Educational Psychology
(PSY406)
Semester:
1st Spring 2019
Assignment No:
01
Assignment Questions:
1. What is co-construction? How would you elaborate its significance in Pakistani
culture with reference to students’ teaching?
2. How Imitation and Internalization may help in learning of a child? Discuss from
perspective of a teacher.
3. Discuss the significance of self-talk for a teacher in facilitating learning process of
children. Exemplify with reference to Pakistani educational system.
4. According to you, what is the importance of positive self-talk? Exemplify keeping in
view your life experience.
Submitted By:
Student ID: BC190206015
Student Name: Tanveer Hussain
Assignment Marks:
20
Assignment Due Date:
23-05-2019
Virtual University Of Pakistan
[Link].1: What is co-construction? How would you elaborate its significance in Pakistani
culture with reference to students’ teaching?
Definition:
The process of learning of children by interacting each other & members of society to reach an
understanding or to solve a problem is called co
According to sociocultural theory of Vygotsky,
“Development of a child in terms of dialogue and interaction between him and other more
knowledgeable members of a society is called co-construction.”
Example:
You must have heard that a child is belonging to a noble family and the other is not.
How you come to know? Because of his family, environment and cultural values. So these
factors play very important role in child’s life which Vygotsky have emphasized. It is observed
that both joint and single family system effects child’s development in many ways.
Significance of co-construction in Pakistani culture with reference to students’ teaching:
In Pakistan, usually people live in joint family system. Children learn thinking and behaving
from these interactions. He uses the term Co-construction to explain the process of learning of
children by interacting with each other and members of a society to reach an understanding or to
solve a problem. It is important to know that children learn by imitating and these imitations are
internalized by children.
[Link].2: How Imitation and Internalization may help in learning of a child? Discuss from
perspective of a teacher.
Imitation:
A person looks another person’s behaviors (his actions, talking style, greetings,
manners etc.) and then copies it. It is called Imitation.
Internalization:
Step forward to imitation is that those copied behaviors’ become the part of the
first person’s personality. It is called Internalization.
Example:
A child looks his father again and again greetings to others, standing in respect of elders,
saying prayers and many more. Child imitates it and start practicing like his father. It is
Imitation. Gradually these copied behaviors become the part of the child’s personality. It is
Internalization.
As to perspective teacher, he should have knowledge that children learn by copying or
imitating then these imitations becomes permanent part of their personality. That internalization
is what makes a person to become that whose he imitated. Now it is to view that all the process
of Imitation and Internalization is not happening in isolation. Child is not separate from family,
friends, relatives and society. He is the part of that circle of family, relative, friends and society.
It shows that learning of child is taking place in collaborative learning situation. It means that he
is being given the opportunity to observe and correct his behaviors. He is being provided the
opportunity to imitate and internalize behaviors. Collaborative learning situation is the part of the
entire learning process that takes place in a child.
[Link].3: Discuss the significance of self-talk for a teacher in facilitating learning process of
Children. Exemplify with reference to Pakistani educational system.
Self-talk:
When a person talks to him/herself it is called self-talk
Piaget thought that when children carry on “self-talk” it might be considered by some as “egocentric
Speech” or meant only for them, a sign of immaturity; whereas Vygotsky on the other hand thought
that private speech or self-talk play an important role by making children plan and guide them.
For example, if a child talk to himself that he is unable to do best in a test, he will definitely get
anxious and will lose marks. While on the other hand if a child thinks that he will put his best efforts
and will gain good position in examination. It will create confidence in him and he will surely get
good marks.
Children self talks loudly. Mostly we have noticed that children are talking to themselves. It is self-
talk. Adults also self talk. It has deep relation with mood, personality and mental symptoms of man.
Self-talk helps the children to plan, guide and foresee. According to Vygotsky point of view, it is very
important activity carried out by children.
As a teacher we should know that self-talk is not meaningless. It has deep positive relations with
children. It has significant part in psychology, growth, routine life, way of thinking, mental symptoms,
physical symptoms and happiness of children and it is based upon real research results showed by
scientifically approved committees.
A teacher should not make jokes of students if they are indulged in self talk. He should not ignore,
beat or stop them. He should encourage them. He should avail them opportunities for self talk. A
teacher should believe that it is not just an assumption now we have many experimental proves
regarding self talk reality. A teacher should know that self-talk is a process of learning. It is a way of
mental growth of children. A good teacher should always give importance to self-talk. He should not
consider it ill. He should always encourage it.
So, teachers should not discourage or ignore self-talk of children as it is not meaningless. Infect, it
helps them to learn and it has a great link to their performances, mental health and learning process.
[Link].4: According to you, what is the importance of positive self-talk? Exemplify keeping in view
your life experience.
Self talk means to talk with him/her self. Positive self talk has very deep effects on human life. It can be a
driving force behind the success of a man. It is directly related to mood, personality and mental
symptoms of a man. It has significant part in psychology, growth, routine life, way of thinking, mental
symptoms, physical symptoms and happiness of children and adults. It has also been investigated that
people who indulge in negative self-talk feel more mental stress while positive self-talk leads to good
health. It is not an assumption. It is based upon real research results showed by scientifically
approved committees. Positive self talk has deep relation with the success of a man. Positive self talk
can urge a man to do impossible things in his life. Because these positive self talks prepare him to put
his best efforts and gain success.
For example, A man says to himself that his exams are near. He will put his best efforts and will
secure a good position. It will create confidence in him and he will work even harder to meet his own
commitment. As a result he will secure good position. It is positive self talk.
Sport psychology and self-talk are related. Researches have proved that players who self-talk show
good performance.
In America, those people who are suffering from terminal illness like cancer patient involved in self-
talk and give them hope by positive self-talk, their life expectancy increased. They live longer time
longer than those didn’t indulge in positive self-talk. It may be one of the elements to prolong life of
those suffering from terminal illness.
