Vo ton toff
0 T/2 Ti
t
L
Io
V N
o 2D 0 < D < 0.5
VS N1 t
iD1
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6.9 Full-Bridge DC-DC Converter
+ S1 S3
When S1 and S2 are on,
iD1 D1 + vL - Io
D1 conducts. +
+ L i Vo
VS + N2 vo1 L
N -
v L 2 VS Vo (1)
v1 -
N1 - N2
S4 S2 N1
D2
During toff interval, -
iD1 = iD2 = iL/2
vL = -Vo (2)
none
none
Switch on: S1 S3 S1
none
S2 S4 S2
vo1
By VL,avg = 0, (1), (2) and ton + toff = T/2: N2
VS
1 N 2 N1
VS V t
o on ( Vo off 0
) t Vo ton toff
t
T / 2 N1 0 T/2 Ti
L
Io
V N
o 2 2 D 0 < D < 0.5
VS N1 t
iD1
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6.10 Power Supply Protection
1. Soft start - soft start can be achieved by increasing the duty
cycle from zero to a desired value so that the output voltage
increases slowly from zero to a desired value.
vst
vss
comparator
vst -
vo t
vss + vo
0 t
Example of soft start control
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6.10 Power Supply Protection
• 2. Voltage protection – over voltage and under-voltage can be
achieved by comparing the output voltage, Vo, sample to an over voltage
level and an under voltage level
Vover-V - com
+ vshutdown
Vo,sample com
-
Vunder-V +
vshutdown = “1” when Vo,sample > Vover-V OR Vo,sample < Vunder-V
where Vover-V > Vunder-V
Example of overvoltage and undervoltage protection
Vover-V
Vo,sample
t
Vunder-V
Soft start
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6.11 Uninterruptible Power Supply
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6.11 Uninterruptible Power Supply
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6.11 Uninterruptible Power Supply
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6.12 Switched-Mode AC Power Supply
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6.13 Resonant AC Power Supply
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6.14 Bidirectional AC Power Supply
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