WEEK 4

FREEHAND AND MECHANICAL DRAWING

This lesson presents the difference between freehand and mechanical drawing.
Freehand drawing is drawing without the use of any mechanical instrument except for
pencil and paper. Mechanical drawing, on the other hand, is a drawing with the use of
mechanical instruments such as T-square, triangles, compass, ruler, etc. What is
freehand and mechanical drawing for? Freehand drawing is commonly used in drawing
simple objects or in sketching, while mechanical drawing is used in drawing formal
plans such as floor plans or any other architectural plans. Usually in mechanical
drawing, lines are accurate, while in freehand drawing such as sketching does not
require a perfect straight or curved line. How are lines drawn in freehand and
mechanical? See figure 1 below and compare the difference between the two types of
drawing. https://www.coursehero.com/file/65962178/lesson-3-freehand-and-mechanical-
drawingdocx/

FREEHAND DRAWING MECHANICAL DRAWING

Valuable lessons to remember

- Freehand drawing is a drawing just with the use of paper and pencil.
- In sketching, freehand drawing is applied.
- Mechanical drawing is a drawing with the use of mechanical instruments such as
T-square, triangles, and compass.
- In drawing a floor plan, mechanical drawing is usually applied.
- Both freehand and mechanical drawing has its proper use in drawing
 Prove what you got!

ACTIVITY 1: Freehand Drawing

Directions:
Draw a freehand drawing by following the instructions given below.
1. Construct a border line 1 inch all sides.
2. Divide the space into six equal parts. Darken the dividing lines.
3. Given the example in figure below, draw the different lines in freehand.

ALPHABET OF LINES

Technical drawings are crucial in conveying how an object should be manufactured or

constructed. These drawings use standardized line symbols, known as the “alphabet of
lines,” to communicate detailed and precise information universally understood. The
accuracy and clarity provided by technical drawings ensure that anyone, regardless of
language, can understand/read the specifications necessary to build or manufacture a
product.
Importance of Technical Drawing
Professionals such as contractors, estimators, tradesmen, and builders rely heavily on
technical drawings. Mastery in preparing, reading, and interpreting these drawings is
essential for anyone involved in design and manufacturing. Technical drawings serve as
a universal language in the industry, providing a common ground for accurate
communication of ideas and specifications.
In-Depth Look at Alphabet of Lines Drawing
Understanding alphabet of lines drawing is essential for anyone involved in technical
drawing. Each type of line has a specific purpose and conveys critical information about
the object being designed. Line thickness or line weight indicate the significance of the
line. Each line is drawn with varying darkness and thickness to convey significance and
contrast. Less significant lines are pale and thin. Having a solid technical understanding
of these different line properties and knowing when and where to use them in technical
drawings is essential for successful drafting. Let’s look at each line’s uses and
significance in greater detail.

ALPHABET OF LINES

1. OBJECT OR VISIBLE LINES

Description: These are thick, dark lines used to
outline the object and highlight its visible edges
and surfaces.
Application: Object lines are important in technical drawings as they define the shape
and structure of the component. For instance, when designing a machine part, object
lines clearly identify the part’s boundaries, ensuring accurate representation and
interpretation.

2. CONSTRUCTION LINE
Description: Very light and thin lines used to lay
out the basic framework of a drawing.
Application: Construction lines are crucial during
the initial stages of a drawing. They help in aligning and positioning different elements of
the design before finalizing the details.

3. DIMENSION LINE
Description: Thin and dark lines with
arrowheads or tick marks at each end, used to
specify the dimensions (length or span) of an object.
Application: Dimension lines provide exact measurements, which are critical for
manufacturing and quality control. They indicate the size, length, and distance between
features, ensuring the final product meets design specifications.

4. HIDDEN LINE
Description: Short dash lines of medium
thickness, used to represent edges and
surfaces not visible in the current view.
Application: Hidden lines are for understanding the complete geometry of an object.
They reveal features obscured from view, such as internal structures or the backside of
a component, helping aid visualization and analysis.

5. CENTER LINE
Description: Long and short dash lines,
typically thin and dark, used to indicate the
centers of holes, circles, and arcs.
Application: Center lines are needed for symmetry and alignment. They help in
positioning and aligning features accurately, such as the center of a bolt hole or the axis
of a cylindrical part, ensuring proper fit and function.

6. EXTENSION LINE
Description: Thin and dark lines extending from the
object to the dimension lines, showing where the
dimensions apply.
Application: Extension lines clarify the starting and ending points of measurements.
They ensure that dimensions are clearly associated with specific features, eliminating
uncertainty in interpretation.

7. CUTTING PLANE LINE

Description: Extra thick lines with arrows indicating the direction of view, used to show
where a section view is taken.
Application: Cutting plane lines are crucial for sectional views. They indicate where the
object is “cut” to reveal internal features, providing detailed insights into the interior
structure and aiding in detailed assemblies and inspections.

8. SHORT AND LONG BREAK LINES

Description: Medium lines with short and long

segments, used to show that a part of the
object has been removed.
Application: Break lines simplify the drawing of
long components by “breaking” the continuity, making it easier to represent and read.
They are commonly used in drawings of beams, pipes, and other long parts.

9. LEADER LINE
Description: Medium lines with arrowheads,
used to connect notes or labels to specific
features.
Application: Leader lines provide additional
information about a feature, such as material specifications, finish, or assembly
instructions. They enhance the drawing’s clarity by directly linking annotations to the
relevant parts.

10. PHANTOM LINE

Description: Lines consisting of long segments

followed by two short dashes, used to show
alternate positions of a moving part.
Application: Phantom lines indicate the range of
motion or alternate positions of components, such as the open and closed positions of a
valve. They are essential for visualizing dynamic elements within the design.

11. SECTION LINE

Description: Medium lines drawn at 45 degrees, used to show the cut surface in a
sectional view.
Application: Section lines provide detailed information about the internal features of a
part. They indicate the material that has been “cut through” and are essential for
understanding the internal configuration and verifying the integrity of complex
components.
Techniques and Best Practices
Understanding and using the alphabet lines in technical drawing correctly is just the
beginning. Here are some advanced techniques and best practices to enhance your
technical drawing skills:
Consistency: Maintain consistent line weights and styles throughout your drawings to
ensure clarity and professional appearance. Use templates and standard settings in
your CAD software to achieve this.
Layer Management: Utilize layers in your CAD software to manage different types of
lines. Assign specific layers to visible lines, hidden lines, center lines, etc., to keep your
drawing organized and easy to edit.
Annotation and Notes: Use leader lines effectively to add notes and annotations.
Ensure that all important information is included and easily readable. Properly
annotated drawings reduce the risk of misinterpretation and errors during
manufacturing.
Verification and Review: Regularly review and verify your drawings. Check for
completeness, accuracy, and compliance with industry standards. Peer reviews and
automated validation tools can help identify and correct errors.
Perfecting alphabet lines in technical drawing is fundamental for creating precise and
effective technical drawings. Each line type has a specific role in conveying detailed
information, ensuring that designs are accurately interpreted and implemented. By
understanding and applying these lines correctly, professionals can produce high-
quality drawings that facilitate successful manufacturing and construction processes.
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WEEK 5-6
 CARPENTRY (CIVIL TECHNOLOGY)

Carpentry within the context of Civil Technology involves the skill-based practice of
cutting, shaping, and installing building materials, particularly wood and formworks, as
part of construction and civil works. Civil Technology programs often include carpentry
as a foundational skill, teaching students to use tools, interpret technical plans, and
apply Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) procedures to build structures like
buildings and bridges.
Core Activities:
The primary focus is on the fabrication, installation, and stripping of formworks and their
components.
Skills Developed:
Students learn to use carpentry tools, perform measurements and calculations, interpret
technical drawings and plans, and follow safety protocols.
Materials:
Carpentry involves working with various building materials, including wood, timber, and
other components used in construction.
Role in Civil Technology
1. Foundation:
Carpentry is a fundamental skill within Civil Technology, providing practical expertise for
construction work.
2. Curriculum Integration:
It is often integrated into courses like Civil Technology 1, which covers drafting,
construction painting, and woodworking.
3. National Certification:
Carpentry training can lead to national certificates, such as the Carpentry National
Certificate Level II (NC II), under the Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA).
Practical Applications
1. Building Construction: Essential for erecting framing for buildings and other
structures.
2. Bridge and Ship Building: Carpentry skills are applied in the construction of
timber bridges and even in shipbuilding.
 3. Concrete Formworks: Students learn the fabrication and installation of
formworks used in concrete pouring for foundations and other structural
elements.

CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS AND MATERIALS

CARPENTRY TOOLS AND THEIR USES

Tenon Saw
The saw used for cutting wood straight. It’s
backed with a strong material (typically brass)
to ensure it stays straight.

Coping Saw

The Coping saw is used to cut shapes out of

wood. The blade is thin to allow it to move
freely.

Plane
Planes work like pencil sharpeners. They
take off a shaving, a thin layer to either:
- Reduce the thickness of timber
- Flatten a surface
- Smooth an edge (while keeping
sharp, neat corners)
- Make an angled edge (like a mitre or
bevel)
They come in different sizes with 4 (the Jack Plane) being the most common

Hammer
A steel head and wooden handle (typically). The flat surface is for striking nails.
If it has a claw on the back, that’s for pulling out nails.

Chisel
Chisels have a plastic handle and steel blade with a
sharp edge. The good face is the flat face (like a
cricket bat). Chisels are used to:
- Remove timber (most of the time)
- Pairing (shaving material in joins)
- Remove excess material

Mallet
Typically, a wooden or rubber head with wooden
handle. Mallets are a gentler version of a hammer.
You can use them to tap in joints.

Sanding Block
A piece of cork or timber about the
size of your fist. Used to make sanding
easier (by giving you something to
grab hold of)

File
Used more on plastic and metal, files have fine
diagonal lines which cut the material they pass.
Files are used to:

- Make material edges smooth

 - Make material faces smooth
- Shape timber (slightly)
Files can come in different lengths, have different profiles (flat, half round, round and
other shapes) and be different grades of course.
Rasp
Similar look to a file but have coarse raised teeth
that do the cutting. Rasps are used to:
- Shape timber
Rasps can come in different sizes and profiles
(flat, half round and round being most common)

Tape Measure
A convenient way to measure accurately.
Tapes are designed to hook onto material if
needed and are used for measuring:
- Material sizes
- Gap sizes
- Height sizes
- Diagnoals
- Whatever else you want to measure

Square
Squares are used to draw lines at 90° and 45°.
They can also measure for accurate marking of nail
holes, drill holes, etc.

Clamps
Clamps are used to hold materials together for gluing, holding or securing purposes.
The different types of common clamps are:

1. G-Clamps
Shaped like a G, these clamps are very strong and sturdy but can be slow to use. They
are best used for:
Securing material to machinery (like a drill press)

2. Quick Grips
These clamps are fast to use but can loosen over time. They are best used for:
Holding material you are working on to a bench
3. Sash Clamps
The largest clamps of the three, they are strong and are primarily made from steel. They
are best used for:
Gluing edges together to form panels
Safety Glasses
Made from high impact plastic, these glasses are to protect your eyes from flying debris.

Ear Protection
Ear muffs or ear plugs, these reduce the impact of constant loud noise on your future
hearing.

Apron
Keeping you clean as well as your clothes tucked and out of the way.

Dustpan and Brush

Cleaning equipment is a tool too!
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