A Module on

THE INTERCONNECTED AGE:

UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZED WORLD
(SOCSC 03-The Contemporary World)

2024
Unit 1: Introduction to Globalization
Our world is very small today. Instant news from beyond, products everywhere in the world on our doorstep and travel
experiences that take us miles away. This connectedness is largely chalked up to globalization but what really is it?
Through a deeper dive into this week's material, join us in exploring various frames of understanding for globalization
and preparing ourselves to define what we mean by these terms when taking stock on their implications throughout the
course.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization,
2. identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of
globalization, and 3. agree on a working definition of globalization for the
course.

Answer the following questions as concisely yet as clearly as possible.

1. What is globalization?
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2. Think about your daily life. In what ways do you encounter evidence of
globalization?
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_____________________________________________________________________ 3. What are
some of the effects of globalization on the global economy's development?
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LESSON 1: THEMES and CLAIMS of GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is targeted because it refers to a complex process that involves
economic, cultural, technological and political dimensions. Understanding globalization
Why does the modernday corporation have to be more than a commercial success?

Some central claims typically made about globalization include the following:
1. Economic interests grow interdependent and more global. This is illustrated
by the growing internationalization of trade, investment and capital flows
along with global production networks or multinational firms. Markets unity
reduce barriers by expanding resource allocations and Also increase market
access for goods services.

2. You frequently read that globalization drives cultural convergence-a somewhat

boring, largely homogenized global culture. For example, movies, music,
fashion and fast food created in mainly western or American culture are
experienced by people all over the globe. Detractors have suggested that it
could hasten the loss of indigenous cultures and local traditions.
 3. One of the grand claims made for globalization is that technology and
innovation can be spread. The advent of communication and transportation
technologies, due to the Internet or air travel for instance means distances
dissolve completely and information shall be exchanged instantly. This leads to
a faster diffusion by technology of around the globe, improves connectivity
and ability for cross border collaboration.

4. Promotion of similar ideology: Globalization can lead to the promotion or

encouragement, even forceful implementation (if superpowers), of world
politics based on very narrow ideals such as democracy and liberalism.
Political reforms in countries are also affected by international institutions and
non-governmental organizations which promote human rights, good
governance and democratic principles.

5. The irony is that this forces globalization to step in and reinforce the
inequality, as well between nations. Globalization, we know of the obvious, can
create economic growth and development prosperity in return for a less equal
distribution. At the margins, developed countries and wealthy individuals
would likely benefit more from militarized resources, while poorer nations and
less privileged groups might be at a disadvantage or could even end up
targeted for exploitation.

6. Globalization has detrimental effects on the environment. More production,

consumption and transportation - more environmental degradation and
polluting. Globalization, on the other hand spreads environmental
consciousness - as depicted by initiatives such as international conservation
work.

Such are the core claims that inform both supportive and resistant arguments
concerning globalization, suggesting its mixed current advantages as well as liabilities.

Activity 1-1: A Story of Gio, Latiff and the Laksa

Direction: Watch the story entitled “A Story of Gio, Latiff and the Laksa” on YouTube.
Then complete fill out the table below. Look for evidence in the video that supports
each claim of globalization.

Claim of Globalization Evidence from the Video

1. Global economic integration

2. Homogenization of cultures

3. Technological Advancement

4. Political Convergence

5. Inequality and Disparity

6. Environmental Impact
LESSON 2: CONCEPTS AND PHILOSOPHIES OF GLOBALIZATION

A. Economic Globalization
Economic globalization refers to a phenomenon whereby national economies are
growing integrated via international trade, investment flows, capitals movement and
human labor migration as well as technological progress. Technology writer Thomas
Friedman argues in his book The World Is Flat (2005) that modern globalization is the
notable driver of social freedom. By "flattening," he means the barriers to commerce
and communication are lifted, creating levels of competition and collaboration that
could never have existed before. Friedman's argument comes straight out of classical
liberal economics; it hinges on the belief that free trade and innovation are what
reshape global markets towards efficiency. He claims that the spread of globalization
has a democratizing effect in creating more possibilities globally, open to every
summertime sun dodger. Key drivers include:

1. Trade Liberalization: This will help in the cause as it eases the flow of goods
and services by reducing tariffs and barriers which block them getting across
borders. International institutions, including the World Trade Organization
(WHO), are key to this process.

2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Here businesses or assets are acquired

and investments made by companies that help in the transfer of capital,
technology as well as expertise.

3. Continue reading on Enterprises * See all Enterprise Articles multinational

Corporations (MNCs): These are such types of enterprises that work in different
countries and take extensive production places, marketing pro...

4. Global financial markets provide for the quick and continued movement of
capital from one nation to another respectively concludes able integration of
functionaries-related with finance accompaniments.

Globalization The important economic views concerning globalization are -

1. Free Market Globalization: This view, which owes much to the traditions of
classical liberal economics, paints globalization as a benign force rooted in free
markets. It emphasizes the value of free trade, lowered barriers to commerce and
capital mobility. But supporters argue that by reducing government interference
and promoting competition, efficiency, and innovation growth in the global
economy occur.

2. Efficient use of resources: This implies that a country will put its scare
resources into the areas it is most efficient at producing to grow their economy.

3. Better quality of life: Economies generally grow, which increases people's

incomes and overall well-being.

This thought is based on what later became known under Adam Smith’s invisible
hand, a socioeconomic theory that linkage individual self-interest in the free market by
an unseen mechanism of exchange with the general well-being for society and David
Ricardos usually stated principle: Countries are supposed to gain from specializing
production where they hold comparative advantage axis (it works).

2. Global Capitalism:
The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx review, a famously polemical text viewed
as the first great state-of-the-world address of modern times, there is no escape just
how expansively capitalist he was: specifically in his critique. In Marx's perspective,
globalization is an aspect of capitalism where the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) needs
ever more-extensive markets to generate profits. According to Marx, this process
exploits the labor and resources of less developed regions leading to further inequality
and class divisions. His starting point is that of a deep and critical view, in his opinion
globalization represents an instrument to universalize the existing inequities within
capitalist system. According to this Marxist perspective, globalization is nothing, but
the third stage of capitalism generated by global oligopolies with their multinational
corporations and establishing transnational/intermediate production network
(Hirst,1997).

Critics contend that this system is conducive to:

Exploitation of labor and resources — multinational corporations may seek to

lower costs by moving production to countries with weaker labor regulations or paying
less than subsistence wages, hence the reason many western products are labelled
“Made in China” where working conditions can be significantly worse.

Developed countries (the "Global North") also may gain the most from
globalization, whereas less developed nations or developing countries often suffer
substantial deleterious consequences such as income loss and higher rates of
unemployment. · To reproduce global inequalities

This view is rooted in Karl Marx's critique of capitalism and pointing out that
people who own capital get their wealth simply from having ownership, while workers
need to work for a living. It highlights the processes of capital accumulation,
imperialism (the power relations between one nation and another), as well as the
unequal balance of forces prevailing in a globalized economy between central nations
(developed countries) and peripheral ones (developing ones).

B. Cultural Globalization
This is referred to as Cultural globalization; it involves the spread of values and
culture across national borders which in turn creates a shared global culture.
Orientalism by Edward Said The war of the world for Said is to change people’s minds,
this really makes sense because so many wars are bought in on a way; from
propaganda, like he states through his Oriental conceptions. Said contends that
globalization often means enforcing Western standards and perspectives on non-
Western societies (cultural homogenization), believing such impositions will do away
with local identities. Drawing from postcolonial theory, his position shows that cultural
globalization should be considered with caution for it implies a (neo) imperialistic and
dominating process of center versus periphery in favoring Western culture. Said
highlights a great truth that we all must understand in this period of globalization,
which is the fact that it becomes more urgent now for us to respect cultural differences.
It is characterized by:

1. Media -The US is the only global producer of television, film and internet
content- as a result non-American markets have an overwhelming predominance
of American cultural tropes (referred to pejoratively by some critics as
"Westernization").

2. International: Meanwhile, English has achieved global lingua franca status

and is used as a medium of international communication.

3. Food and Lifestyle: Globalization has brought the availability of convenient

food from different cultures as well changes in lifestyle.

Cultural globalization occurs through two main angles:

Westernization or Americanization - Through this lens, globalization is a

process of Western culture, including capitalist values and consumerism. Many times,
this is to the detriment of local cultures and customs. This perspective is informed by
critical theory and postcolonial studies. Theodor Adorno and Edward Said or other
thinkers criticized the cultural imperialism and commodification that may accompany
this process.

Cultural Hybridization (Global Cultural Exchange)-According to this view

globalization fosters cultural hybridity, where different cultures are brought into
contact and engage in shared blending processes that result of the production new
forms-new what might be called 'hybrid' forms. Instead, it stresses a two-way dialogue
as opposed to one-sided enforcement. It comes from a postmodern point of view and
one that obviates the notion of cultural relativism, with highlights celebrating diversity
as well diffusion in multicultural contexts. This is where the writings of Homi Bhabha
and Stuart Hall come in.

C. Technological Globalization
Globalization of Technology: PDQ (Pretty Darn Quick) Business Sense is the rapid
spread across international borders of productivity-enhancing technologies and
business methods. Key elements include:

1. Information and communication technology (ICT): The web and mobile

technologies in the chain of information flows within organizations is changed
radically.

2. Innovation & Research: International collaboration on research and

development has fueled our technological progress.

3. Digital Divide refers to the fact that developed nations enjoy tech access
and use notably more than undeveloped ones.

The idea of the "global village" is one lens through which to understand
technological globalization. The world is becoming a global village. Thinker Marshall
McLuhan coined the term to refer to technological developments in communication and
information technologies that overcome geographical boundaries. Knowledge may, in a
hyperconnected environment, spiral out - up and down the scales at which we interact-
faster a wider by connecting us all to each other and making interdependency both an
integral limitation-and asset. This perspective is based on technological determinism -
the belief that technology has an inherent power to influence society and how people
engage with one another.

Technological Globalization: Its Effect

The globalization of technology does more than just make the world feel like a
smaller place. It is the diffusion of technology across national boundaries, and with it
changes in productivity, communication modes, opportunity structure or level of
innovation. Here are some elements of this happenstance:

 ICT (Information Communication Technology): Internet and mobile technologies

have changed how we share information or do business. Today, global
communication and data exchange has become so seamless that it is influencing
big companies about the way they work and people who connect with one
another.

 Invention and Studies: partnerships are simpler. These international efforts result
in a much faster progress regarding technological development Scientists,
researchers of all kinds get ideas and data to share in a much easier way across
the borders that moves breakthroughs faster than anything else as well.

 Digital Divide — Therein lies the rub of course. Developed countries have
superior technology than developing nations. This phenomenon is better known
 as the digital divide. It leads to a digital divide, where some areas of the world
have access and are connected by technology, but others do not.

D. Political Globalization
Political globalization is the process by which institutions other than states, such
as companies or international organizations, influence and develop global politics. This
includes:

1. International Organizations: Such as the UN, IMF and World Bank

contribute to global governance cyclicality and economic policies.

2. Global Governance: Global responses are necessary to address

transnational issues such as climate change, terrorism and pandemics.

3. Sovereignty and Local Governance – The influence of some supranational

organizations is considered to violate many essential factors that define a nation
as sovereign.

By contrast, in his definition of Globalization, David Held includes an

understanding that represents the different facets: there is an economic globalization, a
political one and cultural (Breuilly 2016) or social-global-one-what-ever-you-want
(Held). Sophical in as much as Bornschier admits to the risks and transnational
character of these global processes that increasingly transcend national boundaries but
condition local practices. Held argues for a kind of global governance which can enable
the problems globalization has unleashed-inequality, environmental degradation and
security threatsto be countered. But Malloch maintains a liberal internationalist, and
cosmopolitan viewpoint encouraging cooperative global frameworks arid institutions.

Political globalization refers to the increasing visitors at every corner of earth in

political interconnectedness between different parts. This model covers various
important topics including:

a. International Organizations and Agreements: the UN, IMF, World Bank etc.:
Important institutions impacting global governance or economic policies
International Organizations that Codify Treaties which Impact Trade,
Development and Security

b. Global Governance: Challenge of complex, transnational problems like

Climate Change, Terrorism and Pandemics - all require solutions that cross
national borders. That is why political globalization is the one that encourages
international cooperation to try and address such issues in which they are met
with a global answer.

c. Sovereignty and Local Governance - As international organizations have

increased in power, the concept of national sovereignty comes increasingly into
conflict with global civic action groups. Others would be critical of these
institutions’ limitations in allowing countries to govern themselves as they wish.
That in turn, raises even more troubling questions about the future of local
governance amidst a globalized world.

Political globalization has many different dimensions, and there is not easy
divisions Germany: Political Globalization Contrasting approaches to the nature of
political globalization There is a wide range of contrasting viewpoints regarding both
what kinds of change should be considered as instances in it.

i. Global Governance Perspective: This perspective underscores the sovereignty

based relational capabilities to build cooperation and coordination of nation-
 states among different international organizations or treaties. Global justice
and international law. What the argument amounts to is that Global Left
emanates from liberal internationalism, grounded in cosmopolitan persuasion.

ii. Anti-Globalization Perspective: An anti-globalization perspective would

consider globalization as a danger to national sovereignty and local autonomy.
The film talks about the necessity of standing up against what it sees as forces
threatening to smush distinct
local cultures into a single, globalized whole. Why this is wrong: This position
borrows elements from nationalism, protectionism and critical theory.

The influence of technological advances on political globalization Technological

determinism om the other hand argues that technology itself is a neutral driver for
change and global relations. This serves as a demonstration of technology's power, and
its ability nudge political frameworks activating communication across borders.

Activity 1-2: Case Study: Apple Inc. open a new manufacturing plant in
India.
As reported by Apple Inc., the company has recently opened a new manufacturing
plant in India. This is in line with its strategic aim to limit its manufacturing base to
China and reduce operations’ dependence on China. The plant will employ thousands
of local workers and draw huge investments into the area, greatly assisting the local
community. For the following questions, address the impact on local labor, economic
development, and international trade trends as detailed above. Does this action:

1. Demonstrate the core concepts and philosophies of economic globalization?

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2. List both the positive and adverse aspects of Apple’s strategy from the Free-
Market Globalization and Global Capitalism perspectives.
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LESSON 3: THEORIES and CRITICISMS

There are many theoretical definitions of globalization, such as Economic
Globalization, Cultural Globalization, Technological Globalization and Political
Globalization this broader process they not focusing any single possibility. While
hyperglobalists argue that globalization is causing states to crumble and the
disappearance of a bordered global economy with international markets becoming
more important than national policies. Skeptics, who believe that globalization is not a
new or allpowerful process and question the very concept of "the global economy,"
distinguish between history and enterprise under such labels as contemporary
capitalism or modernity; they emphasize long cycles of economic development in which
nation-states play at least an equal if not stronger role compared to multinational
corporations for multinationals represent their interests only. Transformationalists take
a more sophisticated position, conceiving of globalization as an essentially fluid and
complex process altering economic structures, political systems and social patterns-in
highly unpredictable ways-without necessarily pointing towards some preordained
destination.

Globalization theories give us multiple ways to structure our minds around the
myriad processes that contribute to this world. Wallerstein proposes another economic
approach where capitalist expansion and exploitation patterns are central in World
System Theory. World Polity Theory emphasizes political and cultural incorporation,
while World Culture Theory acknowledges a more complex version of cultural variety
and change. These theories help us to make sense of how both past and present
planetary linkages impact economic formations, political arrangements, as well cultural
expressions. Any of these theories would help us better understand globalization, but
each emphasizes a different facet: together they produce the more comprehensive
vision.

Other theories of globalization - Lechner (2015)

-World System Theory
According to Immanuel Wallerstein, the namesake of World System Theory: "Globalization takes a variety of forms
but refers to economic activities that bring distant places into closer contact". The theory was formulated as early as the
16th century when Europe extricated itself from a narrower orbit and linked up with Asia, Africa, and America establishing
what would be later referred to as the capitalist world system. The system of the world economy is considered a uniform
one, as it represents overall one single market and an aerial division of labor. Wallerstein delineates the world into core,
peripheral and semiperipheral countries.
Core countries - mostly the United States and Western European nations, core are economically dominant, exploit
periphery through trade, resources etc. These are underdeveloped areas around the periphery of most developing countries
where labor costs, supplies for raw materials and exploitation as an open marketplace. Semi-periphery: Industrializing
capitalist countries that are positioned between the periphery and core. for example, China India Brazil The primary
objective of the world system is capital accumulation on behalf capitalists, which reproduces itself through a cycle
expansion and contraction among firms.
An example: the theory finds an echo in this era of global supply chains. Trade Explanation Core countries create and
market products, but they may manufacture components that support those core goods in peripheral regions where labor
costs are lower. For example Notice how many goods which are designed in the U.S. or Europe, have to be assembled in
China (a semi-periphery),of all places -or Vietnam(peripheries instead) This theory was further elaborated by Karl Marx with
the idea of class struggle: history consists in a fight between (on one side) bourgeoisie, owner of production means and (on
another ) proletariat that sale his work.

-World Polity Theory

World Polity Theory highlights the presence of a global-level political and cultural structure that impacts how states
and people act. Globalization in this way includes the dissemination of a world polity and its related social orders. A
common global culture influences the structure and policy of states, as well as international organizations. The diffusion of
global norms and values is greatly influenced by international institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
For example, World Polity Theory explains the global diffusion of human rights standards. Countries may also
implement human rights laws and practices that reflect those of international organizations, such as the United Nations.
This expanded view demonstrates a global cultural frame that can affect national policy and practice.

-World Culture Theory

There is still some force for globalization within world culture theory, even though it suggests a global society that
isn't quite all-inclusive. Through this theory, global culture comprises more than one cultural practice and perspectives;
mostly they differ from each other. These local cultures put these global cultural elements through a unique lens, which
makes it so that the landscape of culture becomes more complex in each territory.
This is an example of World Culture Theory in that fast food, specifically McDonald's has spread internationally.
Although McDonald's is a global brand, it has been found out that its menu varies according to the tastes of individual
country locals for people from different locations have distinctly unique taste palates which pose as a characteristic blend of
cultural elements (both globally and locally). The McAloo Tikki in India is another example, as well is the Teriyaki Burger in
Japan.
 Despite its advantages, globalization has many good reasons to serve. Concerns
One principal issue is the rate and form of globalization will have impact on economic
inequality as global integration can affect a high level between rich and poor, in
individual countries along with globally. A further criticism is the support of cultural
homogenization, which means that local traditions and identities give way to a
universal global culture, predominantly sustained by Western media. The ecological
problem is also crucial, as the growth of industry itself and global transportation have a
detrimental effect not only on nature but human health (air pollution, climate changes).
Labor exploitation, too, becomes an important issue as end products are assembled
using global supply chains which can often mean terrible working conditions in third
world countries where labor protections might be weak or under enforced.

Lesson 1-3: Essay on Impacts and Differing Perspectives of

Globalizations Direction: Analyze each situation through the lens of each
perspective.
1. A single large company, Clothing, from Country A decided to transfer production
to low-wage and low regulators’ country B. Closes factories lead to thousands
and millions of job losses in Country A. Moreover, it also exposes hundreds of
thousands of people in Country B to poor working conditions. Under the
perspective of how one would view the problem: a hyperglobalist, a skeptic, and a
transformationalist respectively:
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2. The platform of a popular social media originated in Country X gets huge

popularity in Country Y. Most of the content displays the culture and frameworks
of the country of the origin of the source. While some people of Country Y
consider their culture obscured by others, some overlook the situation as the
opportunity for mixture and borrowings. How the described globalization
contributes to the event taken in the text:
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Globalization occurs in many aspects such as culture, economics and also politics
which helps global businesses to work more effectively across borders. The integration
can take several forms: Firstly, it has meant the proportional increase of economic and
trade activities between corps; And secondly, also remarkably imposed costs by some
distant crust through taxes or regulations. Different theoretical perspectives include
the liberal economic view that globalization is a beneficial force driven by free markets
and leading to increased efficiency in resources, access to goods, services and living
standards, as well as the Marxist critique of international capitalism. On the level of
culture, globalization play a facilitating role in process that ideas and values as well as
practices are adopted around the globe which can contribute to both cultural
homogenization (ex: where dominant cultures push local traditions to margins) and
hybridizations (creation of new forms through two or more different elements
combine). In technological terms, it means the diffusion of new knowledge and
communications technologies (KNCTs), enabling global connectivity in markets and
production are being created with their own specific digital divide between developed
and developing countries.

In terms of global governance, globalization changes the nature of international

organizations and agreements with a greater reach that can deal with more
transnational issues like climate change or pandemics at large which sometimes come
into conflict with national sovereignty. Core concepts The debate continues over
whether and to what extent globalization leads to cultural homogenization or a hybrid
of cultures; with pro-process think-tanks such as the Center for Global Development
(the successor organization in spirit, if not in kind, to Brandt's North-South
Commission), an international development policy think-tank claiming that neoliberal
market-oriented prescriptions are essential universal - shared by all nations who
practice good politics - which will converge otherwise divergent nation-state policies
into one world economic system however others say it is little more than
standardization at best supporting Politiculture. Globalization is a continuation of
capitalist market expansion that has been condemned by anti-globalization activists,
due to its challenging impacts on economic inequality(richest and poor country income
gap), cultural homogenization, environmental degradation,[6]and labor exploitation in
LDCs (Less Developing Countries)wherein universalcharacter worker protections are
non-existent or unenforced. These different opinions help to demonstrate the difficulty
of expanding a concept as broad and abstract as globalization across multiple aspects
of human experience.

A. Directions: For each question, choose the best of the choices provided for your
answer
1. What is the major approach of globalization that highlights economy and markets
intertwined to combine factors better use economically?
a. Cultural Convergence due to c. Globalization fosters the
Globalization diffusion of political values
b. Increased economic d. Globalization is destructive
interdependence for the world, ecologically
among countries due to globalization speaking

2. Which specific claim about globalization highlights the way technology and
innovation can be diffused through advances in communication and transportation?
a. Global village Homogenization of culture. c. It can increase global economic
inequalities
b. Globalization help develop the spread of d. Globalization as the spread of
technology
political values and innovation

3. What, in Thomas Friedman's view, is the core feature of economic globalization?

a. National economies becoming integrated c) Extension of Political Values &
Systems through trade, investment and capital flow. d. Promote Local Governance
Patterns b) Cultural globalization by use of media

4. Which view of globalization underlines lower trade barriers and more free trade as a
silver lining.
a.Global Capitalism c. Free Market Globalization
b.Cultural Hybridization d. Cultural Homogenization

5. Whose criticisms of globalization challenge capitalist imperatives to globalize, and

illustrate the inegalitarian impact on the world as well?
a.Edward Said c. Adam Smith
b.Thomas Friedman d. Karl Marx

6. Which idea best explains cultural globalization as the dissemination of Western ideas
in place of local culture?
a.Cultural Homogenization c. Western Imperialism
b.Cultural Hybridization d. Global Cultural Exchange

7. Which important technology globalization characteristic has dramatically changed

the way we share information and conduct business?
a.Digital Divide c. Information and Communication
b.Innovation and Research Technology
d. Global Village concept

8. Which part of globalization presents challenges like climate change and terrorism
that need to be dealt with by global cooperation?
a.Global Governance c. Trade Liberalization
b.Multinational Corporations d. Sovereignty and the Political Process

9. Which argue for global governance in response to the problems of globalization

(inequality and environmental degradation)?
a.Thomas Friedman c. Karl Marx
b.David Held d.Edward
Said

10. What is the diffusion of technology across borders which greatly amplify
productivity and innovation?
a.Technological Determinism c. Economic Liberalism
b.Global Capitalism d. Cultural Hybridization

11. Globalization is thought to transform how economic, political and social structures
work - according to which theoretical perspective?
a.Hyperglobalists c. Skeptics
b.Transformationalists d. Postmodernists

12. How does economic globalization open a global class divide - this is the single most
source of worry for critiques about globalization.
a.Cultural homogenization c. Environmental impact
b.Labor exploitation d. Economic inequality

13. Another critique points to what negative outcome of globalization, arguing that
some global cultures oppress local traditions?
a.Environmental degradation c. Labor exploitation
b.Cultural homogenization d. Global market integration
14. For its part, which major issue does globalization lenses pollution and climate
change.
a.Labor exploitation c. Environmental impact
b.Economic inequality d. Political tension

15. Which point of view considers cultural globalization to be the expansion and
circulation of Western culture across the globe?
a.Theodor Adorno c. Edward Said
b.Homi Bhabha d. Stuart Hall

16. What is the primary focus of free market globalization when it comes to lowering
trade barriers?
a.Accelerating cultural uniformity c. Favors labor exploitation
b.Promoting free trade d. Imposing political values

17. According to the theory of which economist, countries are better if they specialize
in and export goods for which they have a comparative advantage?
a.Karl Marx c. David Ricardo
b.Adam Smith d. Thomas Friedman
b. Global Cultural Exchange
18.Under globalization, what has colonized c. Westernization
culture in various cultures together? d. Postcolonialism a.
Cultural Homogenization

19.Which theorist suggest globalization can wear the nation state down and diminish
territorial borders in a borderless world economy?
a.Transformationalists c. Skeptics
b.Hyperglobalists d. Karl Marx

20. Why is the following NOT a dimension of globalization?

a.Economic c. Personal
b.Social d. Political

B. Direction: In a separate clean sheet of paper, answer the following questions:

A. Compare and Contrast the perspectives of economic globalization drawn from
Thomas Friedman and Karl Marx. How do their similarities and points of
contention come about on both the influence of globalization on economic
opportunity and economic inequality?
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B. Explain the concepts of cultural homogenization and cultural hybridization within

the ideas of cultural globalization? How do Edward Said’s criticisms of culture
nationalism fit within these frameworks?
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C. Define the concepts of international organization and agreements within the idea
of political globalization? What are the differences between how the perspective
 of global governance and the perspective of anti-globalization view these
organizations?
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After a thorough understanding of the lesson, is globalization going too far, not going
far enough, or moving in the wrong direction?
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Ariola, M (2018), The Contemporary World, Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.
(JZ 1318 A75 2018)

Dicken, P. (2015). Global Shift : Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy (7th
edition). New York : Guilford Press. (HD2321.D53 2015)

Friedman, T. L. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. Farrar,
Straus and Giroux.

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