Principal Components - Eigen Values

ME 333
Principal Strains
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Considering the eigen value problem:

ϵxx − λ ϵxy ϵxz

Lecture 5: Principal Strains & Compatibility Relations det(ϵ − λI) = ϵyx ϵyy − λ ϵyz =0
Tutorial 1 - Concept of Strain ϵzx ϵzy ϵzz − λ

Note that λ = M (magnification factor). M1 , M2 and M3 are the three eigen values.
The eigen vectors correspond to the principal directions.
Ravi Sastri Ayyagari
Strain Invariants:
Mechanical Engineering Ī1 = tr(ϵ) = ϵxx + ϵyy + ϵzz
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
Ī2 = ϵxx ϵyy + ϵyy ϵzz + ϵxx ϵzz − ϵ2xy − ϵ2yz − ϵ2xz
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Principal Strains Review of Basics of Tensors

[Example 4] Determine the principal strains and associated directions. Q What is rank of a matrix?
 
1 5 
1 0 2 1

ϵ=
2 4 A = 0 2 4 2
0 2 2 1
Step 1: Determine eigen values:
Rank : Maximum of number of linearly independent column vectors; Rank(A) = 3
1−λ 5
det(ϵ) = = 0 =⇒ (λ + 1)(λ − 6) = 0 =⇒ λ1 = 6, λ2 = −1
2 4−λ

Step 2: Determine eigen vectors:

  √
−5 5 x x ±(1/ √2)
(ϵ − λ1 I)x1 = = 0 =⇒ =
2 −2 y y ±(1/ 2) Q For a tensor is order same as rank akin that of a matrix?

Note : Do not forget to normalize.

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Generalized Strain Description Strain Compatibility Relations
Planar Small Strain Theory
Q If every displacement field ∆ is not unique then are all such ∆ valid ?
The strain - displacement relations can be written as:
 
∂u ∂v 1 ∂v ∂u
ϵxx = ; ϵyy = ; ϵxy = +
∂x ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y

Considering strains in x − y plane, differentiating as below :

∂2 ϵxx ∂3 u ∂2 ϵyy ∂3 v ∂2 ϵxy ∂3 u ∂3 v

2
= ; = 2 ; 2 = + 2
∂y ∂x∂y2 ∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x∂y 2 ∂x ∂y

The relation between the normal and shear strain components is:

∂2 ϵxx ∂2 ϵyy ∂2 ϵxy

+ = 2
∂y2 ∂x2 ∂x∂y

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Strain Compatibility Relations Strain Compatibility Relations

In a full three dimensional setting:
[Example 1] Is the given plane strain state permissible:
ϵxx,yy + ϵyy,xx = 2ϵxy,xy
ϵyy,zz + ϵzz,yy = 2ϵyz,yz ϵxx = k(x2 + y2 ); ϵyy = k(y2 + x2 ); ϵxy = k′ xyz

ϵzz,xx + ϵxx,zz = 2ϵxz,xz where k and k′ are small constants.

ϵzz,xy + ϵxy,zz = ϵyz,zx + ϵzx,yz
In the plane strain state ϵzz = ϵxz = ϵyz = 0 and therefore the number of compatibility
ϵyy,xz + ϵxz,yy = ϵyz,yx + ϵxy,yz equations reduce to one.
ϵxx,yz + ϵyz,xx = ϵxz,xy + ϵxy,xz
ϵxx,yy + ϵyy,xx = 2ϵxy,xy =⇒ 2k + 2k = 2k′ z =⇒ (2k/k′ ) = z
These six relations are known as Compatibility Relations
From above, the LHS is a constant while RHS is a variable and therefore, the strain state is
Note that in the above set of equations the (, ) is used to denote partial differentiation
not permissible.
with respect to the subscripts following the comma.

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 Assuming that !a , !b , !c , ya , yb , and yc are known, Eqs. (a)–(c) represent
three linear algebraic equations that can be solved for the three unknowns
!x , !y , and gxy . After these unknowns have been found, we can construct
Mohr’s circles for strain and stress as explained in the preceding article.
As a matter of practical convenience, the normal strains are usually
Measurement of Strain obtained by using oneMeasurement
of the two strainofrosettes
Straindescribed next.
Strain Gages and Strain Rosette Strain Rosette The strain transformation equations are:
ϵx + ϵy ϵx − ϵy γxy
ϵa = + cos 2θa + sin 2θa
2 2 2
Linear Patterns LINEAR PATTERNS SHEAR/TORQUE ROSETTES Shear/Torque ϵx + ϵy ϵx − ϵy γxy
Micro-Measurements Linear Pattern Strain Gages (Gauges) features: Micro-Measurements Shear/Torque Rosette Strain Gages features: ϵb = + cos 2θb + sin 2θb
Gage patterns designed for measuring strain in a single direction Gage patterns designed for measuring shear strain and torque Rosettes 2 2 2
Single-grid and parallel dual-grid patterns Individual and multiple grid patterns
Gage lengths from 0.0008" (0.20 mm) to 4.000" (101.6 mm) Gage lengths from 0.062" (1.57 mm) to 0.250" (6.35 mm)
ϵx + ϵy ϵx − ϵy γxy
ϵc = + cos 2θc + sin 2θc
LINEAR PATTERNS SHEAR/TORQUE ROSETTES 2 2 2
Micro-Measurements Linear Pattern Strain Gages (Gauges) features: Micro-Measurements Shear/Torque Rosette Strain Gages features:

Gage patterns designed for measuring strain in a single direction

Single-grid and parallel dual-grid patterns
Gage lengths from 0.0008" (0.20 mm) to 4.000" (101.6 mm)
Gage patterns designed for measuring shear strain and torque
Individual and multiple grid patterns
Gage lengths from 0.062" (1.57 mm) to 0.250" (6.35 mm)
Note that the same can be obtained using:
Rectangular
Rosettes Tee Rosettes ϵa = l21 ϵx + m21 ϵy + 2l1 m1 ϵxy
FIG. 8.23 Strain rosette with arbitrary orientation of gages. ..
340 CHAPTER 8 Stresses Due to Combined Loads .
RECTANGULAR ROSETTES TEE ROSETTES
Two configurations of strain rosette are most typically used which are:
Micro-Measurements Rectangular Rosette Strain Gages features: Micro-Measurements Tee Rosette Strain Gages features:
0◦ − 45◦ − 90◦ , 0◦ − 60◦ − 120◦ configurations.
c. The 45! strain rosette
Ref Figs: Vishay Micro-measurements
Gage patterns designed for determining principle stresses and strains Gage patterns designed for measuring orthogonal strains

train rosette [email protected]

All patterns have three grids oriented at 0°, 45° and 90° angles
Both stacked and planar constructions available
Gage lengths from 0.031" (0.79 mm) to 0.250" (6.35 mm)
ME 333
All patterns have two grids oriented at 0° and 90° angles
Both stacked and planar constructions available
Gage lengths from 0.050" (1.27 mm) to 0.250" (6.35 mm)
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Editorial review has!deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights r
e is shown in Fig. 8.24. The orientation of the strain The 45 strain rosette is shown in Fig. 8.24. The orientation of the strain
RECTANGULAR ROSETTES TEE ROSETTES
Micro-Measurements Rectangular Rosette Strain Gages features: Micro-Measurements Tee Rosette Strain Gages features:

! !
Gage patterns designed for determining principle stresses and strains Gage patterns designed for measuring orthogonal strains

¼ 45! , and yc ¼ 90! . Substituting these angles into Eqs. gages are ya ¼ 0, yb ¼ 45 , and yc ¼ 90 . Substituting these angles into Eqs.
All patterns have three grids oriented at 0°, 45° and 90° angles All patterns have two grids oriented at 0° and 90° angles
Both stacked and planar constructions available Both stacked and planar constructions available
Gage lengths from 0.031" (0.79 mm) to 0.250" (6.35 mm) Gage lengths from 0.050" (1.27 mm) to 0.250" (6.35 mm)

we obtain (a)–(c) and solving, we obtain

gxy !a þ !c
EDUCATORS
Micro-Measurements is committed to
RESOURCES TRAINING
Learn more about our products through a Micro-Measurements conducts an
HOW TO VIDEOS
We offer a wide variety of "How-To- gxy !a þ !c
¼ !a !y ¼ !c ¼ !b #
supporting the Educational Community
through product offerings and programs
variety of materials, watch videos, and
explore our large Knowledge Base and
extensive series of regularly scheduled,
hands-on technical workshops and short
Videos" hosted by expert application

(8.19)
engineers. Step-By-Step training can be !x ¼ !a !y ¼ !c ¼ !b # (8.19)
2 2
designed to aid engineering and
technology students and educators.
much more! courses. found here.

2 2
Mohr’s Circle for Strain EDUCATORS RESOURCES TRAINING HOW TO VIDEOS Mohr’s Circle for Strain
Micro-Measurements is committed to Learn more about our products through a Micro-Measurements conducts an We offer a wide variety of "How-To-
supporting the Educational Community variety of materials, watch videos, and extensive series of regularly scheduled, Videos" hosted by expert application

Strain Rosette Example : [Example 4.4] through product offerings and programs
designed to aid engineering and
explore our large Knowledge Base and
much more!
hands-on technical workshops and short
courses.
engineers. Step-By-Step training can be
found here.
Strain Rosette Example : [Example 4.4]
technology students and educators.

!
FIG. 8.24
ϵa < 45
!
ϵc < strain
ϵb rosette. FIG. 8.24
ϵa < 45
ϵc < strain
ϵb rosette.
is assumed is assumed

Ref: An Introduction to Mechanics of Solids, Crandall et. al. Ref: An Introduction to Mechanics of Solids, Crandall et. al.

train rosette [email protected] ME 333

d. The 60 ! strain rosette
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!
ette in Fig. 8.25, the strain gages are oriented at ya ¼ 0, For the 60 strain rosette in Fig. 8.25, the strain gages are oriented at ya ¼ 0,
! ! !
 Mohr’s Circle for Strain Mohr’s Circle for Strain
Strain Rosette : [Example 2] A 60◦ strain rosette (delta rosette) is used to measure strains
ϵa , ϵb and ϵc , along three directions A, B and C, respectively, as shown. Obtain ϵxx , ϵyy Strain Rosette : [Example 2] (Contd ...)
and ϵxy .
Step 1: Using transformation relations: y
Step 2: Solve for the remaining two unknowns, we
y For θ = 0◦ : l1 = 1, m1 = 0 =⇒ ϵA = ϵxx get:
◦
√
For θ = 60 : l1 = 1/2, m1 = 3/2
B 60° C 1
√ ϵyy = (2ϵB + 2ϵC − ϵA )
ϵxx 3ϵyy 3ϵxy 3
B 60° C ϵB = + + 1
4 4 2 ϵxy = √ (ϵB − ϵC )
√ 60° A 60° 3
For θ = 120◦ : l1 = −1/2, m1 = 3/2
O x
60° A 60° √
O x
ϵxx 3ϵyy 3ϵxy
ϵC = + −
4 4 2
Ref: Mechanics of Materials, James M. Gere & Barry J. Goodno Ref: Mechanics of Materials, James M. Gere & Barry J. Goodno
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2.34 through 2.38, determine the principal stresses, 2.42. The state of stress at a point is given by o
, = -90 MPa,
hear stress, and octahedral shear stress. oyy= -60 MPa, o,,= 40 MPa, oxy = 70 MPa, oy,= -40 MPa,
onzero stress components are ,0 = -100 MPa, , = -55 MPa. Determine the three principal stresses and
and 0
a, and oxy
= -50 MPa. maximum shear stress.
nonzero stress components are ,0 = 180 MPa, 2-43. The state of Stress at a point is given by oxx= -150 MPa,
a, and oxy= 50 MPa. oyy= 0, o,,= 80 MPa, oxy= -40 MPa, oy,= 0, and o, =
50 MPa. Determine the three principal stresses and maximum
onzero stress components are o
, = -150 MPa, shear stress.
= -60 MPa.
Pa, o,,= 40 MPa, and oxy
2.44. a. Solve Example 2.1 using Mohr's circle and show the
nzero stress components are oxx= 80 MPa, oyy= Tutorial Problems Tutorial Problems
orientation of the volume element on which the principal
,,= -50 MPa, and oxy = 45 MPa.
stresses act.
Tutorial Problems
nzero stress components are o
a, and oq = -55 MPa.
, = 95 MPa, oyy= 0,
b. Determine the maximum shear stress and show the orienta- Tutorial Problems
tion of the volume element on which it acts.
ate of stress at a point is given by ,
a = -120 MPa, 2.45. At a point on the flat surface of a member, load-stress rela-
[Problem
MPa, o,,= 66 MPa, oxy
2.53] The tension member shown has the following dimensions:
= 45 MPa, oy,= -65 MPa,
L = 5 m, b = 100 mm [Problem 2.53] Solution :
tions give the following stress components relative to the (x, y, z)
and h the
5 MPa. Determine = 200
three mm.
principalThe y, z)axes,
(x,and
stresses coordinate axes are parallel to the edges
where the z axis is perpendicular to the surface: o , =
of the member, with origin
sociated with the three principal
O located at thestresses.
centroid of the left oyy
end. Under the by the load P, the origin
240 MPa, = 100 MPa, oxy = -80 deformation
MPa, and o,,= ox,=produced
oy,= 0.
O remains located, at= 0,
ate of stress at a point is given by o
theoyy=
centroid of the
a. Determine theleft endstresses
principal and theusingcoordinate axes remain parallel to the
Eq. 2.20 and then
, = 0, oxy= -60 MPa, oyz= 35 MPa, and 0, = again using Eqs. 2.36 and 2.37.
ermine theedges of the
three principal deformed member. Under the action of load P, the bar elongates 20 mm. Assume that
stresses.
b. Determine the principal stresses using Mohr's circle and
the
ate Of stress at avolume of by
point is given the bar= 120remains
MPa, show constant with
the orientation of ϵ
the .
= ϵyyelement
xx volume on which these
Pa, o,,= -85 MPa, oq = -55 MPa, oyz= 33 MPa, principal stresses act.
5 MPa. Determine the three principal
1 Determine thestresses and
displacements strain at point Q, assuming
c. Determine the maximum shear stress and maximumof
for the member and the state octahe-
hear stress.
small strain theory. dral shear stress.

2.5-2.8 2 Determine ϵzz at point Q based on the assumption that the displacements are not small.
ms for Sections 2.5-2.8 involve displacements,
s, and strain states at a point in a structural or
mber. These quantities, as with their stress counter-
portant in design and failure criteria.
Answer : a) u = −0.002x, v = −0.002y and w = 0.004z; b) ϵzz = 0.004008 valid at all points
the reduction of Eqs. 2.46 to Eqs. 2.50.
the reduction of Eqs. 2.46 to Eqs. 2.53.
of the body.
the reduction of Eqs. 2.50 to Eqs. 2.54. FIGURE P2.53
hat Eqs. 2.65-2.67 yield Eqs. 2.68.
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procedure outlined in the text, derive Eq. 2.7 1. b. Determine E,, at point Q based on the assumption that dis-
procedure outlined in the text, derive Eq. 2.76d. Placements are not
procedure outlined in the text, derive Eqs. 2.76e 2-54. mmY Practical Problems, the State of strain is
approximated by the condition that the normal and shear strains for
some direction,say, the z direction,are zero; that is, E,, = eZx= E , ~=
nsion member in Figure P2.53 has the following
 yv
0

1 mm FIGURE P2.58
Straight lines
Tutorial Problems Tutorial Problems
2.59. The nonzero strain components at a point in a machine
member are eXx = 0.00180, eyy= -0.00108, and yxy = 2eXy=
Tutorial Problems O 0" C Tutorial Problems
-0.00220. Using the transformation equations for plane strain
(see Problem 2.54), determine the principal strain directions
FIGURE P2.55 and principal strains.
[Problem 2.56] A square glass block in the side of a skyscraper is loaded so that the block
2.60. Solve for the principal strains in Problem 2.59 by using
[Problem 2.56] Solution :
2.56.
is in a state of plane strain (ϵzzA= square
ϵzxglass
=ϵ block
zy =in the
0).side of a skyscraper (Figure Eqs. 2.77b and 2.78.
P2.56) is loaded so that the block is in a state of plane strain
1 Determine the displacements
(ezz= e2.,= EZYin the block for the deformations
= 0). 2.61. Determine
shown andthe the
principal strains at point E for the
strain
deformed parallelepiped in Example 2.8.
components for the (x,a.y) Determine the displacements
coordinate axes. for the block for the deformations
2.62. When solid circular torsion members are used to obtain
shown and the strain components for the (x, y) coordinate axes.
material properties for finite strain applications, an expression
2 Determine the strain components for
b. Determine the strain the (X,forY)
components the (axes.
X , Y) axes.
for the engineering shear strain xx is needed, where the (x, z )
plane is a tangent plane and the z axis is parallel to the axis of
the member as indicated in Figure P2.62. Consider an element
ABCD in Figure P2.62 for the undeformed member. Assume
that the member deforms such that the volume remains constant
and the diameter remains unchanged. (This is an approximation
of the real behavior of many metals.) Thus, for the deformed
element A*B*C*D*, A*B* = AB, C*D* = CD, and the distance
along the z axis of the member between the parallel curved

Answer : a) u = −0.002x − 0.003y, v = 0.001x + 0.0025y; b) ϵXX = −0.00174, ϵYY = 0.00224

2mm-- +' and ϵXY = 0.00145.
FIGURE P2.56
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2.57. Determine the orientation of the ( X , Y) coordinate axes for
principal directions in Problem 2.56. What are the principal
strains? FIGURE P2.62

Tutorial Problems

Reading Assignment

Chapter 2: Sections 2.7 - 2.9

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