UNIVERSE

AND SOLAR
SYSTEM
 UNIVERSE
• It refers to the
summation of
all existing
matter and
space and its
contents.
 BIG BANG THEORY
• It is the scientific theory proposed
by Edwin Hubble that explains that
the universe began from a specific
point (Ylem) where everything we
are all familiar with came to
existence.
• About 13.8 billion years ago, the
universe was filled with hydrogen
and a modest amount of helium.
• As the universe expanded, galaxies
and stars within it were formed in
areas with high concentration of
hydrogen and helium
 STELLAR EVOLUTION
• It is the life cycle of a star.
• The nebula, which is the gas cloud,
gradually contracts under the mutual
gravity of all of the atoms in the cloud.
• Contraction causes the clouds to heat up
due to the increase in pressure.
• The protostar, which is the core of the
nebula protostar, starts to glow and heat
up.
• When the pressure and temperature are
on peak, the nuclei of hydrogen atoms
begin to fuse, forming helium. - This
nuclear reaction releases huge amounts
of energy where a star is born
 GALAXY
• It is the basic unit of the universe, which
consists of stars, planets, gases, and dust
that are bound together by gravity.
• The largest galaxies have thousands of
billions of stars, while the smallest
galaxies contain only a few hundred
thousand stars.
• It is believed that there are 200 million
or more galaxies in the universe. - Edwin
Hubble organized and classified the
different types of galaxies that were
observed by astronomers through what
is called the Hubble Classification
System.
TYPES OF
GALAXIES
1. SPIRAL GALAXY
2. ELLIPTICAL GALAXY
3. IRREGULAR GALAXY
 SPIRAL GALAXY
• This type of galaxy consists of
disks made of dust, gas, and stars
with halo arm structures that
spiral out from it.
• In this particular galaxy, the
stars, gases, and dusts are bound
together in the galaxy's spiral
arms that spread outward from
the center of the galaxy Spiral
galaxies are usually the brightest
galaxies in the universe.
• We live in a spiral galaxy called
the Milky Way Galaxy
 ELLIPTICAL GALAXY
• An elliptical galaxy is flat and oval
shaped. Elliptical galaxies are the
most abundant galaxies in the
universe.
• They have a broader range in
dimension than other types of
galaxies.
• They have less gas and dust, which
means a small number of stars are
born in them.
• The existing stars within an
elliptical galaxy tend to be older,
giving off more red light than
younger stars.
 IRREGULAR GALAXY
• - These galaxies have no particular
shape or symmetrical structure. -
They are among the smallest
galaxies in the universe and are full
of gases and dust.
• Having a lot of gas and dust means
that there is a lot of star formation
going on in these galaxies.
• This can make them very bright.
Examples of irregular galaxies are
the Large and Small Magellanic
Clouds that obit around our own
Milky Way Galaxy
SOLAR SYSTEM
 SOLAR SYSTEM
• It consists of the sun, its planetary
system of eight major planets and their
satellites, and other objects including
asteroids and meteors (dwarf planets).
• Nebular Hypothesis It explains that the
solar system began from a single
rotating cloud of gas and dust, which
contracted due to gravity
 SUN
• - It is a ball of fire that is
continuously burning because of
hydrogen reactions that happen
inside the it.
- It is composed of 70% hydrogen,
28% helium, and 2% other
elements.
- The sunlight from the Sun takes
about 8 minutes and 30 seconds to
reach the surface of the planet
Earth.
TWO DISTINNCT
TYPES OF PLANET
1. TERRESTRIAL
PLANET
2. JOVIAN PLANET
YT

TERRESTRIAL PLANET
- Terrestrial planets are those like Earth which
are characterized by solid surfaces, compact
size and closer proximity to the Sun
- Three of the four terrestrial planets in our
solar system have significant atmosphere
(Venus, Earth, Mars), while one (Mercury)
does not, due to temperature and high solar
winds.
 MERCURY
- It is the smallest planet.
It is very hot as it is the
planet closest to the Sun.
No creatures can live on
this planet. It is the fastest
revolving planet around
the Sun. This planet is
made of rocky crust and
has an iron core.
 VENUS
- It is called the morning
and the evening star, as
it is the brightest object
in the night sky.
- Its atmosphere mostly
consists of carbon
dioxide, which is
extremely poisonous.
- It can be compared to
the exhaust from a car.
 EARTH
- It is the only planet that
has animals, plants, and
human beings.
- It is recognized as the
only planet where life
exists.
- It is blue in color as there
is a lot of water present
on Earth's surface.
- It has a known satellite,
which we call Moon.
 MARS
- It is called red
planet due to
the presence of
iron oxide on its
surface.
- It has two
known satellites.
YT

JOVIAN PLANET
- Jovian planets are those like Jupiter,
characterized by gaseous composition,
immense size and much greater distance
from the Sun.
- The Jovian planets that exist in our solar
system are Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, and
Neptune.
 JUPITER
- It is the biggest and largest
planet of the solar system.
- The outer atmosphere of
Jupiter is divided into several
bonds in different latitude
resulting to extreme storms.
- It is a gas giant which has a
core made of liquids rocks.
- It has a Great Red Spot, which
is believed to be an intense
storm that has been going on
for years and years.
- It has 67 known satellites
 SATURN
It is the only has bright
and colorful rings around
it.
- The rings are composed
of ice particles, dust, and
some rocky debris It has 62
known satellites.
 URANUS
The axis of rotation of
Uranus is titled
sideways.
- It is bluish-green in
color as it is very
cold and cloudy.
- It has 27 known
satellites.
 NEPTUNE

It is light blue in color

as it is the coldest
planet in the solar
system.
- It has 14 known
satellites.
 PLUTO
It is no longer considered a
true planet, but a dwarf
planet that lies in the
Kuiper Belt. Located
beyond Neptune, the
Kuiper Belt is a ring of icy
bodies and other dwarf
planets, such as Ceres and
Eris
ASTEROID BELT
– It refers to the
huge gap
between Mars
and Jupiter which
is occupied by a
large number of
asteroids
COMETS
- They are made of
ice, dust, and rocky
materials,
accompanied by
coma and tail. .
They are also
referred to as dirty
snowballs.
ASTEROIDS
- They are made
of metals and
rocky materials.
They are usually
found between
Mars and Jupiter.
METEOROIDS
- They are small
solid particles
made of rocks and
metals. A
meteoroid is often
bigger than dust
and smaller than
an asteroid.
METEORS
- They are space
rock that burn and
glow as they enter
the Earth's
atmosphere. They
are also known as
shooting stars.
METEORITES
They are space rocks
that come from the
remains of
meteoroids which
don't completely
burn up as they
enter the Earth's
atmosphere.