6/18/2025

PUBLIC ECONOMICS

TRINH HOANG HONG HUE, Ph.D

How to reach me?

Name: Trinh Hoang Hong Hue
E-mail : huethh@[Link]
Phone: 0973562478

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CHAPTER 5
PUBLIC GOODS

Our surroundings

Public goods

Private goods

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OBJECTIVES OF LESSON
 Upon completion of the lesson, students will be able to
 Identify and distinguish between public and private goods
 Analyze the inefficiency of market due to public goods
 Analyze the consequence of public goods
 Analyze and evaluate government interventions

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Should the government do everything

or choose the government do nothing?

1. Different views on public goods

Collective consumption

Often provided for free

a commodity Public meaning: made available to all

or service members of a society

Widespread and fair use by people

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1. Different views on public goods

Samuelson Stiglitz NGOs

The Pure The theory of local Global public
Theory of public goods, The goods
Public Economics of
Expenditure, Public Services, p.
1954 274 - 333, 1977.

1. Different views on public goods

can't eliminate others from collective

consumption
The cost of extending the service to an
additional person is zero

as “collective consumption goods”, as: “which all enjoy in common in

the sense that each individual’s consumption of such a good leads to no
subtractions from any other individual’s consumption of that good.”
(The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure, 1954)

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1. Different views on public goods

It is impossible or difficult to separate it into

small units of consumption.
The marginal cost of supplying a public
good to an extra person is zero (MC=0)

1. Different views on public goods

OECD (2004) Non- rival

WHO (2013) Non-excludability
UN (2008)
WB
“a commodity, measure, fact or service: - which can be consumed by one
person without diminishing the amount available for consumption by
another person (non-rivalry); - which is available at zero or negligible cost
to a large number of consumers (non exclusiveness); and - which does not
bring about disutility to any consumer now or in the future (sustainability)”
(OECD, 2004).

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2. Definition of public goods

2. Definition of public goods

A public good is a commodity/service that
 All members of society can use together => Non-excludable
 One person’s consumption does not detract from or prevent
another person’s consumption => Non-rival

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[Link] of public goods

• When one person uses a good,

it does not prevent others from
Non-rivalry using it.
• MC= 0 (serve more one person)

• It is costly or impossible for one

user to exclude others from
Non- excludable using a good.

• It cannot be rejected by people

Non-rejectable for using or reaping benefits

[Link] of public goods

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4. Categories of public goods

Which of the following goods or services are non-excludable?

 Police protection
 Television broadcasting
 Roads
 Primary education
 Cell phone service

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Which of the following goods are non-rivalrous in consumption?

 Slice of pizza
 Laptop computer
 Public radio
 Ice cream cone

Flood control is a good example of a public

good because
A. Once consume by a buyer, the good is no longer
available to other buyers
B. It is provided by the local governments and is
therefore public
C. People who did not pay cannot be prevented from
receiving the good

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Why healthcare is NOT a public good?

Review questions
1. What are the two key characteristics of public goods?
2. Name two public goods and explain why they are public goods
3. Is clean water a public good?
4. Theoretically, is education a public good or a private good? In
reality, children in many countries do not charge any tuition
fee at all. Please explain.

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4. Categories of public goods

PURE PUBLIC GOODS IMPURE PUBLIC GOODS
Has full two characteristics: Satisfy the two conditions to
- Non-rivalrous some extent, but not fully (has
some of the characteristics of a
- Non-excludable public good but is not entirely
 Can be consumed by non-rivalrous or non-excludable)
the people and the community

4. Categories of public goods

IMPURE PUBLIC GOODS
Congestible public goods  Excludable public goods
 Are non-rival when few people  It is possible to charge
are using them but become rival individuals for using the good
when heavily used.  Highways or toll road, toll
 The marginal cost of serving bridge.
consumers up to a certain limit
=> begin to increase gradually  By charging a toll to control
 Open access Wi-Fi networks, congestion, the good becomes
extra consumers using a park, excludable during toll hours
beach or road.

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4. Categories of public goods

 Congestible public goods: are congestible – roads, bridges,
public parks, etc…
 Green line – line of congestion = decreasing benefit per person

Benefit/ fee
Demand/user’s value

users

Congestible public goods (position)

4. Categories of public goods

Congestion
point

Congestible public goods

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4. Categories of public goods

 If you charge a fee to recoup the cost of the bridge, welfare
goes down

Congestible public goods (position with fee)

4. Categories of public goods

Excludable public goods – Club goods: are easily excludable
and after exclusion of some people, they are non-rival for club
members.

Benefit fee

Demand/user’s value

users
Nclub Nmax

Excludable public goods

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4. Categories of public goods

A Spatial Dimension of Public Goods
(Samuelson & Nordhaus, 2009)
 National public goods
 Issued by central government for the whole country
 Example: Law enforcement, national defense, and the rule of law…
 Local public goods
 Can be enjoyed only by residents in the local community
 Example: local public school, beaches, parks
 Global public goods
 Provide benefits to all countries, people, and generations at global
scale
 Example: global knowledge, Climate change, Eradication of a disease
(Covid- 19)

4. Categories of public goods

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4. Categories of public goods

What kind of goods is this road (public or private)?

 Road is empty, toll charges may not be collected
 Road is empty, toll charges may be collected
 Road is crowded, toll charges may not be collected
 Heavy traffic, toll charges may be collected

4. Categories of public goods

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5. The inefficiency of market due to PGs

Case study:
On the occasion of New Year's Day 2021, Ho Chi Minh city has
over 6 million people who enjoy watching fireworks
Assumptions:
- Average benefit per person watching fireworks is 10 thousand
VND
- The total cost for the fireworks display is 4 billion VND
Questions:
• Should a fireworks display be organized?
• Does private sector agree to hold a fireworks display?
• Who will be willing to organize it?

5. The inefficiency of market due to PGs

Positive externalities • Benefits > costs => should be provided

• A person who receives the benefit of a

Free Rider problem good without paying for it

• Revenue that can not covers costs,

Inefficiency long-term payback and inability to get
profit

• Private market place won’t provide =>

Equality public goods don’t exist=>
Government must provide

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5. The inefficiency of market due to PGs

Free rider problem
[Link]
lab/201106/free-riders-and-why-bad-music-is-here-stay

5. The inefficiency of market due to PGs

Free rider problem
 A free rider: is a person who consumes a good or service
without paying for it => results in an under provision of those
goods or services
 Why Public goods create free rider problem? because the
quantity of the good that a person is able to consume is not
influenced by the amount that the person pays for the good
=> no one has an incentive to pay and unregulated market
would produce an too little of the good

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5. The inefficiency of market due to PGs

Free rider problem
Social Value for Firework Display

Person Value
Susan $7
Sally $0
Bob $10
John $3
Total $20

5. The inefficiency of market due to PGs

Free rider problem
Other examples of free rider problems
- In the US, people pay voluntary subscriptions for the public
broadcasting service
=> less than 10% do so (In the UK, it is mandatory to pay the TV
licence fee).

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5. The inefficiency of market due to PGs

Free rider problem
Other examples of free rider problems
- The town of Cambridge distributed 400 bikes around the town
for people to use free of charge (you had to return the bike to a
special stand after using it)
=> Within 4 days they had all gone.

5. The inefficiency of market due to PGs

Solution to Free rider problem
 Impose tax
 Permit marketable pollution
 Make public goods private
 Appealing to people’s altruism

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5. The inefficiency of market due to PGs

Why are public goods an example of market failure?

 Not normally provided by the private sector

 Up to the government to decide what output of public
goods is appropriate => estimate the social benefits
 Free Rider problem

5. The inefficiency of market due to PGs

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5. The inefficiency of market due to PGs

The private market place won’t provide public goods or will under-
supply them
 How do we ensure that the government provides an economically
efficient supply of a public good?
 In real world terms, how do we do as a society decide how
much national defense and flood control is optimal?
 And how many lighthouses and parks should our government
provide?

6. Provide public goods and solutions

Public
provision

Private
provision

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

Who should provide public goods?

 Pure Government Provision

 Pure NGO provision
 Pure private provision? (Privatization)
 Partnerships (private-public partnerships)

6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Provision and sponsorship in the public sector

 Provision
 Must public sector provide public goods?
 Must public sector provide private goods?
 Sponsorship
 Must public sector sponsor public goods?
 Must public sector sponsor private goods?

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

Provision
Public Private
Government provide and Service provided by
Public (tax)

sponsor private sector with

Ex: national defense, sponsorship from
Sponsorship

lighthouse government
Ex: disposal services
Buy required services from Buy services from
(voluntary)
Private

government or public private sectors

organizations Ex: cable television,
Ex: electricity, water, public
education

Adding
Adding
At a price
Ben up
ofhas
$3, Ben’s
up
an Ben’s
neither and Jerry’s
and
individual, Jerry’s
person
Price S=SMC
individual
demands demands
downward-sloping
much ice at
cream.
demandeach
of ice Jerry individual
also has an demands give
individual,
price gives
curve society’s
society’s demand
for ice [Link].
at $3.
cream downward-sloping demand
curve for ice cream.
At a price of Adding
$2, bothup
Leading Ben’s
people
to and Jerry’s
a competitive
$3 demand more equilibrium
individual
ice cream.
atdemands
$2. Ben give
& Jerry
society’s
consume demandThere$2.
different at
quantities.
is a market supply curve
associated with producing ice
$2 cream.

DJERRY DBEN SMB =DBEN+JERRY

0 QJERRY QBEN QTOTAL Quantity

of ice
cream
Demand for a private good

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Optimal Provision of Private Goods
 Collective demand for private goods Horizontal summation of
individual demand

Price
P = PB = PJ
Quantity
Q=QB+ QJ

Price of Adding
Addingup Ben’s
up Ben’sandand
Jerry’s
Jerry’s
missiles willingness
willingness totopaypay
gives
for each
society’s
quantitydemand
gives society’s
for 1 missile.
demand.
As does Jerry.
$6 There is a market supply curve
Leading to a competitive associated
Adding with and
up Ben’s producing
Jerry’s
equilibrium at 5 missiles. Ben & tomissiles
willingness pay gives society’s
Ben hasJerry
a downward
consumesloping
the same Q.
While
Ben’s
demand Jerry’s
willingness
curve for willingness
to pay for
missiles. to the for the 5th missile.
pay
demand S=SMC
$4 D JERRY
for the
firstfirst
missile
missile
is $2.
is $4.
While
Ben’s Jerry’s
willingnesswillingness
to pay for
to pay
the
$3 for the
fifthfifth
missile
missile
is $1.
is $2.
$2
$2 SMB=DBEN+JERRY
DBEN
$1

0 1 5 Quantity of
missiles

Demand for a public good

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Optimal
Provision of
Public Goods
 Collective demand
for public goods
Vertical
summation of
individual demand
Price
P = PB +PJ
Quantity
Q=QB= QJ

6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Optimal Provision of Public Goods
 Unlike the case of private goods, where aggregate demand is found
by summing the individual demands horizontally, with public goods,
aggregate demand is found by summing vertically.
 That is, holding quantity fixed, what is each person’s willingness to
pay?

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

XÁC ĐỊNH MỨC TỐI ƯU CUNG CẤP HÀNG HÓA CÔNG
P– S=SMC
kem

Xem
$3 xét
cung
cấp tối
$2 ưu
hàng
hóa tư

DJ DB SMB =DB+J

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0 QJ QB QL Q -kem 53

6. Provide public goods and solutions

XÁC ĐỊNH MỨC TỐI ƯU CUNG CẤP HÀNG HÓA CÔNG

• Hàng hóa tư, cung cấp tối ưu khi chi phí biên bằng lợi ích biên (giá cả
thị trường):
MCIC PIC
MRS ICB ,C  MRS ICJ ,C  
MCC PC
Giả sử, PC= 1; MCc = 1; thì :

MRS ICB ,C  MRS ICJ ,C  PIC  MCIC

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

P – tên lửa XÁC ĐỊNH MỨC TỐI ƯU CUNG CẤP HÀNG HÓA CÔNG

$6

$4 DJ S=SMC

$3

$2
$2 SMB=DB+J
DB
$1

0 1 5 Q – tên lửa
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6. Provide public goods and solutions

XÁC ĐỊNH MỨC TỐI ƯU CUNG CẤP HÀNG HÓA CÔNG

• Hàng hóa công cung cấp tối ưu: chi phí biên bằng tổng tỷ lệ thay thế
biên xã hội

 MRS
i
i
M ,C  MC M

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Optimal Provision of Public Goods

 We can also represent this relationship mathematically.

 Ben has preferences over cookies (C) and missiles (M):U
B C, M 
To Ben, the marginal missile is worth MU MB B
 MRS M ,C
MU CB

 Jerry’s preferences are U J C, M 

MU MJ
To Jerry, the marginal missile is worth  MRS MJ ,C
MU CJ

6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Optimal Provision of Public Goods

The social marginal benefit (SMB) of the next missile is the sum of Ben
and Jerry’s marginal rates of substitution:
 MRS i
i
M ,C

where “i” represents each person in society.

 MRS
MCM
i
M ,C 
Efficiency requires i
MCC

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Optimal Provision of Public Goods

 That is, social efficiency is maximized when the marginal costs

are set equal to the sum of the marginal rates of substitution
(rather than each individual’s MRS).
 This is because the good is non-rival. Since a unit can be
consumed by all consumers, society would like the producer to
take into account all consumers’ preferences.

6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Public Provision of Public Goods
 Efficient provision of public goods: Lindahl Equilibrium

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Public Provision of Public Goods
 Paying for public goods: user fees
 User fees if exclusion possible
 Users are directly charged -> fairer
 Less consumed

6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Public Provision of Public Goods
 Paying for public goods: public tax
 Public tax if exclusion not possible
 Users are not directly charged, but taxpayers
 So, users -> P=0
 Over-consumed

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Problems faced by Public Provision of Public Goods

6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Private Provision of Public Goods
Private-sector Under-provision
 In general, the private sector underprovides public goods because of
the free rider problem.
 Consider two people, Ben and Jerry, and two consumption goods,
ice cream and fireworks.
 Set the prices of each good at $1, but fireworks are a public good.
Assume that Ben and Jerry have identical preferences.

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Private Provision of Public Goods
Private-sector Underprovision
Ben and Jerry benefit equally from a firework that is provided by either
of them.
What matters is the total amount of fireworks.
Each person chooses combinations of ice cream and fireworks in
which his own MRS equals the ratio of price.
For both Ben and Jerry, they set:
MRS F , IC  1, MU IC  MU F
Whereas optimal provision requires:  MRS
i
i
F , IC 1

6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Private Provision of Public Goods
 With identical preferences, the optimal condition is:
 MU F  MU IC
2   1, which implies MU F 
 MU IC  2

 Recall that marginal utilities diminish with increasing consumption

of a good.
 In this example, optimal provision would require that fireworks are
consumed until their utility equals half the marginal utility of ice
cream.
 Thus, each individually buys too much ice cream privately.

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Private Provision of Public Goods
Free rider problem

6. Provide public goods and solutions

 Efficient Government as a Public Good?

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6. Provide public goods and solutions

 The management of government -> as public goods
 All citizens benefits from a better, more efficient and
responsible government
 It is difficult and undesirable to exclude any individual from
the benefits of a better government
 A politician works for better government gains only a fraction
of his effort (?)
 All citizens benefit from his work, but not all vote to support
him
 All citizens supporting him benefits as much as citizens not
supporting him (-> free riders)
=>Efficient government posses both the characters of public
goods (non-rival and non-excludable consumption)

6. Provide public goods and solutions

 The government’s mechanism to overcome Free Rider
Problem
 Non-excludability -> Free ride strategy by users
 Users are not directly charged, but taxpayers
 Financing public provision of the goods by the government -
> individual users must be forced to support through user
fee
 Example: airport tax

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7. Provision of private goods

 The reason why government provide private goods?
 Spillover effects
- Positive externality => Purpose of encouraging consumption
- Negative externality => Private markets will overproduce
because the costs of production for the firm are understated
and profits are overstated.
 Charitable and humanitarian purposes => fairness and justice
 The cost of private provision is too costly => a free supply

7. Provision of private goods

 The reason why government provide private goods?
 A deadweight loss due to excessive consumption (a high elastic
demand, an inelastic demand)?

inelastic demand
elastic demand
deadweight loss due
to excessive deadweight loss due
consumption to excessive
consumption

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7. Provision of private goods

 Forms of providing private goods
 Capitation (amount will be the same irrespective of the
resources needed)
 Queue in line (time-consuming) => Social deadweight loss
(black market)
 Balance between public provision and private provision of
private goods (Technology (decrease transaction cost);
Income; Hobbies)

Discussion
1. Rival, or congestible good?
2. Club good?
3. Common goods?
4. Pure public good?

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Discussion
1. All public goods generate positive externalities?
2. As a public good, it cannot be provided privately?
3. Do free-rider problems only occur in pure public goods?

Multiple choice
1. When a good is excludable it means that
a. one person’s use of the good diminishes another person’s ability to use it.
b. people can be prevented from using the good.
c. no more than one person can use the good at the same time.
d. everyone will be excluded from obtaining the good.

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Multiple choice
2. When a good is rival it means that
a. one person’s use of the good diminishes another person’s ability to use it.
b. people can be prevented from using the good.
c. no more than one person can use the good at the same time.
d. everyone will be excluded from obtaining the good.

Multiple choice
3. The free rider problem is most likely to exist in the following:
a. A train running between two major cities
b. The market for race horses
c. An open air music concert in a public park
d. A hotel which is open 24 hours a day

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Multiple choice
4. Which of the following would NOT be considered a private good?
a. tennis shoes
b. pizza
c. French fries
d. cable TV

Multiple choice
5. The market does not provide national defense because
a. it is impossible to prevent any single person from enjoying the benefit of
national defense.
b. the fixed cost of national defense is too high.
c. the necessary resources for national defense are not available in the private
sector.
d. All of the above are correct.

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Multiple choice
6. A free-rider problem exists for any good that is NOT
a. rival.
b. a private good.
c. free.
d. excludable.

Multiple choice
7. A free-rider is a person who
a. will only purchase a product on sale.
b. receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.
c. can produce a good at no cost
d. takes advantage of tax loop-holes to lower his taxes.

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Multiple choice
8. For the government to provide a product with tax revenue
a. the total cost must exceed the total benefit.
b. it must be able to produce the product cheaper than the private
market could.
c. the total benefit must exceed the total cost.
d. the government does not provide products with tax revenue.

Multiple choice
9. The government provides public goods because
a. private markets are incapable of producing public goods.
b. free-riders make it difficult for private markets to supply the
socially optimal quantity.
c. markets are always better off with some government oversight.
d. external benefits will occur to private producers.

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Multiple choice
10. A lighthouse is typically considered a good example of a public good
because
a. the owner of the lighthouse is able to exclude beneficiaries from enjoying the
lighthouse.
b. there is rarely another lighthouse nearby to provide competition.
c. a nearby port authority cannot avoid paying fees to the lighthouse owner.
d. all passing ships are able to enjoy the benefits of the lighthouse without
paying.

Multiple choice
11. To increase safety at a bad intersection, you must decide whether to install a traffic
light in your hometown at a cost of $10,000. If the traffic light reduces the risk of
fatality by 0.5 percent and the value of a human life is about $10 million, you should
a. install the light because the expected benefit of $50,000 is greater than the cost.
b. install the light because the expected benefit of $20,000 is greater than the cost.
c. not install the light because the expected benefit of $10,000 is only equal to the
cost.
d. not install the light because the expected benefit of $5,000 is less than the cost.

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Multiple choice
12. If a road is congested, then use of that road by an additional person would
lead to a
a. negative externality.
b. positive externality.
c. natural monopoly problem.
d. free-rider problem with rush hour drivers stuck in traffic.

Multiple choice
13. The businesses that distribute instant noodles for free to help people in
flooded areas are called:
public provision of public goods
public provision of private goods
private provision of public goods
private provision of private goods

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Multiple choice
14. Collective demand for public goods is the summation of
individual demand curves based on the following rules
a. Fixed price, adjusted quantity according to income
b. fixed quantity, adjusting price
c. price and quantity of consumption are kept the same
d. Adjust both price and quantity

Multiple choice
15. The quantity of a public good supplied by a private market is:
a. Less than the efficient quantity
b. Equal to the efficient quantity
c. Greater than the efficient quantity
d. is the quantity that maximizes total public benefit

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Multiple choice
18. The effective quantity of a pure public good is the quantity when:
a. total benefit equals total cost
b. marginal benefit equals marginal cost
c. total benefit is maximized
d. the total cost reaches the minimum point

BÀI TẬP
• Bài 1: Ronaldo và Messi cùng ở chung 1 phòng. Bảng dưới cho thấy nhiệt độ trong
phòng, lợi ích biên đối với Rodolfo, lợi ích biên đối với Mimi và chi phí biên
• Giải thích nhiệt độ trong căn phòng này là hàng hóa công?
• Xác định nhiệt độ hiệu quả của căn phòng
Nhiệt độ MB Ronaldo MB Messi MC
66 8 12 14
67 7 10 17
68 5 8 21
69 2 6 26
70 1 3 32

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Exercise 2: The demand for a good X of two individuals (A and B) is known as:
1. Determine the aggregate demand when: a. X is a private good; b. X is a public
good
2. If the marginal cost to produce an additional unit of good X is 5 then what is
the optimal level of output to be provided when: a. X is a private good; b. X is a
public good

Exercise 3. Two individuals, A and B,

have decided to arrange a small park
between their respective houses. However,
they have very different opinions how big
this park should be. In this figure, we see
their different marginal willingness to pay.
We have also drawn the marginal cost,
MC, of producing different quantities of
park. Show how A and B can decide on the
optimal quantity of park.

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Exercise 3.

Exercise 4. A good X has the following individual demand curves:

DA: Q = 22-2P (Q: product; P: USD)
DB: Q = 26-2P
1. Determine the aggregate demand curve for good X in two cases:
a. X is a private good? b. X is a public good?
2. If the marginal cost of producing good X is 5 USD/ product. Determine the
efficient quantity in two cases: X is a private good? b. X is a public good?
3. Illustrations on graphs

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Exercise 5. The market for goods X of two individuals has the following
individual demand curve
D1: P = 12-Q (Q: product; P: USD)
D2: P = 18-4Q
1. Determine the aggregate demand curve for good X in two cases:
a) X is private good; b) X is a public good
2. Determine the efficient quantity of X if the total cost of the production of this
good is: TC = 0.5Q2 + 4 in two cases: a) X is private good; b) X is a public
good
3. Illustrations on graphs

Bài 6: Nhu cầu của Donald Trump về Hamburgers là Q = 20-20P và Elon

Musk là Q’ = 10-p
1. Viết phương trình lợi ích biên xã hội của hàng hóa Hamburgers
2. Nếu như hamburgers là hàng hóa công. Hãy viết phương trình lợi ích biên
xã hội của hàng hóa này.

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Bài 7: Giả sử nhóm 1 có 10 người, mỗi người có đường cầu Q = 20-4P về điện
đường; và nhóm 2 có 10 người, mỗi người có đường cầu Q’ = 8 – P điện
đường.
Chi phí biên cung cấp hàng hóa này là 6 $.
1. Mức sản xuất xã hội tối ưu là gì? Nó được xác định như thế nào?
2. Có bao nhiêu điện đường nên được sản xuất?

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