Midterm 2

&

109 I
* Chapters
Notes ·
81 82
covered

1 9 2 Juos
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& - .

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.

·
10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4] VOG
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,
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,
.

UNTS ·
11 1 11 2 11 3 11 4 ] UO7
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,
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,
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Thought intelligence 12 1 12 2 12 3] LOS

· ·

UOS :
-

+
. . .

, ,

VOG : Lifespan development Cognitive Social

·

,
dimensions
·

VO7 : Motivation
·
108 :
personality

-
Tos
Tights Intgliguce + ·
Learning goals
know term. related to structure of knowledge
problem Solving intelligence testing
,
formeredity ,

fallacy expecting "Understand

·

gamblers the observed series of outcomes to be how culture shapes knowledge

:
our

bio influence

typical of
longterm outcomes (coin toss heads 4x ,
so next has to be tails
problem-solving self imposed eugenics
,
intelligence,
School
help kids
Conjunction fallacy
· ·

1 events whether or
can occur
separately together Where
they Apply satisfier
:
or . a or maximizer; enhance own

Pinda3es
is it hard to remove
likelihood Why
overlap cannot be than the of the individual events
·

determinew think logically Intellig test

AnalyzeWhether language
?
Cultural bias in
,
more
likely 2
,

Knowledge/ problem Solving

confirmation/rejection
·

Confirmation bias : interpret new evidence as of

existing beliefs
Specific
Knowledge Organized SEMANTIC NETWORK : that include basic
·

WI Nodes
categories to
INTELLIGENCE
·

born children
earlier
perform better on
apitude/intelligence tests infant increases

Zajonc Markus theory essee

·
+ :
Parents =
So
intelligence Units infant = o 50 + 50
,
+
0/3 =
33 .

by 31P each
yr. Adding other child in equation =

VIDEO -

more
likely
lQ
Summary
·

↓
Correlates WI school performance higher ,
IQ to
stay
in School (25%)

thinking "Should know how

·

involves problem
solving analytical , reasoning abstract , , job performance (20 %)
intelligence
·

IQ test
history of
being over applied is
organized in the mind
decision
Biases that impair
·

higher from
prob-solving/making
·

for
Students IQ less ,
likely juvenile crime ,

how
·

Self gratification test toddlers : 2 if wait

·

on one marshmallow now, or u

intelligence is measured

Children to be later
·

WhoWaited Went moreSuccessful recent adv in develo Of models of

·

on . .

intelligence
·
Theory by is dependent ?
·

Dr Walter Mitchell
.

intelligence Sex
 Chpt 81 8
.
+
.
2 ,
Chpt 91 9 2
.

,
.

Problem
Solving Strategies
·

** Algorithms (step-by-step procedures) ,

Heuristics (mental Shortcuts) +
insight
·

Intelligence Testing
IQ tests
leg Stanford-binet Wechsler) Standardization ,
reliability validity
+
, ,

Cognitive Bias
·
:

~ Confirmation Bias : tendency to seek information that supports

pre-existing beliefs

~ Gamblers Fallacy : belief that past random events affect future probabilities

~ Conjunction Fallacy Assuming thatSpecific : conditions are more

likely than a
general one

·
Heuristics + Decision-making Culture intelligence
·
on

Availability heuristic
~
~
Diff in .

intelligence definition
representativeness heuristic
~

Diff
testing across cultures
~

Anchoring Affect
~

Heritability of intelligence
Twin-adoption Studies
~

genetic/environmental influences
~

Encoding the process of converting info into

·
: form stored in
a
memory
Storage maintaining "Retrieval :
·

encoded info time info When needed

accessing storage
: over

Sensory memory
·

of transferred to Short-term
brief
storage sensory info but it is
:
memory
Short-Term
memory (STM) Temporary Storage System
·

:
,
holds limited amount of info for short duration

Long-Term memory (LTm) : permanent storage of info

·

Working memory
·
:
processes + manipulates info held in STM
·

Explicit memory Conscious :

memory facts/events (includes

,
Semantic =
Episodic memory
Implicit memory
·
:
unconscious memory ,
skills/conditioned responses
meaningful
·
Phonemes : smallest sound unit in
language
·

morphemes : smallest units in language (prefixes suffixes)

,

Syntax : Set of rules that

govern
structurefences ·
Semantics :
meaning of words + Sentences

Linguistics relativity hypothesis

·
:
ideathat
language influences thought processes
·
Functional Fixedness objects in their usual function, creative problem
See
limiting solving
:
 U06 : Life development Cognitive/Social dimensions ,

Due to
·

overprotecting parenting Children

experiencing higher disorder/problems parents arent it
+
,

enjoying
Cognitive development may be influenced
·
+ Social
by genetics
·

Down Syndrome :
a disorder in which extra chromosome within cell
Chromosome
Learning Goals
know
·

key term. related to research methods

·

Most common
type of down
Syndrome Trisomy 21 "three
: #21 bodies
exposure to
infancy
Teratogens :Threats to mental development + Childhood devel adoles , adulthood
·

: Smoke +
Alcohol .,

understand benefits/pitfall various research

·

Kohlberg's stages of reasoning

·

design thelmpt of relationships in adoles

E
reward/avoids
pre conventional morality punishment
:
seeks , .

how abilities with

conventional morality
:
social conventions/rules as moral "law" cognitive Change age
Principals
Apply your knowledge expectant
·

to advise
post conventional
morality right/wrong determined by abstract
:

parents promote learning / moral reasoning

Textbook Terms
·

Analyze the effects of pre-term birth the

benefits/limitations of designs psychosis relationship betwn brain devel . adolescent

-

use to
study development
risk
taking Stereotype that old is time
;

age
a

Piagets stages of cognitive development

-
of Unhappiness

Kohlberg moral development

-

Ericksons model of social development thru lifespan

importance of parenting styles on developments

-

differences world outlook We approach later yrs of our lives

-

in as
 10 1 10 2 10 3 10. 4
Chp + .

,
.

,
.

Developmental Psychology
study of physical cognitive + social changes the lifespan
~

,
across

Cognitive Development Theories

Piaget Stages
~ :

*
Sensorimotor :

*
preoperational :

*
concrete operational :

* formal operational :
·
Social Influences on
Development
Attachment
Styles
~
:

*
Secure :

↑
Avoident :
↑
Anxious Ambivalent :
-

·
Disorganized :

Parenting Styles
~
:

*
Authoritive :

*
Authoritarian :

*
Permissive :

↑
Neglect :

·
Nature VS Nurture in development
~
interaction of
genetic environment in abilities
and
shaping
+ :

General
Intelligence (g-factor) general cognitive ability that underlies performance
·
:
a on various mental task
·
Fluid Intelligence ability to quickly :
problems solve novel

Crystallized Knowledge Knowledge/ skills aquired through experience

·
: :

Musical , Spatial
Multiple Intelligence theory Gardner intelligence Multiple independent abilities (linguistic logical-mathematical,
·
: :
,

emotional Intelligence perceive Understand, regulate manage emotion

·
:
, ,

IQ
(intelligence Quotient measure of intelligence standardized test
: on

Stereotype threat fear of confirming negative Stereotypes which impact performance

·
:
can
,
 07 : Motivation
interpersonal
·

attraction Robert Zajone

: :
couples grow to look like one another

result of empathetic
responding/facial musculaturer .

·
Reasons ppl lose weight rapidly Learning Goals +
Social
1. lot of Water is lost in 1st few weeks of diet. "Know motivation
a
Weight key terms related to hunger,
Sexual

2. body deprived of normal Carb fuel starts ,

burning fat achievement motivation + emotion
·

understand major
weight control problems people face
Prefunc
The
hypothalamus plays critical role in hunger regulation/Sexual
·

Similarities/differences in Sexual responses in men

>
hunger on/off Switch' and women ; power of intrinsic motivation, how
-

Lateral hypothalamus Signals eat

·

region of When time to nervous system responds to emotions

eating
ventromedial paraventricular regions Signal When time to Stop ·Apply theories of emotion to the detection of
·
+

·
Subregion

Straight man smaller INAH3 in pre-optic area emotions in others

·

·
Analyze :
Whether Sense of belonging is wanted or

passionate love activates the Caudate nucleus needed ; sexual imagery influences consumer behaviour

the of facial
Oculi
role of media on
body image ; purpose
·

Smile= the action of

zygomatic major muscle
"
,
obicularis
"
expressions
↑ up + bak
·
is associated WI joy "pull lip corners "Crows feet"

Chpt 11 1
Drive reduction
:
.

,
i1 2 113 11 4
.
10 I
.

theory
·
: bio need to create drive to motivate behaviour

Maslow
hierarchy of needs
·

prioritizes self actualization

human needs from physiological to
:

Intrinsic motivation :

performing behaviour for its own sake

extrinsic motivation :
·
behaviour to rewards/avoid
performing receive external punishment
·

emotions result from

James-Lange Theory physiological reactions
:

Cannon-Bard Theory emotions/bodily responses occur simultaniously

:

Two-factor
theory (Schachter-Singer) emotion arises from physiological
·

cognitive labelling
:
arousal +
 188 : Personality Learning Goals
know associated W/ contemporary approaches to
they term
·

personality,Cultural biological approaches +

psychodynamic/humanistic
Allport's theory of development of the
·

approaches to personality
conflicting thoughts
·

understand how defense

personality :
foundation of heredity mainly ,
mechanisms help people cope with

an infants activity level + temperament. how freud proposed the relationship between developmental stages +
StagesOf development :
personality behaviorist vs social cognitive Views of personality, how
1st theories
Bodily
Sense 2nd self identity evolutionary explain personality
·
: :
,

"ego-enhancement (building seesteem) Apply big 5 personality traits to evaluate your

·

2-3yrs personality,
·

old : : own

considering future
aspiration)
+

4-Gyrs old : "Self to explain cultural differences

image" (evaluating personality :
·

present self your knowledge in

Personality
6-12 yrs old : "rational agent" (problem solving both psychodynamic humanistic perspectives to explain
·

striving
·

Analyze personalityroofs of violence + prejudice ; the

·

propitiate adolescence of directness genetic basis

:
:
,
sense
i

knower" of Whether
·

projective tests
:
adults unified whole
, personality ,
are valid measures

Psychoanalytic Perspective :

pleasure-oriented, irrational "id

"
child : Selfish
·

, ,

id factors
,
ego, superego negotiate environmental
·

Child-Civilized
·

id prevelent in Childsubconscious
·

childs basic
personality formed by 5y/0
Humanistic Perspective :

All kids born w/motive of self-actualizing : best develop abilities to the

they can bet
·
maximum

good + rational encounter barriers

,
may
20-30 +
·

no
longer influenced by past
·

personality never
irrevocably moulded
concentrates the present
·

on

unconditional positive
regard Critisizing behaviour not the child
·
:
,
 Chpt :
121 12 2 12 3,
.

,
.

Personality Theories + Assessments :

Psychodynamic
~

·
id :

ego
·
:

Superego
·
:

~
Trait Theory
·

"The big 5" :

openess conscientiousness extraversion
, , ,
agreeableness, neuroticism

~
Humanistic
Maslow
Rodgers
·
:
,

Social
Cognitive
~

Bandura reciprocal determinism

·
:
,

·
Influence of Genetics + environment
Twin Studies :
·

Heritability estimates
·

Cultural Factors in
personality
Collectivist vs. Individualist cultures
·
:

Trait
Theory
·
:
personalitycomposed of Stable traits (big 5)
Psychoanalytic (Freud) : personality shaped by
·
unconscious motives/conflict

Defense
·

mechanisms :
Strategies used by ego to reduce
anxiety (repression denial projection!
,
,

Humanistic perspective (Roger/Maslow) : emphasizes personal growth/self actualization

·

Self concept : perception of ones self

·

(reciprocal determinist
(Bandura) : personality shaped by
Cognitive
·
Social interactions between
cognitive ,
behaviour environment
-

Locus of control :
belief how much control over life (internal vs external

Psychological assessments that thoughts linkblot +st

·

projective tests stimuli to uncover unconscious

:
use