Tribhuvan University

INSTUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY(IOST)

Bachelor in Computer Science and Information Technology (B.SC CSIT)
VI Semester
NET Centric Computing(CSC-367 )
Unit-1.6: Events and Delegates, Collection and
Generics, File IO in C#

Instructor
Tekendra Nath Yogi
[email protected]
 Contents
• Delegate and Events
– Delegate and Multicast Delegates

– Events, Multicast Events and custom Events

• Collections and Generics

– Collections in C#

– Generic Collection in C#

• File I/O
– Filestream

– StreamWriter and StreamReader

– TextWriter and TextReader

– BinaryWriter and BinaryReader

– FileInfo

– Serialization and deserialization

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 Delegates and Events in C#
• A delegate is an object which refers to methods. i.e., it is a reference type
variable that can hold a reference to the methods having same signature as
the delegate.

• It is mainly used to call methods while implementing events.

• To implement the delegate mechanism in the program for calling methods

following three Steps as used:

– Declare the delegate

– Instantiation of delegate

– Invoking a delegate

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 Contd…,
• Declaration of Delegates:
modifier delegate return_type delegate_name (parameter_list);

e.g., public delegate void TestDelegate (int a, int b);

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 Contd…,
• Instantiating the delegate: Create an instance and reference to a method

– For Instance methods

delegate_name instance_name = new delegate_name(Object_Name.calling_method_name);

e.g. TestDelegate d = new TestDelegate(O.Add);

or

delegate_name instance_name=Object_name.calling_method_name;

e.g., TestDelegate d =O.Add;

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 Contd…,
• Instantiating the delegate:
For Static methods:
delegate_name instance_name = new delegate_name(Class_Name.calling_method_name);

e.g. TestDelegate d = new TestDelegate(Class_A.Add);

or

delegate_name instance_name= Class_Name.calling_method_name;

e.g., TestDelegate d =ClassA.Add;

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 Contd…,
• Invoking a delegate:

Syntax: delegate_Instance_name( args );

e.g., d(10, 20);

Or

Syntax: delegate_Instance_name.Invoke (args);

e.g., d.Invoke(10,20);

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 Contd…,

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 Contd…,
• Multicast Delegate:

– The delegate can point to multiple methods.

– A delegate that points multiple methods is called a multicast delegate.

– The "+" or "+=" operator adds a function to the invocation list, and

– The "-" and "-=" operator removes it.

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 Contd…,

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 Events
• An event is a notification sent by an object to signal the occurrence of an
action.

• The class who raises events is called Publisher, and the class who receives the
notification is called Subscriber. There can be multiple subscribers of a single
event.

• Typically, a publisher raises an event when some action occurred. The

subscribers, who are interested in getting a notification when an action
occurred, should register with an event and handle it.

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 Contd…,
• In C#, an event is an encapsulated delegate. The following figure illustrates
the event in C#.

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 Contd…,
• Declare the delegate in the publisher class as:
– Syntax: modifier delegate return_type Delegate_Name(args);

– E.g.: public delegate void TestDelegate();

– Note: Delegate signature should be same as the event handler method in the event
subscriber class.

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 Contd…,
• Declare the event in the publisher class as:

– Syntax: modifier event Delegate_name Event_Name;

– E.g., public event TestDelegate TestEvent;

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 Contd…,
• Define the method that raise an event when some action performed in the
publisher class:

protected virtual void OnTestEvent()

// if TestEvent isnot null then invoke delegate i.e. event

TestEvent?.Invoke( );

This method is called when an action has performed in a publisher class and
this method raise event to be handled by the event handle.

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 Contd…,
• Define the event subscriber class with event handler method having signature
as the delegate declared in publisher class :

Class Subscriber_Class_Name

modifier return type Event_Handler_method_Name(args)

// body with event handling code

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 Contd…,
• Register the Event handler method present in the subscriber class with the
Event as:
• Publisher_class_object.Event_Name+= Subscriber_class_object.Event_Handler_Method_Name;

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 Contd…,
• Example:

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 Contd…,
• Multi-Cast Events:

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 Contd…,

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• Custom Event with data: Contd…,

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 Contd…,

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 Collections and Generics
• Collections refers to the series of values or objects.

• In C # to represent such collections provides classes. Categorized as:

– Non-Generic collection :
• defined in the namespace System.Collections

– Generic collections:
• defined in the namespace System.Collections.Genrics namespace.

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 Contd…,
ArrayList
SortedList
Non Generic Stack
collections
Queue
Hashtable
BitArray
Collections
List<T>

Dictionary<Tkey,, Tvalue>

SortedList<Tkey, Tvalue>
Generic
collections Queue<T>
Stack<T>
Hashset<T>
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 Contd…,

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 Contd…,

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 Collections --ArrayList
• In C#, the ArrayList is a non-generic collection of objects whose size increases
dynamically. It is the same as Array except that its size increases dynamically.

• An ArrayList can be used to add unknown data where you don't know the types
and the size of the data.

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 Contd…,
• Example:

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 Contd…,
• ArrayList Property:

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 Contd…,
• ArrayList Methods:

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 Collections --Stack

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 Collections --Queue

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 Collections --Hashtable

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 Generics – List<T>

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 Generics – Stack<T>

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 Generics – Queue<T>

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 File I/O
• A file is a collection of data stored on a storage media such as disk.

• File I/O refers to the processes involved in reading from and writing to
files.

• It includes operations such as : reading, writing, appending, deleting,

closing, etc.

• It is required for the persistency of the data.

• In C# for file I/O various classes are available such as: Filestream,
StreamReader, StreamWriter, TextReader, TextWriter, BinaryReader,
BinaryWriter, FileInfo, etc.

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 File I/O --FileStream

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 Contd…,
• File directory state before execution of the program:
File content after execution of the program

• File directory state after execution of the program

Console output after reading file in the program

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 File I/O –StreamWriter and StreamReader

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 Contd…,
• File directory state before execution of the program: File content after execution of the program

• File directory state after execution of the program Console output after reading file in the program

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 File I/O –TextWriter and TextReader

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 Contd…,
• File directory state before execution of the program:
File content after execution of the program

• File directory state after execution of the program Console output after reading file in the program

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 File I/O –BinaryWriter and BinaryReader

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 Contd…,
• File directory state before execution of the program:
File content after execution of the program

• File directory state after execution of the program Console output after reading file in the program

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 File I/O –FileInfo

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 Contd…,
• File directory state before execution of the File content after execution of the program

program:

• File directory state after execution of the

program

Console output after reading file in the program

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 Serialization and Deserialization
• Serialization is the process of write object into the file.

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 Contd…,
• Deserialization is the process of reading object from the file into the program.

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 Contd…,

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 Contd…,
• File directory state before execution of the program:
File content after execution of the program

• File directory state after execution of the program Console output after reading file in the program

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 Thank You !

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