Ratios and

Proportionality
You can find unknown information
MODULE

4
?
LESSON 4.1
about real-world situations by
ESSENTIAL QUESTION using given information to find Unit Rates
rates, and then setting up and
How can you use rates and solving proportions. [Link].1
proportionality to solve
real-world problems? LESSON 4.2
Constant Rates
of Change
[Link].2, [Link].2a,
[Link].2b, [Link].2c

LESSON 4.3
Proportional
Relationships and
Graphs
[Link].2a, [Link].2b,
[Link].2c, [Link].2d
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Ocean/Corbis

Real-World Video
You can use rates to describe lots of real-world
situations. A cyclist can compute rates such as miles
per hour or rotations per minute.
[Link]

[Link] [Link] Math On the Spot Animated Math Personal Math Trainer
Go digital with your Scan with your smart Interactively explore Get immediate
write-in student phone to jump directly key concepts to see feedback and help as
edition, accessible on to the online edition, how math works. you work through
any device. video tutor, and more. practice sets.
113 Module 4
113
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Are You Ready? Are YOU Ready?

Personal
Assess Readiness
Complete these exercises to review skills you will need
for this module. Math Trainer

Use the assessment on this page to determine if students need Operations with Fractions [Link]
Online Practice
and Help

intensive or strategic intervention for the module’s prerequisite skills. EXAMPLE 3

__ ÷ _58 = __
3
× _85 Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor.
10 10
4
3
3 = ___
10 5
× __
8
5
Divide by the common factors.
Response to 12
2 = __ Simplify.
1 Intervention 25

Divide.
15
__ 11
__ 3
_ 6
_
10 16 _
1. _34 ÷ _45 16 2. _59 ÷ __ 18 3. _38 ÷ _12 4 4. __ ÷ 89 7
Intervention Enrichment 11 21

Access Are You Ready? assessment online, and receive Ordered Pairs
instant scoring, feedback, and customized intervention EXAMPLE y To write the ordered pair for A,
start at the origin.
or enrichment. 5
Move 2 units right.
Then move 4 units down.
Personal Online and Print Resources The ordered pair for
Math Trainer x
point A is (2, -4).

Online Assessment Skills Intervention worksheets Differentiated Instruction -5 O 5

and Intervention
• Skill 42 Operations with • Challenge worksheets
[Link] A
Fractions PRE-AP -5

• Skill 68 Ordered Pairs Extend the Math PRE-AP

Lesson Activities in TE Write the ordered pair for each point. y

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

5. B (-4, 1) 6. C (3, 0) 5
D

Real-World Video Viewing Guide 7. D (5, 4) 8. E (-2, -2)

B
F C x
After students have watched the video, discuss the following: 9. F (0, 0) 10. G (0, -4) -5 O 5
E
• What are some rates that apply to the bicyclists in the video?
G
• How can you compare rates when they are given in different units? -5

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PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT VIDEO

[Link]
Author Juli Dixon models successful
Online Teacher Edition Interactive Whiteboards
teaching practices as she explores rates
Access a full suite of teaching Engage students with interactive
and proportional relationships in an
resources online—plan, whiteboard-ready lessons and
actual seventh-grade classroom.
present, and manage classes activities.
and assignments.
Personal Math Trainer:
Professional ePlanner Online Assessment and
Development Easily plan your classes and Intervention
access all your resources online. Assign automatically graded
homework, quizzes, tests,
[Link] Interactive Answers and
and intervention activities.
Solutions
Prepare your students with
Customize answer keys to print
updated practice tests aligned
or display in the classroom.
with Common Core.
Choose to include answers only
or full solutions to all lesson
exercises.

Ratios and Proportionality 114

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EL
Reading Start-Up
Have students complete the activities on this page by working alone
Reading Start-Up Vocabulary
Review Words
Visualize Vocabulary constant (constante)
or with others. ✔ conversion factor
Use the ✔ words to complete the graphic. You can put more (factor de conversión)
than one word in each bubble. ✔ equivalent ratios (razones
Strategies for English Learners equivalentes)
2 __
_ =3 ✔ percent (porcentaje)
Each lesson in the TE contains specific strategies to help English 4 6 36%
rate (tasa)
equivalent percent
Learners of all levels succeed. ratios
✔ ratio (razón)

Emerging: Students at this level typically progress very quickly, Preview Words
learning to use English for immediate needs as well as beginning to Uses of Ratios complex fraction (fracción
compleja)
understand and use academic vocabulary and other features of constant of proportionality
12 inches
________ (constante de
academic language. 1 foot 6 to 1
proporcionalidad)
conversion
Expanding: Students at this level are challenged to increase their ratio proportion (proporción)
factor, ratio proportional relationship
English skills in more contexts, and learn a greater variety of vocabulary (relación proporcional)

and linguistic structures, applying their growing language skills in more Understand Vocabulary rate of change (tasa de
cambio)
sophisticated ways appropriate to their age and grade level. Match the term on the left to the definition on the right. unit rates (tasas unitarias)

Bridging: Students at this level continue to learn and apply a range of 1. rate of change A. Statement that two rates or ratios
are equivalent.
high-level English language skills in a wide variety of contexts, includ-
2. proportion B. A rate that describes how one quantity
ing comprehension and production of highly technical texts. changes in relation to another quantity.
3. unit rate C. Rate in which the second quantity is one unit.
Active Reading
Integrating Language Arts
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Students can use these reading and note-taking strategies to help
them organize and understand new concepts and vocabulary. Active Reading
Three-Panel Flip Chart Before beginning the
Additional Resources module, create a three-panel flip chart to help
you organize what you learn. Label each flap
Differentiated Instruction with one of the lesson titles from this module.
• Reading Strategies EL As you study each lesson, write important ideas
like vocabulary, properties, and formulas under
the appropriate flap.

Module 4 115

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Focus | Coherence | Rigor

Tracking Your Learning Progression

Before In this module After

Students understand: Students represent and solve proportional relationships: Students will connect:
• ratios • calculate unit rates from rates • proportional and nonproportional
• rates and unit rates • represent constant rates of change given a table, verbal relationships and slope
• mathematical and real-world description, equation, or graph • proportionality and direct
problems involving ratios and • determine constant of proportionality in real-world variation
rates using tables and graphs situations

115 Module 4
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GETTING READY FOR

GETTING READY FOR Ratios and Proportionality
Ratios and Proportionality Understanding the standards and the vocabulary terms in the standards
will help you know exactly what you are expected to learn in this module.

Use the examples on the page to help students know exactly what [Link].1
they are expected to learn in this module. Compute unit rates associated What It Means to You
with ratios of fractions, including
Given a rate, you can find the equivalent unit rate by dividing
ratios of lengths, areas and other
CA Common Core quantities measured in like or
the numerator by the denominator.

Standards different units. EXAMPLE [Link].1

Lisa hikes _13 mile every _61 hour.
Key Vocabulary
How far does she hike in 1 hour?
Content Areas rate (tasa)
A ratio that compares two 1
_
_ 1
_ 1
_
1=3÷6
3
quantities measured in _
Rates and Proportional Relationships—[Link] different units. 6 2
6
unit rate (tasa unitaria) = _13 · __
1
Cluster Analyze proportional relationships and use them to solve real-world and A rate in which the second
1

= 2 miles
mathematical problems. quantity in the comparison is
one unit.

[Link].2b

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©David Epperson/PhotoDisc/Getty Images
Go online to Identify the constant of What It Means to You
see a complete proportionality (unit rate) You will determine the constant of proportionality for
unpacking of the in tables, graphs, equations, proportional relationships.
diagrams, and verbal
CA Common Core descriptions of proportional EXAMPLE [Link].2b
Standards. relationships. The graph shows the distance a bicyclist y
travels over time. How fast does the 75
[Link] Key Vocabulary

Distance (mi)
bicyclist travel?
constant (constante) 45
rise (distance)
A value that does not change. slope (speed) = __________
run (time)
15
1
constant of 15
15 x
proportionality (constante de = __
1 O 1 3 5
proporcionalidad)
A constant ratio of two
The bicyclist travels at 15 miles per hour. Time (h)
variables related proportionally.
The bicyclist's speed is a unit rate. It is indicated on the graphed
line by the point (1, 15).

Visit [Link]
to see all CA
Common Core
Standards
explained.
[Link]

116 Unit 2

7_MCAAESE202610_U2MO04.indd 116 18/05/13 10:56 AM

Lesson Lesson Lesson

California Common Core Standards 4.1 4.2 4.3

[Link].1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions, including ratios of lengths,
areas and other quantities measured in like or different units.
[Link].2a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship, e.g., by
testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the
graph is a straight line through the origin.
[Link].2b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables, graphs, equations,
diagrams, and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships.
[Link].2c Represent proportional relationships by equations.

[Link].2d Explain what a point (x, y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in
terms of the situation, with special attention to the points (0, 0) and (1, r) where r is the unit rate.
[Link].3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems.

Ratios and Proportionality 116

 LESSON 4.1 Unit Rates
Lesson Support
Content Objective Students will learn to find and use unit rates.

Language Objective Students will explain how to find and use unit rates.

California Common Core Standards

[Link].1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions, including ratios of lengths, areas and other quantities measured in like
or different units.
MP.4 Model with mathematics.

Focus | Coherence | Rigor

Building Background
Connecting to Every Day Life Have students give examples Examples of Rates
of rates that they have heard used in every day conversation. If
driving speed 35 miles per hour
students have trouble thinking of examples prompt them by
suggesting prices, driving speeds, and examples from sports. speed limit 55 miles per hour
cost of cans of soup ____
3 cans
$2
time for running a mile ____
7 min
mile
heart rate _______
35 beats
30 seconds

Learning Progressions Cluster Connections

In this lesson, students continue to build their understanding of This lesson provides an excellent opportunity to connect ideas
rates by learning to find unit rates and applying them to solving in this cluster: Analyze proportional relationships and use
problems of every day life. Some key understandings for them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.
students are the following:
Give students the following prompt: “Zachery is deciding
• A ratio is a comparison between two quantities. A rate is a between two different containers of apple juice. Apple Best has
special type of ratio, where the quantities compared have 12 ounces for $1.50. Sweet Apple has __34 quart for $3.60. How
different units. could he decide which would be the best buy?” Challenge
• A complex fraction has a fraction in the numerator and/or students to find the unit price per ounce and the unit price per
in the denominator. quart for each brand.
• To simplify a complex fraction, multiply the numerator of
Brand Per ounce Per quart
the complex fraction by the reciprocal of its denominator.
Apple Best $0.125 $4.00
• Unit rates have a denominator of 1.
Sweet Apple $0.15 $4.80
The concepts related to rates and unit rates continue to be
applied as students study rates of change and proportional Apple Best is the best buy.
relationships in the next lessons.

117A
 PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Language Support EL

California ELD Standards

Emerging 2.I.1. Exchanging information/ideas – Engage in conversational exchanges and express ideas on familiar topics
by asking and answering yes-no and wh- questions and responding using simple phrases.
Expanding 2.I.1. Exchanging information/ideas – Contribute to class, group, and partner discussions by following
turn-taking rules, asking relevant questions, affirming others, adding relevant information, and paraphrasing key ideas.
Bridging 2.I.1. Exchanging information/ideas – Contribute to class, group, and partner discussions by following turn-taking
rules, asking relevant questions, affirming others, adding relevant information and evidence, paraphrasing key ideas, building on responses, and
providing useful feedback.

EL
Linguistic Support

Academic/Content Vocabulary Rules and Patterns

unit rate - In this lesson, students need to be familiar -ade - In this lesson, one word problem compares
with many English words used for quantities. Preview two limeade recipes. Point out to English learners that
the words used to describe quantities in order to –ade is a noun suffix indicating a drink made usually
prepare students. Also remember to model how the by diluting concentrated juice in water. Also common
rates are said (e.g. miles/hour = miles per hour). are lemonade, limeade, and orangeade
Included in this lesson are miles hiked/hour, square
re- - Words beginning with the prefix re-, like
feet painted/hour, acres mowed/hour, gallons leaked/
remodel and repaint, appear in this lesson. The prefix
hour, price/hour and price/ounce.
re- means again.

EL
Leveled Strategies for English Learners

Emerging Have students with emerging English proficiency search for and underline unit rates in
the lesson. Have students identify one unit rate they have heard of before this lesson.

Expanding Have small groups of English learners at this level discuss and list commonly used
rates in their lives (e.g. cell phone cost/minute).

Bridging Have students at this English proficiency level discuss with each other some familiar
unit rates they know and how they use unit rates in their lives.

Math Talk
In order to help English learners answer the question posed in Math Talk, model
how to begin their response with the following: I would first compare the whole
number…

Unit Rates 117B

 LESSON

4.1 Unit Rates

CA Common Core Engage
Standards
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
The student is expected to: How do you find and use unit rates? To find a unit rate, divide the numerator of the rate by
Ratio and Proportional the denominator. To compare ratios and rates, find and compare the unit rates.
Relationships—[Link].1
Motivate the Lesson
Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions, Ask: Have you ever measured how far you can walk in 15 minutes? Have you wondered
including ratios of lengths, areas and other quantities how fast you walk in miles per hour? Begin the Explore Activity to find out.
measured in like or different units.
Mathematical Practices
MP.4 Modeling
Explore
EXPLORE ACTIVITY
Focus on Patterns Mathematical Practices
Point out to students that they can use number patterns to complete each table, and they
can use the pattern to calculate the distance from one-half hour to one hour for Jeff’s hike.
The tables show that Jeff and Lisa hike the same distance in one hour, 2 miles.

Explain
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 1
Georgio is building a patio. He
estimates that he can install 8 square Connect Vocabulary EL

feet of paver bricks every quarter hour. The distinction between rates and ratios may still be a source of confusion for some
How many square feet does Georgio students. You may wish to quickly define a ratio as a comparison of two quantities, as
install per hour? 32 opposed to a rate which is a ratio where the units are different.

Interactive Whiteboard Questioning Strategies Mathematical Practices

Interactive example available online • How is Angela’s rate of painting related to Angela’s unit rate of painting? Both rates are
equivalent fractions that represent area painted per unit of time.
[Link]
• Which is faster, Angela’s rate of painting or Angela’s unit rate of painting? Explain. Neither.
The two rates are equivalent because the unit rate is calculated by dividing the numerator
of the rate of painting by the denominator.

117 Lesson 4.1

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LESSON

4.1 Unit Rates

[Link].1 EXPLORE ACTIVITY (cont’d)

Compute unit rates associated

with ratios of fractions, Reflect
including ratios of lengths, 1. How did you find Jeff’s distance for _34 hour?
Sample answer: Multiply _12 mile by 3.
areas and other quantities
measured in like or different
units.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you find and use unit rates?
2. Which hiker walks farther in one hour? Which is faster?
They are hiking at the same speed (2 mi/h).

EXPLORE ACTIVITY [Link].1

Finding Unit Rates
Exploring Rates A rate is a comparison of two quantities that have different units, such as miles
and hours. Ratios and rates can be expressed as fractions. A rate or ratio with a
Commonly used rates like miles per hour make it easy to understand
denominator of 1 unit is called a unit rate.
and compare rates. Math On the Spot
[Link] 60 miles ÷ 2 = _______
___________ 30 miles This means 30 miles per hour.
Jeff hikes _12 mile every 15 minutes, or _14 hour. Lisa hikes _13 mile every 2 hours ÷ 2 1 hour
10 minutes, or _1 hour. How far do they each hike in 1 hour? 2 hours?
6 When one or both of the quantities being compared in the rate is a fraction,
the rate is expressed as a complex fraction.
A Use the bar diagram to help you ? miles
15 miles
_______ This means 15 miles per _12 hour.
determine how many miles Jeff 1
_
hikes. How many _14 -hours are in 1 1 1 1 hour
4 hour 4 hour 4 hour 4 hour 2
1 hour? How far does Jeff hike in
1 hour? 1
mile
EXAMPLE 1 [Link].1
2
4; 2 miles While remodeling her kitchen, Angela is repainting. She estimates that she
B Complete the table for Jeff’s hike. paints 55 square feet every half-hour. How many square feet does Angela
paint per hour?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Howard Barlow/Alamy

Distance (mi) 1
_
2 1 1_12 2 4 STEP 1 Determine the units of the rate.
1
_ 1
_ 3
_
Time (h) 1 2
4 2 4 The rate is area in square feet per time in hours.

C Complete the bar diagram to STEP 2 Find Angela’s rate of painting in area painted
2 miles
help you determine how far per time.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lisa hikes. How many miles The fraction

1 1 1 1 1 1 area painted: 55 sq ft time: __12 hour
does she hike in 1 hour? 6 hour 6 hour 6 hour 6 hour 6 hour 6 hour represents area
area painted 55 square feet
____________ in square feet per
2 miles
___________ =
time 1
_ hour time in hours.
1 mile 2
3
STEP 3 Find Angela’s unit rate of painting in square feet per hour.
D Complete the table for Lisa’s
55 square feet
hike. ____________
1
= 55 ÷ _12 Rewrite the fraction as division.
_ hour
2
1
_ 2
_
Distance (mi) 3 3 1 2 4 55 _
= __ × 21 Multiply by the reciprocal.
1
1
_ 1
_ 1
_
Time (h) 6 3 2
1 2
110 square feet The unit rate has a
= _____________
1 hour denominator of 1.

Angela paints 110 square feet per hour.

Lesson 4.1 117 118 Unit 2

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PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Integrate Mathematical Math Background
Practices MP.4 The lesson shows how to convert a rate to a unit
This lesson provides an opportunity to address rate by dividing the numerator of the rate by the
this Mathematical Practice standard. It calls for denominator. This is not the same as converting
students to apply mathematics to problems from one rate to another. For example, convert-
arising in everyday life, society, and the work- ing the speed of the space shuttle from miles per
place. Students use bar diagrams to model the hour to miles per second involves a conversion
relationship between a rate and a unit rate. Then factor, as shown below.
students divide the numerator of a fraction 17,400 mi _ 1 /h 4.83 mi
_ × ≈_
representing the rate by the denominator to get 1 /h 3,600 sec sec
a unit rate. Finally, students use unit rates to
simplify rates that appear complicated, including This conversion factor is the ratio representing
rates that are complex fractions, so that they can the relationship between hours and seconds and
be compared. In this way, students are able to is written in such a way as to eliminate the hours
apply mathematics to problems in everyday life. unit, producing a unit rate of miles per second.

Unit Rates 118

 YOUR TURN
Connect Multiple Representations
Lead students to complete this table for Exercise 3 using a number pattern, and give the
unit rate.
Acres _1 1
_ _1 2
_
6 3 2 3
Time (h) 1
_ 1
_ 3
_ 1
4 2 4
__2 acre per hour
3

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2

Two water heater tanks are leaking.
Tank A has leaked __ 1
of a gallon in
Avoid Common Errors
16 When writing unit rates as fractions, some students may have difficulty identifying the
__
1
minute, and Tank B has leaked __3
12 80 denominator. Point out that per means “for each,” and the quantity after per is the
__
1
of a gallon in 30 minute. Which tank 2 gallons
denominator. For example, the rate “2 gallons per hour ” written as a fraction is ______ .
is leaking faster? Tank B hour

Interactive Whiteboard Focus on Connections Mathematical Practices

Interactive example available online Make sure students understand the connection between the unit rate 2 gallons per hour
and the rate 1.5 gallons per 0.75 hour (45 minutes). These are equivalent rates because the
[Link] unit rate is calculated by dividing 1.5 by 0.75.

Questioning Strategies Mathematical Practices

• Which gives you the best idea of which pool is leaking faster, the rate or the unit rate?
Explain. The unit rate because the denominator is the same for both pools, which allows
you to compare them directly.
Engage with the Whiteboard
Have students make bar diagrams as used in the Explore Activity to find the unit
rates for each pool. This provides a graphical representation of the division of
complex fractions involved in the example.

YOUR TURN
Avoid Common Errors Mathematical Practices
Guide students to see that adding water dilutes the taste of the lime juice, so a greater ratio
of water to lime juice will be more diluted and have a weaker lime taste.

Elaborate
Talk About It
Summarize the Lesson
Ask: Why would you rewrite a rate as a unit rate? Unit rates make it easy to
understand and compare rates.

GUIDED PRACTICE
Engage with the Whiteboard
Ask a student volunteer to complete the table in Exercise 1. Discuss how students
can read the unit rate as the rate that has a time of 1 unit.

Avoid Common Errors

Exercises 2–5 Students may be confused about which unit should go in the denominator
in these unit rates. Point out that usually units of time go in the denominator.

119 Lesson 4.1

DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info”
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YOUR TURN YOUR TURN

3. Paige mows _16 acre in _14 hour. How many acres does Paige mow per 5. Jaylan makes limeade using _34 cup water per _51 cup lime juice. Wanchen
Personal Personal
hour? Math Trainer makes limeade using _23 cup water per _16 cup lime juice. Find the unit
1 _
÷ 14 = _16 × _41 = _46 = _23; _23 acre per hour
_ Math Trainer
6 Online Practice
and Help Online Practice rates of water (cups) per lime juice (cups). Whose limeade has a weaker
and Help
[Link]
lime flavor? Explain.
Jaylon’s unit rate is 3_34 cups of water per cup of lime juice. Wanchen’s
4. _3
Greta uses 3 cups of pasta for every cup of sauce. How much pasta [Link]
4

does she use per cup of sauce? 4 cups

unit rate is 4 cups of water per cup of lime juice. Wanchen’s limeade
has a weaker lime flavor because 4 > 3_34 and the limeade with a
Using Unit Rates greater ratio of water to lime juice will have a weaker flavor.
You can use unit rates to simplify rates and ratios that appear complicated,
such as those containing fractions in both the numerator and denominator.
Guided Practice
Math On the Spot
EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE [Link].1 [Link]
1. Brandon enters bike races. He bikes 8_12 miles every _12 hour. Complete the
Two pools are leaking. After 15 minutes, pool A has leaked _23 gallon. After table to find how far Brandon bikes for each time interval. (Explore Activity)
My Notes
20 minutes, pool B has leaked _34 gallon. Which pool is leaking faster?
Distance (mi) 8_21 17 25_12 34 42_12
Time (h) 1
_ 1 1_21 2 2_21
STEP 1 Find the rate in volume (gallons) per time (hours) at which each 2
pool is leaking. First convert minutes to hours.
Find each unit rate. (Example 1)
Pool A 1h Pool B 1h
15 min = __
4
20 min = __
3 2. Julio walks 3_12 miles in 1_14 hours. 3. Kenny reads _58 page in _23 minute.
2
_ 3 3
_ _ 15
2_45 miles per hour
_2 gal
gal gal gal __ page per minute
3
_____
15 min
= ____
3
1
_
_____
4
20 min
= ____
4
1
_ 16
4
h h 3
4. A garden snail moves _16 foot in _13 hour. 5. A machine covers _58 square foot in _14 hour.
1
STEP 2 To find the unit rates, first rewrite the fractions. _
2
foot per hour 2_12 square feet per hour
Pool A Pool B First compare Find each unit rate. Determine which is lower. (Example 2)
2
_ gal 3
_ gal the whole-
3
____
1
_
= _23 ÷ _14 ____
4
1
_
= _34 ÷ _13 number parts. 6. Brand A: 240 mg sodium for _13 pickle 7. Ingredient C: _14 cup for _23 serving
h h
4 3
If they are or Brand B: 325 mg sodium for _12 pickle or Ingredient D: _31 cup for _34 serving
C: _38 cup/serving, D: _49 cup/serving;
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

STEP 3 To divide, multiply by the reciprocal. equal, compare A: 720 mg/pickle, B: 650 mg/
the fractional pickle; Brand B Ingredient C
Pool A Pool B parts, using
2 _
_ ÷ 14 = _23 × _41 3 _
_ ÷ 13 = _34 × _31 common
?
3 4
denominators. ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN
= _83, or 2_23 gal per h = _94, or 2_14 gal per h
8. How can you find a unit rate when given a rate?
STEP 4 Compare the unit rates. Math Talk
Mathematical Practices Divide the number in the numerator by the number in the
Pool A Pool B How do you
compare mixed denominator. Write the result with the units of the rate. For
2_23 > 2__
1 numbers?
1 mile _
4 example, _____
_1
= 1_1 = 2 miles per hour.
hour
So, Pool A is leaking faster. 2 2

Lesson 4.1 119 120 Unit 2

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DIFFERENTIATE INSTRUCTION
Home Connection Cooperative Learning Additional Resources
Ask students to bring in grocery store Have students explain how they simplified rates Differentiated Instruction includes:
­advertisements from a local newspaper or from that appear in complicated situations, such as ••Reading Strategies
the Internet. Have them find at least 5 items the complex fractions in Guided Practice ••Success for English Learners EL
whose costs are given in terms of size or weight. Exercises 6 and 7.
••Reteach
Then have them change the costs to unit prices.
Student 1: I rewrote the fractions using ••Challenge PRE-AP
division and then multiplied by the
reciprocal.
Student 2: I found the unit rate for each
one separately by dividing the numerator
by the denominator. Then I chose the unit
rate that was greater.

Unit Rates 120

 Personal
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
Evaluate Focus | Coherence | Rigor
and Intervention

Online homework GUIDED AND INDEPENDENT PRACTICE

assignment available [Link].1
[Link]
Concepts & Skills Practice
4.1 LESSON QUIZ Explore Activity Exercises 1, 12
Exploring Rates
[Link].1
Example 1 Exercises 2–5, 11, 12
1. Jorge’s printer can print 24 pages in Finding Unit Rates
15 minutes. How many pages can it
print in __34 hour? in 1 hour? Example 2 Exercises 6, 7, 9, 12
Using Unit Rates
2. Richard estimates that he can apply
fertilizer to 4,485 square feet of grass
in __34 hour. How many square feet of
grass can Richard fertilize per hour?
Exercise Depth of Knowledge (D.O.K.) Mathematical Practices
3. Elle wanted to order candy online.
Company A is offering 2__12 pounds 9 3 Strategic Thinking MP.4 Modeling
of chocolate for $32.50, while
Company B is offering 2__34 pounds 10 3 Strategic Thinking MP.7 Using Structure
of the same chocolate for $35.00.
11 2 Skills/Concepts MP.4 Modeling
Which company is offering the
lowest price per pound? 12 2 Skills/Concepts MP.8 Patterns

Lesson Quiz available online 13 3 Strategic Thinking MP.5 Using Tools

14 3 Strategic Thinking MP.2 Reasoning
[Link]
15 3 Strategic Thinking MP.5 Using Tools
Answers 16 3 Strategic Thinking MP.7 Using Structure
1. 72 pages; 96 pages
2. 5,980 square feet
Additional Resources
3. Company B Differentiated Instruction includes:
• Leveled Practice Worksheets

Exercise 14 combines concepts from the California Common Core

cluster “Analyze proportional relationships and use them to solve
real-world and mathematical problems.”

121 Lesson 4.1

DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info”
CorrectionKey=A CorrectionKey=A

Name Class Date

13. Analyze Relationships Eli takes a typing test and types all 300 words in
__
1
hour. He takes the test a second time and types the words in __
1
hour.
4.1 Independent Practice Personal 10 12
Math Trainer
Was he faster or slower on the second attempt? Explain.

Online Practice
Faster; he typed 50 words per minute in his first attempt
[Link].1 and Help
[Link]
and 60 words per minute in his second attempt.
9. The information for two pay-as-you-go cell b. If you needed to triple the recipe,
phone companies is given. would the ratio change? Explain.
FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area
No; both numbers in the ratio
On Call Talk Time 14. Justify Reasoning An online retailer sells two packages of protein bars.
3.5 hours: $10 1
__ hour: $1.25
are multiplied by the same
2
number, so the ratio is equivalent. 10-pack of 2.1 12-pack of 1.4
Package
ounce bars ounce bars
a. What is the unit rate in dollars per hour
for each company? c. What is the unit rate of the ingredients Cost ($) 15.37 15.35
in your recipe?
On Call: about $2.86 per hour;
Sample answer: 4 cups dried fruit a. Which package has the better price per bar?
Talk Time: $2.50 per hour The 10-pack costs about $1.54 per bar. The 12-pack
per 1 cup sunflower seeds
b. Analyze Relationships Which company costs about $1.28 per bar. The 12-pack has the better
offers the best deal? Explain your answer. 11. A radio station requires DJs to play 2
commercials for every 10 songs they price per bar.
Talk Time; its rate per hour play. What is the unit rate of songs to
commercials? 5 songs b. Which package has the better price per ounce?
is lower. __________
1 commercial The cost per ounce for the 10-pack is $0.73. The cost
c. What If? Another company offers a
rate of $0.05 per minute. How would 12. Multistep Terrance and Jesse are training per ounce for the 12-pack is $0.91. The 10-pack has
you find the unit rate per hour? for a long-distance race. Terrance trains at
the better price per ounce.
Multiply 0.05 times 60 because a rate of 6 miles every half hour, and Jesse
trains at a rate of 2 miles every 15 minutes. c. Which package do you think is a better buy? Justify your reasoning.
there are 60 minutes in 1 hour.
a. What is the unit rate in miles per hour Sample answer: I will always eat one whole bar, so the
d. Draw Conclusions Is the rate in part c for each runner?
lower price per bar for the 12-pack is the better buy.
a better deal than On Call or Talk Time? Terrance: 12 mi/h; Jesse:
Explain. 15. Check for Reasonableness A painter painted about half a room in half a
8 mi/h
The unit rate is $3 per hour, day. Coley estimated the painter would paint 7 rooms in 7 days. Is Coley’s
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

b. How long will each person take to run estimate reasonable? Explain.
so it is not a better deal. Yes; _12 ÷ _12 = _12 × _21 = _22 = 1 room per day. In 7 days, the
a total of 50 miles at the given rates?
10. Represent Real-World Problems Your Terrance: 4 hr 10 min; Jesse: painter would paint about 7 rooms.
teacher asks you to find a recipe that _1 cup
includes two ingredients with a ratio of ____
2
. 6 hr 15 min
_1
8
cup 16. Communicate Mathematical Ideas If you know the rate of a water leak
a. Give an example of two ingredients in a c. Sandra runs at a rate of 8 miles in in gallons per hour, how can you find the number of hours it takes for
recipe that would meet this requirement. 45 minutes. How does her unit rate 1 gallon to leak out? Justify your answer.
Sample answer: _12 cup dried compare to Terrance’s and to Jesse’s? Sample answer: Take the reciprocal of the rate. A rate of
Sandra runs slower than
fruit to _18 cup sunflower seeds in 7 gallons per hour is 1 hour per 7 gallons, or _17 hour per
Terrance but faster than Jesse.
a granola recipe gallon.

Lesson 4.1 121 122 Unit 2

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EXTEND THE MATH PRE-AP Activity available online [Link]

Activity The population density of a state is the average number of people per
square mile. Write the population densities of each state. Round your answers to the
nearest person per square mile. Then rank the states from least population density to
greatest population density.

2010 Census Population Area (thousands Population Density

State
(thousands) of square miles) (people/[Link].)
Arizona 6,392 114 56
Texas 25,146 262 96
Oklahoma 3,751 69 54
Utah 2,764 82 34
New Mexico 2,059 121 17

New Mexico, Utah, Oklahoma, Arizona, Texas

Unit Rates 122

 LESSON 4.2 Constant Rates of Change

Lesson Support
Content Objective Students will learn to identify and represent proportional relationships.

Language Objective Students will fully explain how to identify and represent proportional relationships.

California Common Core Standards

[Link].2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities.

[Link].2a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship, e.g., by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing
on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin.
[Link].2b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables, graphs, equations, diagrams, and verbal descriptions of
proportional relationships.
MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Focus | Coherence | Rigor

Building Background
Eliciting Prior Knowledge Have students complete the
pounds 1 2 3 4 5
table. Then have them describe the pattern that the table shows
and the unit rate that the table suggests. apples 4 8 12 16 20

The pattern shows 4 more apples for each pound.

4 apples
unit rate: ______
1 pound

Learning Progressions Cluster Connections

In this lesson, students continue to build their understanding of This lesson provides an excellent opportunity to connect ideas
rates and proportional relationships, focusing on constant rates in this cluster: Analyze proportional relationships and use
of change. Some key understandings for students are the them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.
following:
Show the following table and give students this prompt:
• A proportional relationship has a rate of change that is “Jackson was given a table showing the cost of 3 tickets and
constant between any two quantities. 5 tickets to a concert.”
• The constant of proportionality, k, can be used to express
a proportional relationship as an equation in the form Tickets 3 5 10 18
_y = k.
x Cost $50.25 $83.75 $167.50 $301.50
• A rate of change is a rate that describes how one quantity
changes in relation to another quantity. Have students complete the table and write an equation for the
• A proportion is a statement that two rates or ratios are proportional relationship shown in the table. Ask them to tell
equivalent. what each variable represents.
_y = 16.75; y is the total cost of the tickets and x is the number of
The concepts related to proportional relationships will be x
applied to percents in the next module. tickets.

123A
 PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Language Support EL

California ELD Standards

Emerging 2.I.1. Exchanging information/ideas – Engage in conversational exchanges and express ideas on familiar topics
by asking and answering yes-no and wh- questions and responding using simple phrases.
Expanding 2.I.1. Exchanging information/ideas – Contribute to class, group, and partner discussions by following
turn-taking rules, asking relevant questions, affirming others, adding relevant information, and paraphrasing key ideas.
Bridging 2.I.1. Exchanging information/ideas – Contribute to class, group, and partner discussions by following turn-taking
rules, asking relevant questions, affirming others, adding relevant information and evidence, paraphrasing key ideas, building on responses, and
providing useful feedback.

EL
Linguistic Support

Academic/Content Vocabulary Background Knowledge

constant – In this lesson, students need to know reflect – Students are asked to reflect after solving
the word constant as it is used in the definition of a math problem as a means of solidifying their
proportional relationships. Point out that in math, the understanding of the lesson concept. Point out to
word constant refers to something that is unchanging. English learners that other words can be used to
And in this lesson specifically, it refers to proportional ask them to think about what they have learned,
relationships that do not change. Also watch for these including consider, guess, what if, presume, etc.
words: per and each are cues to proportional
relationships.

EL
Leveled Strategies for English Learners

Emerging When proficiency in English is emerging, students need time to process their
thinking and respond in English. Have student identify, point out, and list examples of proportional
relationships in the lesson.

Expanding Have small groups of English learners at this level of proficiency identify and list
examples of proportional relationships in the lesson.

Bridging Have students at this level of proficiency work independently to identify and list
examples of proportional relationships in the lesson.

To help students answer the question posed in Math Talk in Example 1, model
Math Talk for English learners how to begin their response with the following: I can use the
constant rate by…

Constant Rates of Change 123B

 LESSON

4.2 Constant Rates of Change

CA Common Core Engage
Standards
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
The student is expected to: How can you identify and represent proportional relationships? A proportional relationship
Ratio and Proportional will have a rate of change that is constant between any two quantities. Find the constant y
Relationships—[Link].2 of proportionality, k, and use it to express the relationship as an equation in the form _x = k.
Recognize and represent proportional relationships Motivate the Lesson
between quantities. Ask: When you walk, can you keep a steady pace? Begin the Explore Activity to find out
Ratio and Proportional how to describe a steady rate of speed.
Relationships—[Link].2a
Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional
relationship, e.g., by testing for equivalent ratios in a
table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing Explore
whether the graph is a straight line through the origin.
Ratio and Proportional EXPLORE ACTIVITY
Relationships—[Link].2b Focus on Patterns Mathematical Practices
Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in Point out to students that the diagram shows 10.5 inches divided into three parts. Since the
tables, graphs, equations, diagrams, and verbal first two parts are labeled 3.5 inches, the third part, which is not labeled, must also be equal
descriptions of proportional relationships. Also [Link].2c to 3.5 in. The diagram shows that the tortoise moves 3.5 inches each second, which is a
steady pace.
Mathematical Practices
MP.2 Reasoning

Explain
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 1
Randall earns money fixing comput-
ers. Is the relationship between the Engage with the Whiteboard
amount Randall earns and the number Circle Callie’s earning rate of $16 per day in the table. Then have a student
of days a proportional relationship? circle each occurrence of this unit rate in the solution. The student will circle
$16
____
1 day
in each proportion in Step 1.
Number of
1 2 3 4 5
Days Questioning Strategies Mathematical Practices
Amount • How does the table represent the unit rate? The table shows that Callie earns $16 in 1 day,
175 350 525 700 875
Earned ($) which is a unit rate of $16 per day.
Yes; the constant rate of change is • What characteristic do you look for in the table in order to decide whether the relationship
$175 per day. is proportional? The amount earned divided by the number of days is constant for each
pair of values in the table.
Interactive Whiteboard
Interactive example available online Integrating Language Arts EL

Encourage English learners to use the table and fractions to help them understand
[Link] a proportional relationship.

123 Lesson 4.2

DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info”
CorrectionKey=A CorrectionKey=A

LESSON
Constant Rates
4.2
[Link].2 EXPLORE ACTIVITY (cont’d)

Recognize and represent

of Change proportional relationships

between quantities. Also
[Link].2a, [Link].2b, [Link].2c
Reflect
1. Suppose the tortoise travels for 12 seconds. Explain how you could find
the distance the tortoise travels.
Multiply 12 seconds by 3.5 inches per second.

?
2. How would you describe the rate of speed at which a tortoise travels?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you identify and represent proportional relationships? The rate is constant.

[Link].2a, [Link].2b
EXPLORE ACTIVITY
Proportional Relationships
Discovering Proportional Relationships A proportion is a statement that two rates or ratios are equivalent. For
example, ___
6 mi
= ___
3 mi
, or _24 = _12.
2h 1h
It takes a giant tortoise 3 seconds to travel 10.5 inches.
Math On the Spot A rate of change is a rate that describes how one quantity changes in relation
A The diagram shows the rate at which one tortoise moves. Use the diagram [Link] to another quantity. A proportional relationship between two quantities is
to determine if the tortoise is moving at a steady pace. Explain. one in which the rate of change is constant or one in which the ratio of one
The diagram shows that the tortoise moves 3.5 inches quantity to the other is constant.

each second, so it is moving at a steady pace. Proportional relationships are often described using words such as per or for
$1.25
each. For example, the rate ______
1 pound
could be described as $1.25 per pound or
10.5 in. $1.25 for each pound.
B What unit rate is represented in the diagram?
3.5 inches per second 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec EXAMPLE 1 [Link].2a, [Link].2b
My Notes
C Complete the table. 3.5 in. 3.5 in. ? Callie earns money by dog sitting. Based on the table, is the relationship
between the amount Callie earns and the number of days a proportional
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: © blickwinkel/Alamy

Time (sec) 1 2 3 4 5 relationship?

Distance (in.) 3.5 7 10.5 14 17.5 Number of Days 1 2 3 4 5

Multiply the
Amount Earned ($) 16 32 48 64 80
D For each column of the table, write a rate that compares the
constant rate by
the number of

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

distance and the time. Put distance in the numerator and time in the
denominator. Divide to write the rate as a decimal. days: 10 days × STEP 1 Write the rates.
$16 = $160 for Amount earned
____________
Number of days
$16
= ____
1 day
Put the amount earned in the numerator
and the number of days in the denominator.
3.5 7 10.5 14 17.5 10 days. $32 $16
_____ = _____ = _____ = _____ = _____ = _____ = ____
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2 days 1 day
1 2 3 4 5 $48 $16
_____ = ____ $16
Math Talk 3 days 1 day
Each rate is equal to _____
1 day
, or $16 per day.
E What do you notice about the decimal forms of the rates? Mathematical Practices
$64
_____ $16
How can you use the constant 4 days
= ____
1 day
They are equal. rate to find how much
$80 $16
Callie earns for 10 days of _____ = ____
dog sitting? 5 days 1 day
F Conjecture How do you think the distance the tortoise travels is
related to the time? STEP 2 Compare the rates. The rates are all equal. This means the rate is
constant, so the relationship is proportional.
The relationship is constant.
The constant rate of change is $16 per day.
Lesson 4.2 123 124 Unit 2

7_MCAAESE202610_U2M04L2.indd 123 23/04/13 3:19 PM 7_MCAAESE202610_U2M04L2.indd 124 23/04/13 3:19 PM

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Integrate Mathematical Math Background
Practices MP.2 A proportional relationship is also described by
This lesson provides an opportunity to address equations written in the form y = kx, where k is
this Mathematical Practice standard. It calls for the nonzero constant of proportionality. You can
students to create and use representations to say that y is directly proportional to x. This means
organize, record, and communicate that as x increases or decreases in value, y
mathematical ideas. Students use tables to respectively increases or decreases in value.
model a relationship between corresponding
real-world proportional values. Then students
simplify the ratios in the table to decide if there is
a proportional relationship. Finally, students write
an equation for a proportional relationship. In this
way, students are able to use representations to
organize, record, and communicate
mathematical ideas.

Constant Rates of Change 124

 YOUR TURN
Avoid Common Errors
Have students understand that even if some pairs have equal rates, such as 120 miles in
2 hours and 300 miles in 5 hours, the relationship is not proportional unless all pairs have
equal rates.

Talk About It
Check for Understanding
Ask: Allison drove 65 miles in 1 hour. What would the distance values in the table
be if the relationship between the distance and the time were proportional? In
order, they would be 130, 195, 260, and 325.

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2

Two pounds of peaches cost $4.50,
Questioning Strategies Mathematical Practices
5 pounds cost $11.25, and 10 pounds
cost $22.50. Show that the relationship • How do you know whether the constant of proportionality is ___ 1
9.50
or 9.50? The equation of
y
between the number of pounds of the proportional relationship is x = k, where k is the constant of proportionality. So, k is
_

peaches and the cost is a proportional equal to the quotient of cost and the number of pounds, 9.50.
relationship. Then write an equation Focus on Modeling Mathematical Practices
for the relationship. Describe the
Mention to students that pounds per dollar is also a possible unit rate for this situation and
proportional relationship in words.
similar situations. However, cost per pound is used more often.
___
4.50
2
= ____
11.25
= ____
5 y 10
22.50
= 2.25; the
equation is x = 2.25, where y is the
_
cost and x is the number of pounds. YOUR TURN
The cost is $2.25 per pound. Focus on Connections Mathematical Practices
Make sure that students understand the connections between the proportional
Interactive Whiteboard relationship, 1 adult per 12 students, and the constant of proportionality __
1
.
Interactive example available online 12

[Link]

Elaborate
Talk About It
Summarize the Lesson
Ask: How do you know when a relationship, like the one between distance and
time in the Explore Activity, is a proportional relationship? It is proportional if the
ratio of one quantity to the respective other quantity is constant. For example, in the
Explore Activity, the ratio of distance to the number of seconds is always 3.5.

GUIDED PRACTICE
Engage with the Whiteboard
Have two students create tables using the data in Exercise 2. Have one student
reverse the values for x and y. This will give a constant of proportionality that is __1k , the
reciprocal of k. Either arrangement of x and y still proves a proportional relationship.

Avoid Common Errors

Exercises 2, 3 When finding the rates, students may mix up the divisor and dividend.
Remind students that the constant of proportionality is the ratio of y to x, not x to y.
y
The equation for each relationship is of the form _x = k, where k is the constant of
proportionality.

125 Lesson 4.2

DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info”
CorrectionKey=A CorrectionKey=A

YOUR TURN YOUR TURN

3. The table shows the distance Allison drove on one day of her vacation. 4. For a school field trip, there must be 1 adult to accompany 12 students,
Personal Personal 3 adults to accompany 36 students, and 5 adults to accompany 60
Is the relationship between the distance and the time a proportional Math Trainer Math Trainer
relationship? Did she drive at a constant speed? Explain. Online Practice Online Practice
students. Show that the relationship between the number of adults
and Help and Help and the number of students is a proportional relationship. Then write
Time (h) 1 2 3 4 5 [Link] [Link] an equation for the relationship.
Distance (mi) 65 120 195 220 300
Number of students 12 36 60
No; the rates are not equal because her speed changed. Number of adults 1 3 5
1 adult
Each rate is equal to _________
12 students
. The relationship is
1
Writing an Equation for a proportional; a = __
12
s.

Proportional Relationship
If there is a proportional relationship between x and y, you can describe that
relationship using the equation y = kx. The variable k is called the constant Math On the Spot Guided Practice
of proportionality, and it represents the constant rate of change or constant [Link]
y
ratio between x and y. The value of k is represented by the equation k = _x .
1. Based on the information in the table, is the relationship between time
and the number of words typed a proportional relationship?
EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE [Link].2c, [Link].2b (Explore Activity and Example 1)

Two pounds of the cashews shown cost $19, and 8 pounds cost $76. Show Time (min) 1 2 3 4
that the relationship between the number of pounds of cashews and Number of words 45 90 135 180
the cost is a proportional relationship. Then write an equation for the
relationship. Describe the proportional relationship in words.
Number of words : 45 =
90 135 180
_______________ ___ _____ = _____ = _____ =
STEP 1 Make a table relating cost in dollars to pounds. Minutes 1 45 45 45 45
2 3 4
Number of Pounds 2 3 8 The relationship is / is not proportional.
Cost ($) 19 28.50 76
Find the constant of proportionality k. Then write an equation for the
STEP 2 Write the rates. Put cost in the numerator and pounds in the relationship between x and y. (Example 2)
denominator. Write each rate as a decimal.
2. x 2 4 6 8 3. x 8 16 24 32
Cost
______________
→ 19
__ = 9.50 28.50
____ = 9.50 76
__ = 9.50

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Number of Pounds 2 3 8 y 10 20 30 40 y 2 4 6 8
The rates are all equal to $9.50 per pound. They are constant,
k = 5; y = 5x k = _1 ; y = _1 x
4 4
so the relationship is proportional. The constant rate of
change is $9.50 per pound.
STEP 3 To write an equation, first tell what the variables represent.
• Let x represent the number of pounds of cashews.
Math Talk
Mathematical Practices ? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

How can you use your 4. How can you represent a proportional relationship using an equation?
• Let y represent the cost in dollars. equation to find the cost of

• Use the decimal form of the constant rate of change as the

6 pounds of cashews? Find the constant of proportionality, k. An equation for
constant of proportionality.
Substitute the proportional relationship is y = kx.
The equation for the relationship is y = 9.5x.
6 for x and
The cost is $9.50 per pound. solve for y.
Lesson 4.2 125 126 Unit 2

7_MCAAESE202610_U2M04L2.indd 125 4/23/13 5:20 PM 7_MCAAESE202610_U2M04L2.indd 126 23/04/13 3:19 PM

DIFFERENTIATE INSTRUCTION
Cooperative Learning Multiple Representations Additional Resources
Have students discuss different ways to use a Point out to students that they can represent a Differentiated Instruction includes:
table to draw conclusions about a proportional proportional relationship with a table, with an • Reading Strategies
relationship. equation, or with words. In the table, the • Success for English Learners EL
quotient of the y-value and the x-value gives
Student 1: I find the constant ratio of y • Reteach
the constant of proportionality, k, that is used
to x in all table columns and then compare y • Challenge PRE-AP
in the associated equation of the form _x = k.
them.
Students can also state in words that x and y
Student 2: I find the ratio of y to x in the have a proportional relationship with a constant
first column and then check if every other of proportionality k.
table column ratio of y to x is the same.

Constant Rates of Change 126

 Personal
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
Evaluate Focus | Coherence | Rigor
and Intervention

Online homework GUIDED AND INDEPENDENT PRACTICE

assignment available [Link].2, [Link].2a, [Link].2b, [Link].2c
[Link]
Concepts & Skills Practice
4.2 LESSON QUIZ Explore Activity Exercises 1, 9
Discovering Proportional Relationships
[Link].2, [Link].2a, [Link].2b,
Example 1 Exercises 1, 6, 10, 13
[Link].2c Proportional Relationships
Craig earns extra money as a lifeguard.
Example 2 Exercises 2–4, 5, 11, 14
He earns $37 for 4 hours and $64.75
Writing an Equation for a Proportional
for 7 hours.
Relationship
1. Explain how you know whether the
relationship between earnings and
time is a proportional relationship.
2. Identify the constant of proportion- Exercise Depth of Knowledge (D.O.K.) Mathematical Practices
ality, and write an equation for the
proportional relationship. 5 2 Skills/Concepts MP.4 Modeling

3. Write an equation for the following 6 2 Skills/Concepts MP.4 Modeling

proportional relationship. 7 3 Strategic Thinking MP.7 Using Structure
x 6 10 12 8 3 Strategic Thinking MP.7 Using Structure
y 45 75 90
9 3 Strategic Thinking MP.8 Patterns

Lesson Quiz available online 10 3 Strategic Thinking MP.4 Modeling

[Link] 11 2 Skills/Concepts MP.7 Using Structure

12 2 Skills/Concepts MP.4 Modeling
Answers 13 2 Skills/Concepts MP.4 Modeling
1. Both rates have the same unit rate,
$9.25 per hour. 14 2 Skills/Concepts MP.8 Patterns

2. 9.25; If y = earnings and x = hours, 15 3 Strategic Thinking MP.3 Logic

_y = 9.25.
x 16 2 Skills/Concepts MP.7 Using Structure
y
3. _x = 7.5.
17 3 Strategic Thinking MP.4 Modeling

Additional Resources
Differentiated Instruction includes:
• Leveled Practice Worksheets

127 Lesson 4.2

DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info”
CorrectionKey=A CorrectionKey=A

Name Class Date

A submarine dives 300 feet every 2 minutes, and 6,750 feet every
45 minutes.
4.2 Independent Practice Personal
Math Trainer 13. Find the constant rate at which the submarine dives. Give your answer in
Online Practice feet per minute and in feet per hour.
[Link].2, [Link].2a, [Link].2b, [Link].2c and Help
[Link]
150 feet per minute; 9,000 feet per hour
Information on three car-rental companies is given.
14. Let x represent the time of the dive. Let y represent the depth of the
5. Write an equation that gives the cost y of renting a Rent-All
submarine. Write an equation for the proportional relationship using the
Days 3 4 5 6
car for x days from Rent-All. y = 18.50x rate in feet per minute.
Total
Cost ($)
55.50 74.00 92.50 111.00 y = 150x
6. What is the cost per day of renting a car
$21.98 A-1 Rentals Car Town 15. Draw Conclusions If you wanted to find the depth of a submarine
from A-1?
The cost y of The cost of during a dive, would it be more reasonable to use an equation with the
7. Analyze Relationships Which company offers the renting a car for renting a car rate in feet per minute or feet per hour? Explain your reasoning.
best deal? Why? x days is $10.99 from us is just Sample answer: Feet per minute; A submarine may stay
for each half day. $19.25 per day!
Rent-All has the best deal because it
submerged for hours, but it would not dive for hours.
has the lowest rate per day ($18.50).
FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING
8. Critique Reasoning A skydiver jumps out of an airplane. After Work Area
0.8 second, she has fallen 100 feet. After 3.1 seconds, she has fallen
500 feet. Emtiaz says that the skydiver should fall about 187.5 feet in 16. Make a Conjecture There is a proportional relationship between your
1.5 seconds. Is his answer reasonable? Explain. distance from a thunderstorm and the amount of time that elapses
between the time you see lightning and the time you hear thunder. If
No; Emtiaz assumed the relationship is proportional and based his there are 9 seconds between lightning and thunder, the storm is about
estimate on a rate of _______
100 feet
0.8 second
, or 125 feet per second. The rate of 3 kilometers away. If you double the amount of time between lightning
and thunder, do you think the distance in kilometers also doubles? Justify
change is not constant, so the relationship is not proportional. your reasoning.
Yes; because there is a proportional relationship,
Steven earns extra money babysitting. He charges $31.25 for 5 hours and
$50 for 8 hours. the distance would increase by the same factor
9. Explain why the relationship between how much Steven charges and as the amount of time.
time is a proportional relationship.
The rates have the same unit rate, $6.25 per hour.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

17. Communicate Mathematical Ideas A store sells 3 ears of corn for $1.
10. Interpret the Answer Explain what the constant rate of change means They round prices to the nearest cent as shown in the table. Tell whether
in this context. you would describe the relationship between cost and number of ears of
Steven charges $6.25 per hour. corn as a proportional relationship. Justify your answer.
Ears of corn 1 2 3 4
11. Write an equation to represent the relationship. Tell what the variables
Amount charged ($) 0.33 0.67 1.00 1.34
represent.
x is the number of hours Steven babysits, and y is the Sample answer: Yes; even though the rates in the table
amount he charges; the equation is y = 6.25x are not constant per ear of corn, there is a constant rate
12. How much would Steven charge for 3 hours? $18.75 for every 3 ears of corn.

Lesson 4.2 127 128 Unit 2

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EXTEND THE MATH PRE-AP Activity available online [Link]

Activity The table shows one pair of values ?

for a proportional relationship. Use the table
description and what you have learned Time (sec) 5 10 30
about proportional relationships to describe Distance (feet) 330 660 1980
a possible proportional relationship that it
represents, and identify the constant of Sample answer: A greyhound can run 330
proportionality. Then fill in the table and feet in 5 seconds, or at a unit rate of 66 feet
write an equation for the proportional per second. So, the constant of proportional-
relationship. ity is 66. An equation for the proportional
y
relationship is _x = 66.

Constant Rates of Change 128

 LESSON 4.3 Proportional Relationships and Graphs

Lesson Support
Content Objective Students will learn to use graphs to represent and analyze proportional relationships.

Language Objective Students will explain how to use graphs to represent and analyze proportional relationships.

California Common Core Standards

[Link].2a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship, e.g., by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing
on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin.
[Link].2b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables, graphs, equations, diagrams, and verbal descriptions of
proportional relationships.
MP.4 Model with mathematics.

Focus | Coherence | Rigor

Building Background
Eliciting Prior Knowledge Have students work with a Ratios
partner to create a Venn diagram showing the relationships
Rates
among these terms: ratios, rates, and unit rates. Then invite
discussion about the Venn diagrams. Point out that a rate is a
type of ratio and therefore is a subcategory of ratio. A rate is a Unit Rates
ratio that compares two quantities of different units and a unit
rate is a rate with the second term equal to 1.

Learning Progressions Cluster Connections

In this lesson, students make important connections between This lesson provides an excellent opportunity to connect ideas
equations, tables, and graphs of proportional relationships. in this cluster: Analyze proportional relationships and use
Some key understandings for students are the following: them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.
• A constant rate does not necessarily mean that a Give students the following prompt: “Jena walks _34 mile in
1
_
relationship is proportional. 4
hour.” Have students complete the table, draw a graph, and
• A graph of a proportional relationship is always a line write a related equation.
through the origin.
• The unit rate is represented by the constant c in the x y
8
equation y = cx. 1
_ 3
_
4 4
6
• The constant of proportionality in a proportional
1
relationship is the slope of the graph of the relationship.
_
2
1_12 4

Work with proportions will continue as students solve problems 1 3 2

involving proportional relationships, including percent and
2 6 O 2 4 6
similar triangles.
3 9

y = 3x

129A
 PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Language Support EL

California ELD Standards

Emerging 2.I.6c. Reading/viewing closely – Use knowledge of morphology, context, reference materials, and visual cues to
determine the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words on familiar topics.
Expanding 2.I.6c. Reading/viewing closely – Use knowledge of morphology, context, reference materials, and visual cues
to determine the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words on familiar and new topics.
Bridging 2.I.6c. Reading/viewing closely – Use knowledge of morphology, context, reference materials, and visual cues to
determine the meaning, including figurative and connotative meanings, of unknown and multiple-meaning words on a variety of new topics.

EL
Linguistic Support

Academic/Content Vocabulary Background Knowledge

graphs – Students need to understand that graphs -ist – Point out words in the lesson that English
are visual representations of mathematical relation- learners may not know so that they can read through
ships. Point out to English learners that graphs model problems more easily the next time they encounter
relationships in word problems. Encourage English those words. In this lesson, bicyclist is used. The suffix
learners to follow these steps to graph proportional –ist means a person who—a bicyclist is a person who
relationships: rides a bicycle. It is a cognate in Spanish, biciclista.
Other common words with the –ist suffix include:
1. Read the problem carefully.
florist, cartoonist, typist, and journalist.
2. Complete a table with the information.
3. Write the data as ordered pairs.
4. Plot the ordered pairs on a graph.

EL
Leveled Strategies for English Learners

Emerging Visual cues, like graphs, are very helpful for students at this level of English proficiency.
Have them redraw a graph from the lesson and answer yes/no if the relationship in the graph is
proportional.

Expanding Have pairs of students redraw and label two graphs from this lesson—one that
demonstrates a proportional relationship and one that does not. Have students discuss the
difference.

Bridging Have students redraw two graphs from this lesson—one that demonstrates a propor-
tional relationship and one that does not. Have students explain the difference.

To help English learners answer the question posed in Math Talk, model for them
Math Talk how to begin the response: The x-coordinate 1 on the graph shows that…

Proportional Relationships and Graphs 129B

 LESSON

4.3 Proportional Relationships and Graphs

CA Common Core Engage
Standards
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
The student is expected to: How can you use graphs to represent and analyze proportional relationships? Sample
Ratio and Proportional answer: A graph that is a line through the origin shows a proportional relationship.
Relationships—[Link].2a
Motivate the Lesson
Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional Ask: How much water do you think you use when you take a shower? Take a guess. Begin
relationship, e.g., by testing for equivalent ratios in a the Explore Activity to find out.
table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing
whether the graph is a straight line through the origin.
Ratio and Proportional
Relationships—[Link].2b Explore
Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in
tables, graphs, equations, diagrams, and verbal EXPLORE ACTIVITY
descriptions of proportional relationships. Also [Link].2,
[Link].2c, [Link].2d, [Link].3 Focus on Patterns Mathematical Practices
Point out to students that when they graph the points from the table, the points form a line
Mathematical Practices that extends through the origin.
MP.4 Modeling

Explain
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 1
A test car went 64 miles on 2 gallons in
the morning, 16 miles on __12 gallon at Connect Vocabulary EL

noon, and 32 miles on 1 gallon at Remind students that a ratio is a comparison of two quantities using division, and a rate is a
5 pm. Is the relationship a proportional ratio that compares two quantities with different units of measure. The proportional
relationship? The graph of the data is a relationships in this lesson come from constant rates, such as dollars per hour or gallons
line that goes through the origin. So, per minute, that occur in real-world scenarios.
the relationship is proportional. Questioning Strategies Mathematical Practices
Interactive Whiteboard • Why are the intervals used on the axes of the graph different? A greater interval is needed
Interactive example available online for the total cost because the values go from $0 to $360.
• What two characteristics do you look for in the graph in order to decide whether the
[Link]
relationship is proportional? (1) The points form a line, and (2) the line goes through the
origin.

YOUR TURN
Avoid Common Errors
Animated Math Make sure students understand that a constant rate does not mean that a relationship is
Connect Concepts proportional. Even if there is a constant rate, such as $5 per bowling game, the graph of a
proportional relationship must contain the origin, (0, 0), and the equation of the line must
Students connect the concepts of unit be of the form y = kx.
rates, proportions, and graphs as they
Talk About It
solve proportions using a dynamic
Check for Understanding
grapher.
Ask: Jared pays a constant rate of $5 per bowling game. Why doesn’t the line go
[Link] through the origin? The total cost includes the one-time cost of $6 for bowling
shoes. When the number of games is 0 (x = 0), the total cost is $6, so the line goes through
(0, 6).
129 Lesson 4.3
DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info”
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LESSON
Proportional
4.3
[Link].2a
Decide whether two Identifying Proportional Relationships
Relationships quantities are in a
proportional relationship,
e.g., by...graphing on
In addition to using a table to determine if a relationship is proportional, you
also can use a graph. A relationship is a proportional relationship if its graph is

and Graphs a straight line through the origin.

a coordinate plane and
observing whether the graph Math On the Spot
is a straight line through the
origin. Also [Link].2, [Link].2b, [Link]
EXAMPLE 1 [Link].2a, [Link].2b

?
[Link].2c, [Link].2d, [Link].3
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you use graphs to represent and analyze proportional The table shows the relationship between the amount charged by a
relationships? housecleaning company ($) and the amount of time worked (hours). Is the
relationship a proportional relationship? Explain.

[Link].2a, [Link].2b, [Link].2d Time (h) 1 2 3 5 8

EXPLORE ACTIVITY
Total cost ($) 45 90 135 225 360

Graphing Proportional Relationships Animated

Math
STEP 1 Write the data in the table as ordered pairs (time, cost).
The equation y = 5x represents the relationship between the number [Link]
of gallons of water used (y) and the number of minutes (x) for most (1, 45), (2, 90), (3, 135), (5, 225), (8, 360)
showerheads manufactured before 1994.
STEP 2 Graph the ordered pairs.
A Explain why the relationship is proportional. How does the
equation represent the constant of proportionality? 500
Place time on the x-axis and total
The equation is in the form y = kx; the showerhead delivers

Total cost ($)

400
cost on the y-axis.
300
water at a steady rate of 5 gal per minute; k = 5 200 Plot each point.

Each minute, 5 gallons 100

B Complete the table. Notice that the points are on a line.
of water are used. So O 2 4 6 8 10
for 2 minutes, 2 · 5
Time (min) 1 2 3 7 10
gallons are used.
Time (h)
Water used (gal) 5 10 15 35 50 The graph is a line that goes through the origin.

The relationship is proportional. The point (1, 45) on the graph shows
C Write the data in the table as ordered pairs (time, water used). Water Use
that the constant of proportionality, or unit rate, is $45 for 1 hour.
(1, 5), (2, 10 ), (3, 15 ), ( 7 , 35), (10, 50 ) 50
Water used (gal)

40
The housecleaning company charges $45 per hour.
D Plot the ordered pairs.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

30

E If the showerhead is used for 0 minutes, how many gallons of water 20 YOUR TURN
will be used? What ordered pair represents this situation? What is 10
1. Jared rents bowling shoes for $6 and pays $5 per 40
0; (0, 0); the origin

Total cost ($)

this location called? O 2 4 6 8 10 bowling game. Is the relationship a proportional
30
Time (min) relationship? Explain.
F If the showerhead is used for 1 minute, how many gallons of water 20
will be used? What ordered pair represents this situation? What does Games 1 2 3 4 10
this point represent?
O 2 4 6 8
5 gal; (1, 5); the constant of proportionality or unit rate Total cost ($) 11 16 21 26
Games
Personal
Math Trainer No; a line drawn through the points does not go
G Draw Conclusions If you continued the table to include 23 minutes,
Online Practice
would the point (23, 125) be on this graph? Why or why not? and Help
125 through the origin.
No; it would not be on this graph because ___
23
≈ 5.4, not 5. [Link]

Lesson 4.3 129 130 Unit 2

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PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Integrate Mathematical Math Background
Practices MP.4 In a proportional relationship, one variable is a
This lesson provides an opportunity to address constant multiple of the other. As an equation,
this Mathematical Practice standard. It calls for the proportional relationship is y = kx, where k is
students to use tables to model a relationship called the constant of proportionality. Note that
between corresponding real-world proportional the constant, k, is the slope of the line in the
values. Then students use equations to generalize graph of the equation. A common example of
the proportional relationship. Finally, students this is the circumference of a circle, C = πd,
use graphs to visualize proportional relationships. where k = π.
In this way, students are able to use multiple
representations to model real-world situations.

Proportional Relationships and Graphs 130

 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2
The graph shows the relationship
Questioning Strategies Mathematical Practices
between the number of concert tickets
purchased and the total cost for the • How can you use the graph to find out how long it takes Damon to run 1 mile? Find the
tickets. Write an equation for this x-coordinate of the point that has a y-coordinate of 1. The point is (10, 1), so it takes
relationship. Describe what the points Damon 10 minutes to run 1 mile.
(0, 0) and (1, 20) on the graph • How can you use a point on the graph and the equation y = kx to find the constant of
represent. proportionality? Substitute the value of the x-coordinate for x and the y-coordinate for y in
the equation y = kx. Then solve the equation for k.
80
Engage with the Whiteboard
Total cost ($)

60 Have students draw graphs and identify the constant of proportionality in a propor-
40 tional relationship. Point out that this common ratio corresponds to the slope. Also
draw graphs that have a constant rate of change but are not proportional relationships, and
20
examine them for a constant of proportionality.
O 2 4 6 8
Focus on Modeling Mathematical Practices
Concert tickets
In Example 2, students use data from a graph to create an equation that models a
y = 20x; cost ($0) of 0 tickets; real-world situation. Ensure that students understand the real-world quantities involved in
cost ($20) of one ticket or unit rate the problem.
of $20 per ticket
Interactive Whiteboard YOUR TURN
Interactive example available online Focus on Connections Mathematical Practices
[Link] Make sure that students understand the connections between the unit rate 15 miles per
hour, the point (1, 15), and the constant of proportionality 15.

Elaborate
Talk About It
Summarize the Lesson
Ask: How do you know when a relationship between variables, like the
relationship between gallons of water used and time in minutes from the Explore
Activity, is a proportional relationship? If the relationship between variables is proportional,
when the ordered pairs representing the variables are graphed, the graph will be a straight
line through the origin.

GUIDED PRACTICE
Engage with the Whiteboard
Have students plot each point as they complete the table in Exercise 1. Then have
them use a straightedge to connect the points with a line showing that it is a
proportional relationship.

Avoid Common Errors

Exercises 1, 2 Remind students that the constant of proportionality is the ratio of y to x,
not x to y.
Exercises 3, 4 Remind students that the graph of a proportional relationship is a line that
goes through the origin.

131 Lesson 4.3

DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info”
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Guided Practice
Analyzing Graphs
Recall that you can describe a proportional relationship with the equation For each situation, tell whether the relationship is a proportional
y = kx. The constant of proportionality k tells you how steep the graph of the relationship. Explain why or why not. (Explore Activity)
relationship is. The greater the absolute value of k, the steeper the line.
Math On the Spot 1. The table shows the number of pages a 2. The amount a babysitter earns is given by
[Link] student reads in various amounts of time. the equation y = 7.5x where x is the number
EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE [Link].2, [Link].3 of hours and y is the amount earned in
Time (h) 3 5 9 10 dollars.
The graph shows the relationship between time in minutes and the
number of miles Damon runs. Write an equation for this relationship. The points appear to Pages 195 325 585 650 proportional; earnings are always
form a line through the
STEP 1 Choose a point on the graph and tell
5 origin, so the relationship proportional; pages is always 65 7.5 times the number of hours.
what the point represents. is proportional.

Distance (mi)
4
The point (25, 2.5) represents the distance 3
times the number of hours.
(2.5 miles) that Damon runs in 25 minutes. 2 Tell whether the relationship is a proportional relationship. Explain why
STEP 2 What is the constant of proportionality? 1 or why not. (Explore Activity and Example 1)

Because ______
distance
= _____
2.5 mi
= __
1
, the constant O 10 20 30 40 50 3. Chores 4. Movie Rentals
time 25 min 10
Time (min)
10 20
of proportionality is __
1

Number of chores
10
.
8 16
1
Write an equation in the form y = kx. y = __

Cost ($)
STEP 3 10
x 6 12
4 8
Reflect 2 4
1
2. What does the point (0, 0) on the graph represent? (1, __
10
)?
1
distance (0 mi) run in 0 min; unit rate: __
10
mi per 1 minute The point (1, 15)
O 2 4 6 8 10 O 2 4 6 8 10
Age (years) Number of movies
shows that the not proportional; the line will not proportional; the line will pass
3. What If? Suppose you drew a graph representing the relationship unit rate in this
y = _18 x between time in minutes and the number of miles Esther runs.
situation is 15 pass through the origin. through the origin.
How would the graph compare to the one for Damon? Explain.
miles per 1 hour.
Esther’s graph would be steeper; _18 mi/min > __
1
10
mi/min. Write an equation of the form y = kx for the relationship shown in each
graph. (Example 2)
4. Use your equation to find how far Damon runs in 40 minutes. How long Math Talk 5. 6.
40 10

Balloon height (ft)

would it take him to run 7.5 miles? Mathematical Practices
What is the meaning of 32 8
4 mi; 75 min

Cost ($)

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

the point on the graph 24 6

in Exercise 5 with
x-coordinate 1? 16 4
8 2
YOUR TURN
80
Distance (mi)

O 2 4 6 8 10 O 8 16 24 32 40
5. The graph shows the relationship between the 60 Time (s) Number of items
distance a bicyclist travels and the time in hours. 40
y = 3.5x y = _14 x
a. What does the point (4, 60) represent? 20

The bicyclist rides 60 miles in 4 hours.

15
O 2 4 6
Time (h)
8
Personal
Math Trainer
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN
b. What is the constant of proportionality?
7. How does a graph show a proportional relationship?
y = 15x
Online Practice
c. Write an equation in the form y = kx for this relationship. and Help
The graph is a straight line through the origin.
[Link]

Lesson 4.3 131 132 Unit 2

7_MCAAESE202610_U2M04L3.indd 131 4/23/13 8:25 PM 7_MCAAESE202610_U2M04L3.indd 132 23/04/13 4:55 PM

DIFFERENTIATE INSTRUCTION
Cooperative Learning Critical Thinking Additional Resources
Have students discuss different ways to find the Point out to students that on the graph of a Differentiated Instruction includes:
constant of proportionality in a proportional proportional relationship, the point with an • Reading Strategies
relationship. x-coordinate of 1 gives the constant of propor- • Success for English Learners EL
tionality as the y-coordinate. Ask students to
Student 1: I used the constant ratio of y • Reteach
examine this claim, discuss why it is true, and
to x in each table column. • Challenge PRE-AP
justify it with a logical argument. Sample answer:
Student 2: I just take the x- and y-values A proportional relationship can be expressed as
from each point on the graph and divide y y = kx, where k is the constant of proportionality.
by x. When x = 1, y = k(1) = k. So when x = 1, y gives
the constant of proportionality.

Proportional Relationships and Graphs 132

 Personal
Math Trainer
Online Assessment
Evaluate Focus | Coherence | Rigor
and Intervention

Online homework GUIDED AND INDEPENDENT PRACTICE

assignment available [Link].2, [Link].2a, [Link].2b, [Link].2c, [Link].2d, [Link].3
[Link]
Concepts & Skills Practice
4.3 LESSON QUIZ Explore Activity Exercises 1–2
Graphing Proportional Relationships
[Link].2a, [Link].2b, [Link].2c,
Example 1 Exercises 3–4
[Link].2d Identifying Proportional Relationships
The following data was collected on
a cheetah. It ran __12 mile in __23 min, Example 2 Exercises 5–6
__1 mile in __1 min, and __3 mile in 1 min. Analyzing Graphs
4 3 4
1. Explain how you know that this is a
proportional relationship.
2. Identify the constant of proportion- Exercise Depth of Knowledge (D.O.K.) Mathematical Practices
ality, and write an equation for the
proportional relationship. 8 3 Strategic Thinking MP.4 Modeling
3. Make a table and a graph of the 9 3 Strategic Thinking MP.4 Modeling
proportional relationship.
10 3 Strategic Thinking MP.2 Reasoning
4. Identify a point on the graph that
gives the constant of proportional- 11 2 Skills/Concepts MP.4 Modeling
ity as the y-coordinate.
12 4 Extending Thinking MP.3 Logic
Lesson Quiz available online 13 2 Skills/Concepts MP.4 Modeling
[Link] 14 1 Recall of Information MP.2 Reasoning
15 3 Strategic Thinking MP.4 Modeling
Answers 16 2 Skills/Concepts MP.7 Using Structure
1. The ratio of each data set simplifies
to 0.75. 17 4 Extending Thinking MP.7 Using Structure

2. 0.75; y = 0.75x 18 3 Strategic Thinking MP.8 Patterns

3. 19 3 Strategic Thinking MP.7 Using Structure
Time (min) 2 4 6 8
Distance (mi) 1.5 3 4.5 6 20 4 Extending Thinking MP.6 Precision
21 3 Strategic Thinking MP.8 Patterns
8
Distance (mi)

6 Additional Resources
4
Differentiated Instruction includes:
• Leveled Practice Worksheets
2

Exercises 8–12 combine concepts from the California Common Core

O 2 4 6 8 cluster “Analyze proportional relationships and use them to solve
Time (min) real-world and mathematical problems.”

4. (1, 0.75)

133 Lesson 4.3

DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info”
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Name Class Date

The graph shows the relationship between distance and time as 10
Glenda swims.
4.3 Independent Practice

Distance (ft)
Personal 8
Math Trainer 16. How far did Glenda swim in 4 seconds? 8 feet 6
Online Practice 4
[Link].2, [Link].2a, [Link].2b, [Link].2c, [Link].2d, and Help 17. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Is this a proportional relationship?
[Link]
[Link].3 Explain your reasoning. 2
For Exercises 8–12, the graph shows the 13. A bullet train can travel at 170 miles per Yes. The graph is a line that passes through the origin. O 2 4 6 8 10
relationship between time and distance run hour. Will a graph representing distance in Time (s)
by two horses. miles compared to time in hours show a 18. Multiple Representations Write an equation that shows the relationship
proportional relationship? Explain. between time and distance. Use your equation to find how long it would
10
Yes; A graph of miles traveled = 2x; 22 minutes
take in minutes for Glenda to swim _12 mile at this rate. y
Distance (mi)

8
6
B compared to number of hours
4 Work Area
FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING
2 will form a line that passes
A
O 2 4 6 8 10 through the origin. 19. Make a Conjecture If you know that a relationship is proportional and
Time (min) are given one ordered pair, how can you find another pair?
14. Critical Thinking When would it be
8. Explain the meaning of the point (0, 0).
more useful to represent a proportional
Divide the second coordinate by the first, to find the
the distance (0 miles) that each relationship with a graph rather than an constant of proportionality, k. Substitute the value of k
equation?
horse runs in 0 minutes into the equation y = kx. Then choose a value for x and
Sample answer: When comparing
9. How long does it take each horse to run a
two relationships, the comparison solve for y to find another ordered pair.
mile?
Horse A takes about 4 minutes. may be easier to see on a graph. The tables show the distance traveled by three cars.

Horse B takes about 2.5 minutes. 15. Multiple Representations Bargain DVDs Car 1 Car 2 Car 3
cost $5 each at Mega Movie. Time (h) Distance (mi) Time (h) Distance (mi) Time (h) Distance (mi)
10. Multiple Representations Write an
equation for the relationship between time a. Graph the proportional relationship 0 0 0 0 0 0
and distance for each horse. that gives the cost y in dollars of 2 120 5 200 1 65
Horse A: y = _14 x; Horse B: y = _25 x buying x bargain DVDs.
3 180 10 400 2 85
40 5 300 15 600 3 105
11. Draw Conclusions At the given rates, how 32 6 360 20 800 4 125
far would each horse run in 12 minutes?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Cost ($)

24
Horse A: y = 3 miles; 16 20. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Which car is not traveling at a
constant speed? Explain your reasoning.
Horse B: y = 4 _45 miles 8
car 3; Cars 1 and 2 show a constant rate of change, but
O 2 4 6 8 10
12. Analyze Relationships Draw a line on the DVDs the rate of change for car 3 is not constant.
graph representing a horse than runs faster
than horses A and B. b. Give an ordered pair on the graph and
21. Make a Conjecture Car 4 is traveling at twice the rate of speed of car 2.
explain its meaning in the real world
A sample answer is shown on How will the table values for car 4 compare to the table values for car 2?
context.
the graph above. If the values in the “Time” column are the same, each
Sample answer: (4, 20);
value in the “Distance” column for Car 4 will be twice the
4 DVDs cost $20
corresponding value for Car 2.
Lesson 4.3 133 134 Unit 2

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EXTEND THE MATH PRE-AP Activity available online [Link]

Activity The graph shows one point on the graph

of a proportional relationship. Use the graph labels and 20
what you have learned about proportional relationships
Distance (mi)

16
to describe a possible proportional relationship that it
represents, and identify the constant of proportionality. 12
Then write an algebraic equation for the proportional 8
relationship.
4 (5, 1)
The point (5, 1) is graphed. This represents 1 mile in
5 minutes, or a unit rate of __15 mile per minute. The constant O 10 20 30 40 50
of proportionality is __15, and an equation for the proportional Time (min)
relationship is y = __15 x.

Proportional Relationships and Graphs 134

 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info”
CorrectionKey=A

MODULE QUIZ

Ready to Go On? Ready Personal

Math Trainer
Assess Mastery 4.1 Unit Rates Online Practice
and Help
Find each unit rate. Round to the nearest hundredth, if necessary.
Use the assessment on this page to determine if students have [Link]

$7.78/ft2 $0.21/lb
mastered the concepts and standards covered in this module. 1. $140 for 18 ft2
2. 14 lb for $2.99
Circle the better deal in each pair. Then give the unit rate for the better deal.
$160 $315
3 $56
3. _____
$32.05
_____ $2.14/gal ____ ____ $32/g
2
Response to 25 gal or 15 gal 4. 5 g or 9 g

1 Intervention 4.2 Constant Rates of Change

5. The table shows the amount of money Number of
1 2 3 4
Tyler earns for mowing lawns. Is the Lawns
Intervention Enrichment relationship a proportional relationship? Amount
15 30 48 64
Why or why not? Earned ($)
Access Ready to Go On? assessment online, and receive No; the rate of dollars per lawn is not constant.
instant scoring, feedback, and customized intervention
6. On a recent day, 8 euros were worth $9 and 24 euros were worth $27.
or enrichment. Write an equation of the form y = kx to show the relationship between
the number of euros and the value in dollars.
Personal
Online and Print Resources y = 1.125x
Math Trainer , where y is dollars and x is euros

Online Assessment Differentiated Instruction Differentiated Instruction 4.3 Proportional Relationships and Graphs
and Intervention
• Reteach worksheets • Challenge worksheets 7. The graph shows the number of servings in different
Frozen Yogurt
[Link] amounts of frozen yogurt listed on a carton. Write an
• Reading Strategies EL PRE-AP equation that gives the number of servings y in x pints. 10

• Success for English Extend the Math PRE-AP y = 2.5x 8

Servings
6
Learners EL Lesson Activities in TE 8. A refreshment stand makes 2 large servings of frozen 4
yogurt from 3 pints. Add the line to the graph and write 2

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

its equation.
y=_ 2x O 2 4 6 8 10
3 Pints
Additional Resources
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Assessment Resources
• Leveled Module Quizzes 9. How can you use rates to determine whether a situation is a proportional
relationship?
Sample answer: Compare corresponding values of the
variables to determine whether there is a constant rate.

Module 4 135

7_MCAAESE202610_U2M04RT.indd 135 4/23/13 11:18 PM

California Common Core Standards

Lesson Exercises Common Core Standards

4.1 1–4 [Link].1
4.2 5–6 [Link].2, [Link].2a, [Link].2b, [Link].2c
4.3 7–8 [Link].2, [Link].2a, [Link].2b, [Link].2c

135 Unit 2 Module 4

 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info”
CorrectionKey=A

MODULE 4

Assessment Readiness
Personal
MIXED REVIEW Math Trainer
Online Practice
Assessment Readiness [Link] and Help

Scoring Guide
1. Consider each ratio. Is the ratio equivalent to a unit rate of _14 cup of milk
Item 3 Award the student 1 point for writing an equation for per cup of flour?
the relationship shown in the graph and 1 point for correctly Select Yes or No for expressions A–C.
explaining how to identify that the relationship is proportional and A. _12 cup of milk per 2 cups of flour Yes No
how to determine the constant of proportionality. B. 1_12 cups of milk per 4 cups of flour Yes No
C. 1_34 cup of milk per 7 cups of flour Yes No
Item 4 Award the student 1 point for determining that the
9
relationship is proportional and 1 point for justifying this 2. Consider the number - __
20
.
Choose True or False for each statement.
conclusion by showing there is a constant rate of change.
A. The number is rational. True False
Additional Resources B. The number can be written as a
repeating decimal. True False
To assign this assessment online, C. The number is less than -0.4. True False
Personal login to your Assignment Manager 3. The graph shows the relationship between the gallons of water a sprinkler
Math Trainer

Amount of water (gal)

y
at [Link]. system uses and the number of minutes the system is used. Write an 48
equation for this relationship. Explain how you determined your answer. 36
Online
Assessment and 24
[Link] Intervention y = 6x; Sample answer: The relationship is proportional 12
x
because its graph is a straight line through the origin. O 2 4 6
Time (min)
The point (2, 12) lies on the graph, so the constant of
12
proportionality is __
2
= 6.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

4. A blimp travels 765 feet in _14 minute, 1,530 feet in _12 minute, and 3,060 feet
in 1 minute. Is there a proportional relationship between the distance the
blimp travels and the time it travels? Justify your answer.

765 ft
Yes; Sample answer: Find the rates: _____
1
_
= 3,060 ft/min,
4
min
1,530
______ft 3,060
______ft
1
_
= 3,060 ft/min, and 1 min
= 3,060 ft/min. There
2
min
is a constant rate of change of 3,060 ft/min, so the
relationship is proportional.

136 Unit 2

7_MCAAESE202610_U2M04RT.indd 136 26/04/13 1:36 PM

California Common Core Standards

Item 4 combines concepts from the California
Items Grade 7 Standards Mathematical Practices Common Core cluster “Analyze proportional
1 [Link].1 MP.2 relationships and use them to solve real-world
and mathematical problems.”
2* [Link].2b, [Link].2d MP.7
3 [Link].2, [Link].2a, [Link].2b, MP.4
[Link].2c
4 [Link].1, [Link].2, [Link].2a, MP.3
[Link].2b

* Item integrates mixed review concepts from previous modules or a previous course.

Ratios and Proportionality 136