GENERAL PHYSICS 2

moving charge

Can do work (speed Cannot do work

LESSON 1: Magnetic Field and
and the direction of (the direction of
Electric Field the charge changes) charges change but
⮚ Magnetic Field – an exerted area the speed of the
particles remain
around the magnetic force. It is
constant)
obtained by moving electric charges.
The direction is indicated by lines.
⮚ Electric Field – generated around SIMILARITIES
the particles which obtain electric The electric field is produced by two
charge. Positive charges are drawn, kinds of charges, positive and negative.
and negative charges are repelled. On the other hand, the magnetic field is
associated with two magnetic poles, north
● An object with a moving charge
and south, although they are also
always has both a magnetic field and produced by charges.
an electric field.
The electric field points in the direction of
● Both fields are interrelated but are
the force experienced by a positive
not dependent on each other. charge. Magnetic field points in the
Electric Field Magnetic Field direction of the force experienced by a
north pole.
The region around The area around the
the electric charge magnet where the
where the electric pole exhibits a OERSTED DISCOVERY (Hans
force exists force of attraction Christian Oersted)
or repulsion
● Electromagnetism – moving electric
Surrounding a Surrounding a charges (current) induces a magnetic
charged particle permanent magnet, field perpendicular to the flow of the
or a moving current.
charged particle - When the current is turned off,
Expressed in N/C Expressed in Gauss no magnetic field exists, and no
or V/M or Tesla force exists.

Measured by an Measured by ● Magnetic Field Lines – continuous

electrometer magnetometer loops
- Outside the magnet, point out of
Proportional to the Proportional to the the north pole and then they
electric charge electric charge and curve toward the south pole (N to
speed of the S)
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

- Inside the magnet, continue on and south pa rin. Laging may

straight toward the north pole dipoles.
again (S to N)
� The current coming out of the
- Three-dimensional, curving
around the magnet in all page towards you (arrow tip)
directions around the length of � The current going into the page
the bar away from you (the cross of the
● Solenoid – the coil of wire arrow’s tail-feathers)
● Another term for Magnetic Force is
GEOGRAPHIC AND MAGNETIC Lorentz’s Force. Magnetic force is
POLES the force that acts
● Magnetic Poles – parts of the ● Magnetic Force – proportional to q
magnets where the magnetic field is and to the magnitude of the vector
strongest cross product q x B.
- North and south poles F = qv x B
- Magnetic monopoles do not q = charge (c)
exist. North and south poles v = velocity of the charge (m/s)
cannot be separated. B = strength of the magnetic field (Tesla, T
- Magnetic dipoles. = N/Am)
● Geographic is the actual location. F = qvBsinθ
Right Hand Rule – to determine the
Magnetic pole is dependent on the
direction of the magnetic force.
field lines.
● The radius of the circular path can be
● Geographic and Magnetic Poles are
calculated by dividing the product of
different from one another.
the mass and velocity of the particle
● How Do Compasses Work? and the product of the absolute value
- It has ordinal and secondary of the charge and the magnitude of
directions, and a magnetized the magnetic field.
needle that moves by means of R = mv / qB
like poles repel, unlike poles The number of rotations that the particle will
attract rule. take is denoted by the Cyclotron formula:
f = qB / 2 πm
● Kapag mas malapit ka sa magnetic
f = frequency, Hertz (Hz)
poles, mas matindi yung magnetic q = absolute value of the charge, Coulombs
field and magnetic force. (C)
● When you divide a magnet in half, B = magnetic field strength, Tesla (T)
m = mass, the mass of the particle (kg)
there would be smaller versions of
that magnet. Therefore, may north
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

the standard unit is Hertz (Hz) after German

Physicist Heinrich Hertz.
● Magnetic Flux – the total number of
magnetic field lines through a given
coil or area.
● If we put a current-carrying wire in a Ampere’s Law - Center of a Solenoid
magnetic field, the wire as a whole
will experience a magnetic force.

LESSON 2: AMPERE’S LAW

AND BIOT-SAVART LAW
● Andre-Marie Ampere (1826) – For
any closed loop, the dot product of
the magnetic field and the total
distance (length elements) around the
loop is equal to the product of the
permeability constant and current
enclosed by the loop.”
● Ampere’s law is applied to any FORCE BETWEEN PARALLEL
problems with high symmetry. CURRENT WIRES
● If we put a current-carrying wire in a
magnetic field, the wire as a whole
will experience a magnetic force. as
per Biot-Savart Law, wires with
current can also generate magnetic
fields and can be considered as
magnets. in this regard, once two
wires with flowing current are
exposed to one another, they
experiece forces exerted by the
magnetic fields they have induced.
from the equation of a magnetic
force on a current-carrying wire, we
substitute the formula for the
magnetic field of a straight current-
carrying wire. With that, we acquire
the equation for the force per unit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

length between parallel current is equal to the negative time rate of

wires. change of magnetic flux inside the
loop.”
ε = - ΔΦB / Δt
● If the wire has multiple coils, the
EMF is multiplied by the number of
coils (N)
ε = -N ΔΦB / Δt
Factors that change the magnetic flux:
BIOT-SAVART LAW
● Change in B
● Jean-Baptiste Biot and Felix
Savart ● Change in A
- This law predicts the magnetic field
at a point P, a distance r, away from ● Change in θ of B and A
the current I in a wire. This law is ● No. of coils (N)
also applied to any problems with
Lenz’s Law
asymmetrical elements.
● Heinrich Lenz – “The direction of
LESSON 3: the induced current is such that its
ELECTROMAGNETISM own magnetic field opposes the
INDUCTION change that induced it.”

● Placing the magnet into or out to ● Lenz’s law serves as a guide in

cause it to light up. figuring out which way the current in

a loop goes.
● Rotating the magnet inside of the
● It helps in remembering that the
coil causes it to turn on with much
intensity. induced EMF has an induced current,
so there is also an induced magnetic
● The number of turns of the coil field.
affects the amount of electricity that
● An induced magnetic field does not
is induced.
create nor add energy to a system.
● By increasing or decreasing the
● When the magnetic field is already
number of field lines entering the
coil, it causes electricity induced. increasing, the induced magnetic
Faraday’s Law of Electromotive field prevents energy from being
Induction added on and on.

● Michael Faraday – “The induced Induced Electric Fields

electromotive force in a closed loop
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

● The changing magnetic field

creates an electric field on the
loop, in the same direction as the
current. The electric field
directed tangent toward the loop
exerts an electric force on the
charges all along the loop.
● This induced electric field is
different from the electrostatic
field.

LESSON 4: DC, AC, LC

CIRCUITS
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

AC Circuits ● Inductor - a device placed in a

- the value of the magnitude and the circuit to oppose a change in current;
direction of current and voltages are that is to maintain, and regulate a
not constant. It changes at regular steady current in that section of the
intervals of time. circuit (solenoid)
● DC - Direct current. ● Current (increases) through solenoid
➔ The current is steady. The voltage magnetic field (increases)
weakens over time. Also, it does not ● Changing magnetic field = EMF
have a frequency. ● Lenz’s Law - EMF opposes the
● AC - Alternating current. change that induced it
➔ The current changes. It has a ● Slows down the increase of current
frequency. (back EMF)
● Current (steady) constant magnetic
field = no EMF
AC DC
Self-Inductance
safe to transfer over voltage of DC
longer city cannot transfer very
distances and can far until it begins to
provide more power lose energy

the frequency of the frequency is 0

alternating current
is 50 Hz or 60 Hz
depending upon the
country

it reverses its it flows in one

direction while direction
flowing in a circuit
Mutual Inductance
the current of the current of
magnitude varying constant magnitude
with time

electrons keep electrons move

switching directions steadily in one
- forward and direction
backward

AC generator and Cell or battery

mains

Inductance
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

Circuits
➔ An LC circuit contains an inductor
and a capacitor. When a charged
capacitor is connected to an inductor,
● Transformers - a device used to energy oscillates from electrical to
step up or step down voltage magnetic., and back to electrical and
- Step-down transformer -the so on.
output voltage is lower than ➔ As current increases, the inductor
the input voltage generates an opposing current,
- Step-up transformer - the slowing it down.
output voltage is higher than PHASE 1, max C, zero L
the input voltage PHASE 2, decreasing C, increasing L
Lifeblood: Mutual Inductance PHASE 3, zero C, max L
PHASE 4, increasing C, decreasing L