NOTES biology Ch6

Tissues
Group of cells having a common origin and similar function are termed as tissues.
A. Plant tissues: On the basis of the dividing capacity, plant tissues are of two types:

1. Meristematic tissues
2. Permanent tissues

1. Meristematic tissues: Consist of actively-dividing cells. Meristematic tissues are of

three types:

 Apical meristem: Present at the growing tips of stems and roots. Important
function: To increase the length of stems and roots.
 Intercalary meristem: Present at the base of leaves or internodes. Important
function: For the longitudinal growth of plants.
 Lateral meristem: Present on the lateral sides of the stems and roots. Important
function: To increase the thickness of stems and roots.

2. Permanent tissues: Formed from meristematic tissues, the cells in the tissue loose
the ability to divider Permanent tissues are divided into two categories:

 Simple permanent tissue: Consist of only one type of cells.

Types of simple permanent tissues:
  Parenchyma: Composed of unspecialised living cells with relatively thin cell
walls, intercellular space, present in soft parts of the plant. Their main
function is storage.
 Collenchyma: Composed of living and elongated cells with cell walls
irregularly thickened at the comers. No intercellular space. It provides
mechanical support and elasticity to plant. It helps in bending of leaves and
stems.
 Sclerenchyma: Composed of long, narrow, and thick-walled cells. This
tissue is made up of dead cells and there are no intercellular spaces.
Sclerenchyma cells are dead, present in seeds, nuts, the husk of a coconut,
fibres of jute etc.
 Complex permanent tissue: Made up of more than one type of cells (Conducting
tissues.)
Types of complex permanent tissues:
 Xylem: Conducts water and minerals from the roots to the different parts of
the plant.
Composed of four different types of cells—tracheids, vessels, xylem
parenchyma and xylem fibres.
 Phloem: Conducts food material from the leaves to the different parts of the
plant.
Composed of four different types of cells—sieve tubes, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
Protective tissue: It is made of a single layer of cells. E.g., epidermis. The
epidermis of the leaf bears stomata.

B. Animal tissues: Animal tissues are classified into four types based on the functions
they perform:

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous

1. Epithelial tissues: Form the covering of the external surfaces, internal cavities
and organs of the animal body. Various types of epithelial tissues are:

 Simple squamous epithelium: Single layer of flat cells.

Location in the human body: Lining of the mouth, oesophagus, lung, alveoli,
etc.
 Cuboidal epithelium: Consists of cube like cells.
Location in the human body: Lining of the kidney tubules and ducts of the
salivary glands. It’s function is secretion and absorption.
  Columnar epithelium: Consists of elongated or column-like cells.
Location in the human body: Inner lining of the intestine and gut. Its function
is of secretion and absorption.
2. Connective tissues: Specialised to connect various body organs. Various types
of connective tissues:, are:
 Areolar tissue: Found in the skin and muscles, around the blood vessels,
nerves, etc.
 Adipose tissue: Acts as the storage site of fats; found between the internal
organs and below the skin; acts as an insulator for the body.
 Dense regular connective tissue: Main components are tendons and
ligaments; tendons connect muscles to bones, while ligaments connect two
bones together.
 Skeletal tissue: Main components of skeletal tissues are cartilage and
bone.
 Fluid tissue: Blood is the vascular tissue present in animals.
3. Muscular tissues: Main function of muscular tissues is to provide movement to
the body. Muscular tissues are of three types:
 Striated muscles or skeletal muscles or voluntary muscles: Cells are
cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate.
 Smooth muscles or involuntary muscles: Cells are long, spindle-shaped
and possess a single nucleus.
 Cardiac muscles or involuntary muscles: Cells are cylindrical, branched
and uninucleate.
4. Nervous tissues: Present in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
 Neuron: Cells of the nervous tissue.
 A neuron: consists of a cell body, an axon and a dendrite.

Solutions biology Ch6

Question 1. Define the term “tissue”.

Answer: Group of cells that are similar in structure and perform same function is called
a tissue.

Question 2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue?
Name them.
Answer: The xylem is made up of vessels, trachieds, xylem fibres and xylem
parenchyma.

Question 3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Answer: Simple tissues are made up of one type of cells which coordinate to perform a
common function.
Complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cells. All these coordinate to
perform a common function.

Question 4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma

on the basis of their cell wall.
Answer: Parenchyma: The cells have thin cell walls made up of cellulose.
Collenchyma: The cells have cell walls thickened at the comers due to pectin
deposition.
Sclerenchyma: Their walls are thickened due to lignin deposition.

Question 5. What are the functions of stomata?

Answer: The outermost layer of the cell is called epidermis and is very porous. These
pores are called stomata. These stomata help in transpiration and exchange of gases.

Question 6. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of

muscle fibres.
Answer: Striated muscles
(1) They are connected to bones (Skeletal muscles).
(2) They are voluntary muscles.
(3) The cells are long, cylindrical with many nucleus and are unbranched.
Smooth muscles
(1) They are found in alimentary canal and lungs.
(2) They are involuntary muscles.
(3) They are spindle in shape and have single nucleus.
Cardiac muscles
(1) They are found in heart.
(2) They are involuntary in action.
(3) They are branched and have one nucleus.

Question 7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?

Answer: (1) Cardiac muscles cells are cylindrical, branched and uninucleated.
(2) They are involuntary muscles.
(3) They show rhythmically contraction and relaxation throughout life.
(4) Their rhythmic contraction and relaxation helps in pumping action of heart.

Question 8. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the

basis of their structure and location in the body.
Answer:
Question 9. Draw a labelled diagram of neuron.
Answer:

Question 10. Name the following:

(1) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(2) Tissue that connect muscle to bone in humans.
(3) Tissue that trar-carts food in plants.
(4) Tissue that siwea j’ut in our body.
(5) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(6) Tissue present in the brain.
Answer: (1) Squamous epithelium (2) Tendons
(3) Phloem (4) Areolar tissue
(5) Blood (6) Nervous tissue

Question 11. Identify the type of tissue in the following: Skin, bark of tree, bone,
lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
Answer: (a) Skin—Striated squamous epithelium
(b) Bark of tree—Cork, protective tissue
(c) Bone—Connective tissue
(d) Lining of kidney tubule—Cuboidal epithelium tisse
(e) Vascular bundle—Conducting tissue

Question 12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.

Answer: In the pith of the roots and stems. When it contains chlorophyll, it is called
chlorenchyma, found in green leaves. In aquatic plants, parenchyma contains large air
cavities and help them to float. Such type of parenchyma is called aerenchyma.
Question 13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Answer: Cells of epidermis forms a continuous layer without intercellular spaces. It
protects all the parts of plants.

Question 14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?

Answer: Cork acts as a protective tissue because its cells are dead and compactly
arranged without intercellular spaces. They have deposition of suberin on the walls that
make them impervious to gases and water.

Question 15. Complete the table:

Answer:

Question 1. Explain any one method of crop production which

ensures high yield.
Answer: One method used for crop production which ensures high yield is plant
breeding. It is the science involved in improving the varieties of crops by breeding
plants. The plants from different areas/places is picked up with desired traits and then
hybridisation or cross-breeding of these varieties is done to obtain a plant/crop of
desired characteristic.
The high yielding crop variety shows the following characteristics:
High yield, early maturation, less water for irrigation, better quality seeds are produced,
less fertilizers required, adapts itself to the environmental conditions.

Question 2. Why are manure and fertilizers used in fields?

Answer: They are used to ensure good vegetative growth (leaves, branches and
flowers), giving rise to healthy plants, that results in high crop production.

Question 3. What are the advantages of inter-cropping and crop rotation?

Answer: Advantages of using inter-cropping:

1. It helps to maintain soil fertility.

2. It increases productivity per unit area.
3. Save labour and time.
4. Both crops can be easily harvested and processed separately.

Advantages of using crop rotation:

1. It improves the soil fertility.

2. It avoids depletion of a particular nutrient from soil.
3. It minimise pest infestation and diseases.
4. It helps in weed control.
5. It prevents change in the chemical nature of the soil.

Question 4. What is genetic manipulation? How is it useful in agricultural

practices?
Answer: Genetic manipulation is a process of incorporating desirable (genes)
characters into crop varieties by hybridisation. Hybridisation involves crossing between
genetically dissimilar plants. This is done for production of varieties with desirable
characteristics like profuse branching in fodder crops, high yielding varieties in maize,
wheat, etc.
Genetic manipulation is useful in developing varieties which shows:

 Increased yield
 Better quality
 Shorter and early maturity period
 Better adaptability to adverse environmental conditions
 Desirable characteristics

Question 5. How do storage grain losses occur?

Answer: The factors responsible for loss of grains during storage are:

1. Abiotic factors like moisture (present in foodgrains), humidity (of air) and
temperature.
 2. Biotic factors like insects, rodents, birds, mites and bacteria.

Question 6. How do good animal husbandry practices benefit farmers?

Answer: Good animal husbandry practices are beneficial to the farmers in the following
ways:

1. Improvement of breeds of the domesticated animals.

2. Increasing the yield of foodstuffs such as milk, eggs and meat.
3. Proper management of domestic animals in terms of shelter, feeding, care and
protection against diseases.
Which ultimately helps the farmers to improve their economic condition.

Question 7. What are the benefits of cattle farming?

Answer: Cattle farming is beneficial in the following ways:

1. Milk production is increased by high yielding animals.

2. Good quality of meat, fibre and skin can be obtained.
3. Good breed of draught animals can be obtained.

Question 8. For increasing production, what is common in poultry, fisheries and

bee-keeping?
Answer: Through cross breeding, the production of poultry, fisheries and bee-keeping
can be increased.

Question 9. How do you differentiate between capture fishing, mariculture, and

aquaculture?
Answer:
Capture fishing: It is the fishing in which fishes are captured from natural resources
like pond, sea water and estuaries.
Mariculture: It is the culture of fish in marine water. Varieties like prawns, oysters,
bhetki and mullets are cultured for fishing.
Aquaculture: It is done both in fresh water and in marine water.

IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCE