ECHAGUE CAMPUS
OPEN CHANNELS
𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥𝐬 −𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄 : 𝑆 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑓
ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 S=
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐿
𝑅 = ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝐴
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 : 𝑃 = 𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 R=
𝑃
𝑣 = 𝐶 𝑅𝑆
(𝑏𝑦 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑧𝑦 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎) 𝐶 = 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑧𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑚1/2
𝑠
𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐙𝐘 𝐂𝐎𝐄𝐅𝐅𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐓 (𝐂)
1 0.00155
8𝑔 + 23 +
𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝐶= 𝐶 𝑏𝑦 𝐾𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟: 𝐶= 𝑛 𝑠
𝑓 𝑛 0.00155
1 + (23 + )
𝑅 𝑠
87
𝐶 𝑏𝑦 𝐵𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑛: 𝐶= 𝑚 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑧𝑦 − 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
1+
𝑅 𝑣 = 𝐶 𝑅𝑆
1 1/6
1 1/6 𝑣= 𝑛
𝑅 𝑅𝑆
𝐶 𝑏𝑦 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝐶= 𝑅
𝑛 1 2/3 1/2
𝑣= 𝑅 𝑆
𝑛
𝑚 &𝑛 = 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Uniform Flow −𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤.
− 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒.
𝑣2
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸= +𝑑
2𝑔
𝑣2
𝐻𝐿
2𝑔
𝑣2
2𝑔
𝑑
𝑑
Problem No.1
A rectangular channel 1.8m wide convey water at a depth of 1.2m.
a. What is the velocity of flow if it is laid on a slope
of 0.002 and n=0.012?
1.2
1 2/3 1/2
𝑣= 𝑅 𝑆
𝑛
1.8
1
𝑣= (0.5142/3 )(0.0021/2 )
𝑃 1.8 + 2(1.2) 0.012
𝑅= =
𝐴 1.8 (1.2) 𝑣 = 2.39𝑚/𝑠
𝑅 = 0.514𝑚
Problem No.1
A rectangular channel 1.8m wide convey water at a depth of 1.2m.
b. What is the discharge if the channel slopes
0.10 and n = 0.016? Use Kutter’s formula.
1.2 1 0.00155
+ 23 +
𝐶= 𝑛 𝑆
𝑛 0.00155
1+ (23 +
1.8 𝑅 𝑆
1 0.00155
𝑃 1.8 + 2(1.2) + 23 +
𝑅= = 0.016 𝑡𝑎𝑛 0.10
𝐴 1.8 (1.2) 𝐶=
0.016 0.00155
1+ (23 + 0
)
𝑅 = 0.514𝑚 0.514 𝑡𝑎𝑛 0.1
𝑄 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑅𝑆 = 1.8 (1.2)(56.438) 0.514 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 (0.10 )] 𝐶 = 56.438
𝑄 = 3.65𝑚3 /𝑠
Problem No.1
A rectangular channel 1.8m wide convey water at a depth of 1.2m.
c. What is the velocity of flow if S = 0.000263 and f = 0.02.
1.2
8𝑔 8(9.81)
𝐶= =
f 0.02
1.8
𝐶 = 62.642
𝑃 1.8 + 2(1.2)
𝑅= =
𝐴 1.8 (1.2) 𝑣 = 𝐶 𝑅𝑆 = 62.642 0.514 (0.000263)
𝑅 = 0.514𝑚
𝑣 = 0.728𝑚/𝑠
Problem No.2
The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and two equal flood plains on the sides.
Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002, n=0.02 for the main and n=0.04 for the flood plains.
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑠: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙: 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑠:
𝑛2 = 0.04 𝑛1 = 0.02 𝑛2 = 0.04
𝑆 = 0.0002 𝑆 = 0.0002 𝑆 = 0.0002
1.5 m
30 m 30 m
6m
12 m
a. What is the estimated discharge in the main channel?
1 2/3 1/2 1 12(7.5) 2/3
𝑄=𝐴 𝑅 𝑆 = 12 (7.5) [ ] (0.00021/2 )
𝑛 0.02 12 + 2(6)
𝑄𝑀 = 153.608𝑚3 /𝑠
Problem No.2
The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and two equal flood plains on the sides.
Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002, n=0.02 for the main and n=0.04 for the flood plains.
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑠: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙: 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑠:
𝑛2 = 0.04 𝑛1 = 0.02 𝑛2 = 0.04
𝑆 = 0.0002 𝑆 = 0.0002 𝑆 = 0.0002
1.5 m
30 m 30 m
6m
12 m
b. What is the total discharge?
1 2/3 1/2 1 60(1.5) 2/3 𝑄𝑇 = 153.608 + 40.361
𝑄=𝐴 𝑅 𝑆 = 60(1.5) [ ] (0.00021/2 )
𝑛 0.04 60 + 2(1.5)
𝑄𝑇 = 193.969𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑄2 = 153.608𝑚3 /𝑠
Problem No.2
The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and two equal flood plains on the sides.
Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002, n=0.02 for the main and n=0.04 for the flood plains.
c. If the total discharge is to be contained in an asphalt-
lined semicircular channel with n=0.016, what diameter is
required?
D
1 2/3 1/2
𝑄=𝐴 𝑅 𝑆
𝑛
𝑄 = 193.969 𝑚3 /𝑠 1 2
1 2 1 𝜋𝑟
d=r 2 2/3
193.969 = 𝜋𝑟 ( )[ ] (0.00021/2 )
2 0.016 𝜋𝑟
𝑟 = 7.58𝑚
𝐷 = 15.16𝑚
MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
In channels of different shapes/proportions but of the same A, S and n, the one that gives the biggest Q or the
smallest P is the most efficient section.
-optimum channel section, most economical section, most hydraulically efficient section, most advantageous
section, most favorable section, best hydraulic section.
𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑑
𝑑 𝑅= 𝑑 𝑑
𝑏 = 2𝑑 𝑅= 𝑑 2 𝑅=
2 𝑦1 2 𝑦2
𝑏 𝑏
𝑏 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥: 𝑑 = .94𝐷 𝐷
𝑏 = 2𝑑
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥: 𝑑 = .81𝐷 𝑑
𝑑
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
Problem No.3
An open channel is to be designed to carry 2.6 m3 Τs of water at a slope of 0.0009. The channel material has
n=0.014
a. Compute the depth for a semi-circular section. b. Compute the depth for a rectangular section.
𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙
𝑑
𝑅= 𝑑 𝑑
2 𝑑 𝑏 = 2𝑑 𝑅=
2
𝑏
1 2/3 1/2 1 2/3 1/2
𝑄=𝐴 𝑅 𝑆 𝑄=𝐴 𝑅 𝑆
𝑛 𝑛
2/3 2/3
1 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
2.6 = 𝜋𝑑 2 ( ) (0.00091/2 ) 2.6 = 2𝑑 2 ( ) (0.00091/2 )
2 0.014 2 0.014 2
𝑑 = 1.08𝑚 𝑑 = 0.99𝑚
Problem No.3
An open channel is to be designed to carry 2.6 m3 Τs of water at a slope of 0.0009. The channel material has
n=0.014
c. Compute the depth for a trapezoidal section.
2𝑥 1 2/3 1/2
𝑄=𝐴 𝑅 𝑆
𝑛
2/3
1 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛600
𝑑 𝑥 𝑥
2
2.6 = 1.3𝑥 ( ) (0.00091/2 )
0.014 2
600
𝑥 = 1.20𝑚
𝑥
𝑑 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛600 d = 1.04𝑚
1
𝐴 = (2𝑥 + 𝑥) (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛600 )
2
𝐴 = 1.3𝑥 2
Problem No.4
A trapezoidal canal has bottom width of 5m and side slopes of 1H to 2V. The flow is 30m3 /s when the depth of
flows is 1.2m. Use n=0.0013
0.6 5 a. Calculate the specific energy.
0.6
𝑣2
𝐸= +𝑑
2𝑔
2
2 30
1.2
6.72
1 𝐸 = + 1.2
19.62
5 𝐸 = 2.216𝑚
1 b. What is the slope of the channel bed?
𝐴 = (5 + 6.2)(1.2) = 6.72𝑚2
2 1 2/3 1/2
𝑄=𝐴 𝑅 𝑆
𝑃 = 5 + 2 (1.342) = 7.684𝑚 𝑛
1 6.72 2/3
c. Calculate the boundary shearing stress 30 = 6.72 ( ) (0.00091/2 )
0.013 7.684
6.72
𝜏 = 𝛾𝑅𝑆 = 9810 ( )(0.00403) = 34.575𝑃𝑎 𝑆 = 0.00403
7.684
