Module 11

Polynomials
Essential Question
How can you perform operations on polynomials and use them to represent real-world
situations?

What Will You Learn?

How much do you already know about each topic before starting this module?
KEY Before After
— I don’t know. — I’ve heard of it. — I know it!

write polynomials in standard form

add polynomials
subtract polynomials
multiply polynomials by a monomial
solve equations with polynomial expressions
multiply binomials
multiply polynomials
factor polynomials using the Distributive Property
factor quadratic trinomials by grouping
factor polynomials that are the result of special products

Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes about
polynomials. Begin with four sheets of grid paper
.
1. Fold in half along the width. On the first two sheets, cut 5 centimeters along the fold at the
ends. On the second two sheets cut in the center , stopping 5 centimeters from the ends.
2. Insert the first sheets through the second sheets and align the folds. Label the front Module
11, Polynomials. Label the pages with lesson numbers and the last page vocabulary.
First 2 Sheets Second 2 Sheets

Lesson 11-3

Module 11 • Polynomials 627

What Vocabulary Will You Learn?
• binomial • factoring by grouping • quadratic expression
• degree of a monomial • leading coefficient • standard form of a polynomial
• degree of a polynomial • perfect square trinomials • trinomial
• difference of two squares • polynomial
• factoring • prime polynomial

Are You Ready?

Complete the Quick Review to see if you are ready to start this module.
Then complete the Quick Check.

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2
Rewrite 6x(-3x - 5x - 5x2+ x )3 using the Simplify 8c + 6 - 4c + 2c2.
Distributive Property. Then simplify.
8c + 6 - 4c + 2c2 Original expression
6x(-3x - 5x - 5x2+ x )3 = 2c 2+ 8c − 4c + 6 Rewrite in descending order.
= 6x(-3x) + 6x(- 5x) + 6x(- 5x 2) + 6x(x )3 = 2c 2+ (8 − 4)c + 6 Use the Distributive Property.
= -18x 2+ (-30x )2- 30x +3 6x 4
= 2c 2+ 4c + 6 Combine like terms.
= - 48x 2- 30x +
3
6x 4

Quick Check
Rewrite each expression using the Simplify each expression. If not
Distributive Property. Then simplify. possible, write simplified.
1. a(a + 5) 5. 3x + 10x
2. 2(3 + x) 6. 4w 2+ w + 15w 2

3. n(n - 3n + 2)
2
7. 6m - 8m
2

4. –6(x2- 5x + 4) 8. 2x 2+ 5 + 11x +
2
7

How did you do?

Which exercises did you answer correctly in the Quick Check?

628 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Lesson 11-1

Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Learn T ypes of Polynomials Today’s Goals
● Identify and write
A polynomial is a monomial or the sum of two or more monomials. polynomials by using
Some polynomials have special names. the standard form.
● Add polynomials.
• A monomial is a number, a variable, or a product of a number and
● Subtract polynomials.
one or more variables.
• A binomial is the sum of two monomials. Today’s Vocabulary
• A trinomial is the sum of three monomials. polynomial
binomial
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents of all its variables.
A nonzero constant term has degree 0, and zero has no degree. trinomial
degree of a monomial
The degree of a polynomial is the greatest degree of any term in the degree of a polynomial
polynomial. You can find the degree of a polynomial by finding the
standard form of a
degree of each term. Polynomials are named by their degree. polynomial
leading coefficient
Degree Name

0 constant
1 linear
2 quadratic
3 cubic
4 quartic
5 quintic Think About It!
6 or more 6th degree, 7thdegree, . . . Is 4x - 2x2+ 9 written
in standard form?
Addition is commutative, and therefore the terms of a polynomial can Justify your argument.
be written in any order. However, the standard form of a polynomial
has the terms written in order from greatest degree to least degree.
When a polynomial is in standard form, the coefficient of the first term
is called the leading coefficient.

Example 1 Identify Polynomials

Determine whether each expression is a polynomial. If it is a
polynomial, find the degree and determine whether it is a monomial, Talk About It!
binomial, or trinomial. Explain why 8ab - 2c is
a 2nd degree polynomial
a. 8ab - 2c
and not a 1st degree
8ab – 2c is the sum of two monomials, 8ab and -2c, so this is a polynomial.
polynomial. Degree: 2; binomial.

Lesson 11-1 • Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 629

 b. -11.25
-11.25 is a real number, so this is a polynomial. Degree: 0;
monomial.
c. 2x -2
+ 3xy
2x-2
= _2_ , which is not a monomial, so this is not a polynomial.
x2
d. 9x 3
- 8x + 5x - 27

Watch Out! The simplified form is 9x 3- 3x - 27, which is the sum of three
Degree of a Polynomial monomials, so this is a polynomial. Degree: 3; trinomial.
Remember that the e. 2m 2+ 2mn - n 2
degree of a monomial
is the sum of the 2m2+ 2
2mn - n the sum of three monomials, so this is a
is
exponents of all its polynomial. Degree: 2; trinomial.
variables, and the
degree of the
Check
polynomial in which it is
a term is the greatest Copy and complete the table. Determine whether each expression is a
degree of any term in polynomial. If it is a polynomial, find the degree and determine
it. Be careful not to whether it is a monomial, binomial, or trinomial.
identify the degree of
a polynomial by Expression Is it a polynomial ? Degree Classification
looking only at the
a. 3z -2
greatest exponent.
b. 2x 3+ x - 12
c. 9b
d. 9x - 2

Example 2 Standard Form of a Polynomial

Write 4x + 12 + 2x 3- 3x in
2 standard form. Identify the leading

coefficient.
To write the polynomial in standard form, rewrite the terms in order
Think About It! from greatest degree, 3, to least degree, 0. The polynomial can be
In standard form, why rewritten as 2x 3 - 3x2 + 4x + 12 with a leading coefficient of 2.
is the constant term at
the end of the Check
polynomial rather than
the beginning? Part A Write 5b - 10b 2+ 35 - b in3 standard form.

2 35 - b . 3
Part B Identify the leading coefficient in 5b - 10b +
The leading coefficient of the polynomial is ? .

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

630 Module 11 • Polynomials

Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Add and Subtract
Polynomials
Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore.

INQUIRY How are the processes for adding

and subtracting polynomials similar?

Learn Adding Polynomials

Adding polynomials involves adding like terms. When adding polynomials,
Think About It!
you can group like terms by using a horizontal or vertical format.
How can writing
Method 1 Horizontal Method polynomials in
Group and combine like terms. standard form be
helpful when adding?
(3x2+ 9x + 27) + (2x2+ 4x - 12)
= [3x2+ 2x ]2+ [9x + 4x] + [27 + (-12)] Group like terms.
= 5x2+ 13x + 15 Combine like terms.
Method 2 Vertical Method
Align like terms in columns and combine.
3x2+ 9x + 27
(+) 2x +2 4x − 12 Align like terms.
5x2+ 13x + 15 Combine like terms.

Example 3 Add Polynomials

Find each sum.
2 4) + (x -2 9)
a. (3x -
(3x 2- 4) + (x -
2 9) = [3x +2x ] +2[-4 + ( -9 )] Group like terms.
= 4x 2- 13 Combine like terms.
Study Tip
b. (8 - x )2 + (4x + 2x -
2 9)
Placeholders When
Insert a placeholder adding polynomials, it
-x2+ 8 -x2+ 0x + 8 to align the terms. may be necessary to
4x + 2x 2- 9 (+) 2x +2 4x - 9 Align and combine insert a placeholder to
x2+ 4x - 1 like terms. help align the terms.
For example, if one of
the polynomials does
not have an x2 term,
add 0x2 to keep the
terms aligned.
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 11-1 • Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 631

 Check
Find each sum. Write your answer in standard form.
(12y + 20y2 - 2) + (-13y 2+ y - 10)
(-4b - b2+ 2) + 2(b2+ 2b - 1)
(-f + 5f 2+ 5) + (3f -
3 f+f)2

Learn Subtracting Polynomials

You can subtract a polynomial by adding its additive inverse.
oTfind the
additive inverse of a polynomial, write the opposite of each term.
Select a method to find (11x − 13 − 7x3− 8x 2) − (2x + 8x +
2 20).

Method 1 Horizontal method

Subtract 2x + 8x2 + 20 by adding its additive inverse.
(11x − 13 − 7x3 − 8x2) − (2x + 8x2+ 20) The additive inverse of
2x + 8x2+ 20 is -2x - 8x2- 20.

= (11x - 13 - 7x3- 8x )2 + (-2x - 8x -

2 20)

= -7x3+ [-8x +
2 (-8x )]2+ [11x + (- 2x)] + [-13 + (-20)]

= -7x3- 16x +
2 9x - 33

Think About It!

Method 2 Vertical method
In the example, why is
the term 0x3 introduced Align like terms in columns and subtract by adding the additive inverse.
when subtracting the -7x3 - 8x2+ 11x - 13 -7x3- 8x +
2 11x - 13
polynomials?
(-) 0x3+ 8x 2+ 2x + 20 (+) -0x3- 8x 2- 2x - 20
-7x3- 16x +
2 9x - 33

Adding or subtracting integers results in an integer

, so the set of integers
is closed under addition and subtraction. Similarly, when you add or
subtract polynomials, you are combining like terms. This results in a
polynomial with the same variables and exponents as the original
polynomials, but possibly different coefficients. Thus, the sum or
difference of two polynomials is always a polynomial, and the set of
polynomials is closed under addition and subtraction.

Example 4 Subtract Polynomials Horizontally

Find (6x - 11) - (2x - 19).
Subtract (2x - 19) by adding its additive inverse.
(6x - 11) - (2x - 19 ) = (6x - 11) + (-2x + 19)
= [6x + (-2x)] + [-11 + 19] Group like terms.

= 4x + 8 Combine like terms.

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

632 Module 11 • Polynomials

Example 5 Subtract Polynomials Vertically Think About It!
Find (x + 2) - (7x - 3x2+ 14). What is the first step for
finding the difference of
Align like terms in columns and subtract by adding the additive inverse. polynomials?
0x2+ x + 2 0x2+ x + 2
(-) -3x2+ 7x + 14 (+) 3x2- 7x - 14

3x2- 6x - 12

Check
Find (z2+ 2z - 5) - (9z - 3z ).2 Write your answer in standard form.

Find (8r - 14 + 7r2 ) - (-162r - 7r - 3). Write your answer in standard form.

Study Tip
Find (h - 2h - h2 ) - (5h2- 2 + 8h). Write your answer in standard form.
Units Pay attention to
the language in the
question. The
equations represent
the number of hard
copy and digital
Example 6 Add and Subtract Polynomials albums sold in the
thousands, so your
ALBUM SALES Today’s recording artists can sell hard copies H and answer should
digital copies D of their albums. The equations H = 9w + 53 and represent album sales
D = 13w + 126 represent the number of albums (in thousands) one in the thousands.
artist sold in w weeks. Write an equation that shows how many more
digital albums were sold than hard copies S. Then predict how many
more digital albums are sold than hard copies in 52 weeks.

Think About It!

To write an equation that represents how many more digital albums
What assumption did
were sold than hard copies S, subtract the equation for the number of
you make about the
hard copies H sold from the equation for the number of digital albums
trend of sales over the
D sold. 52 weeks? Can you
determine the sales of
S = (13w + 126) - (9w + 53) hard copy and digital
albums for a specific
week? Explain.
= 4w + 73

Substitute 52 for w to predict how many more digital albums are sold
than hard copies in 52 weeks.

There will be 281,000 more digital albums sold than hard copies in
52 weeks.
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 11-1 • Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 633

 Check
COLLEGE LIVING The total number of students T who attend a college
consists of two groups: students who live in dorm rooms on campus D
and students who live in apartments off campus A. The number (in
hundreds) of students who live in dorm rooms and the total number of
students enrolled in the college can be modeled by the following
equations, where n is the number of years since 2001.
T = 17n + 23
D = 11n + 8

Part A Write an equation that models the number of students who live
in apartments.

Part B Predict the number of students who will live in apartments

in 2020.

Part C What do you need to assume in order to predict the number of

students who will live on campus in 2020?

A. The total number of students does not include students who

commute.
B. Students do not share dorm rooms.
C. The number of students enrolled in the college remains the same.
D. Many students live at home during the summer.

Pause and Reflect

Did you struggle with anything in this lesson? If so, how did you deal
with it?

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

634 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Example 1
Determine whether each expression is a polynomial. If it is a polynomial, find the
degree and determine whether it is a monomial, binomial, or trinomial.
5y 3
1. ___
2 + 4x 2. 21
x

3. c 4- 2c +2 1 4. d + 3d c

5. a - a 2 3 nq
6. 5n + 3

Example 2
Write each polynomial in standard form. Identify the leading coefficient.
7. 5x 2- 2 + 3x 8. 8y + 7y 3

9. 4 - 3c - 5c 2 3 3y - 3y +2 2
10. -y +

11. 11t + 2t 2- 3 + t 5 12. 2 + r - r 3

1
13. _2_x - 3x4+ 7 2 10b - b
14. -9b + 6

Examples 3–5
Find each sum or difference.
15. (2x + 3y) + (4x + 9y) 16. (6s + 5t) + (4t + 8s)

17. (5a + 9b) - (2a + 4b) 18. (11m - 7n) - (2m + 6n)

19. (m 2 - m) + (2m + m2) 2 3x) - (2x +2 5x)

20. (x -

21. (d 2- d + 5) - (2d + 5) 2 5h) + (7h - 3h ) 2

22. (2h -

23. (5f + g - 2) + (-2f + 3) 2 2k + 9) + (4k -2 5k)

24. (6k +

25. (2c 2 + 6c + 4) + (5c2- 7) 26. (2x + 3x )2- (7 - 8x )2

Lesson 11-1 • Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 635

Find each sum or difference.
27. (3c 3− c + 11) − (c +2 2c + 8) 28. (z 2+ z) + (z −2 11)

29. (2x − 2y + 1) − (3y + 4x) 30. (4a − 5b 2+ 3) + (6 − 2a + 3b ) 2

31. (x y2 − 3x +
2 y) + (3y − 2x y)2 32. (−8xy + 3x 2− 5y) + (4x −2 2y + 6xy)

33. (5n − 2p 2+ 2np) − (4p +2 4n) 34. (4rxt − 8r 2x + x )2− (6rx +2 5rxt − 2x ) 2

Example 6
35. PROFIT Company A and Company B both started their businesses in the same
year. The profit P, in millions, of Company A is given by the equation P = 3.2x + 12,
where x is the number of years in business. The profit P, in millions, of Company B
is given by the equation P = 2.7x + 10, where x is the number of years in business.
a. Write a polynomial equation to give the difference in profit D after x years.

b. Predict the difference in profit after 10 years.

36. ENVELOPES An office supply company produces yellow document envelopes.

The envelopes come in a variety of sizes, but the length is always 4 centimeters
more than double the width, x.
a. Write a polynomial equation to give the perimeter P of any of the envelopes.

b. Predict the perimeter of an envelope with a width of 6 centimeters.

Mixed Exercises
Classify each polynomial according to its degree and number of terms.
37. 4x − 3x 2+ 5 38. 11z 3

39. 9 + y 4 40. 3x 3− 7x

5 x +2 5x − 8
41. −2x − 42. 10t − 4t 2+ 6t 3

Find each sum or difference.

43. (4x + 2y − 6z) + (5y − 2z + 7x) + (−9z − 2x − 3y)

44. (5a 2 − 4) + (a2− 2a + 12) + (4a 2− 6a + 8)

45. (3c 2 − 7) + (4c + 7) − (c2+ 5c − 8)

636 Module 11 • Polynomials

46. ROCKETS Two toy rockets are launched straight up into the air. The height, in feet,
of each rocket at t seconds after launch is given by the polynomial equations
shown. Write an equation to find the difference in height of Rocket A and Rocket B.
Predict the difference in height after 5 seconds.
Rocket A: D1 = −16t2+ 122t
2 84t
Rocket B: D2= −16t +

47. INDUSTRY Two identical right cylindrical steel drums containing oil need to r
be covered with a fire−resistant sealant. In order to determine how much
sealant to purchase, George must find the surface area of the two drums.
The surface area, including the top and bottom bases, is given by the
h
formula S = 2πrh + 2πr2.
a. Write a polynomial to represent the total surface area of the two drums.

b. Find the total surface area, to the nearest tenth of a square meter, if the
height of each drum is 2 meters and the radius of each is 0.5 meter.

48. MANUFACTURING A company delivers their product in cubic boxes that have
volume x3. When the company begins to manufacture a second product,
manufacturing designs a new shipping box that is 3 inches longer in one
dimension and 1 inch shorter in another dimension. The volume of the new box is
x 3 + 2x 2− 3x.
a. Write an expression to represent the total volume of 4 of each kind of box.

b. Find an expression that shows the difference in volume between the two
boxes.

49. FIND THE ERROR Claudio says that polynomials are not closed under addition and
gives this counterexample, which he says is not a polynomial: (x2 − 2x) + (−x2+
2x) = 0. Is Claudio correct? Explain your reasoning.

4
50. VOLUME The volume of a sphere with radius x is _ 3 3
3 πx units , and the volume of
a cube with side length x is x 3units . 3
a. Find the total combined volume of the sphere and cube.

b. How much more volume does the sphere contain?

Lesson 11-1 • Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 637

51. STRUCTURE Compute the following differences.
2 3x + 7) − (18x −2 2x − 3)
a. (5x −

2 2x − 3) − (5x −2 3x + 7)
b. (18x −

c. What do you notice about part a compared to part b? How does this relate to
the structure of the integers?

52. REGULARITY In the set of integers, every integer has an additive inverse. In other
words, for every integer n, there is another integer −n such that n + (−n) = 0. Is
this true in the set of polynomials? Does every polynomial have an additive
inverse? Demonstrate with an example.

Higher-Order Thinking Skills

2 x) − (3x + 3x −22).
53. FIND THE ERROR Cheyenne and Nicolas are finding (2x −
Is either correct? Explain your reasoning.

Cheyenne Nicolas
(2x2 – x) – (3x + 3x2– 2) ( 2x2 – x) – ( 3x + 3x2 – 2)
= (2x2 – x) + (–3x + 3x2– 2) = ( 2x2 – x) + (–3x – 3x2– 2)
= 5x2 – 4x – 2 = –x2 – 4x – 2

54. ANALYZE Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false.
Justify your argument.
a. A binomial can have a degree of zero.

b. The order in which polynomials are subtracted does not matter.

55. PERSEVERE Write a polynomial that represents the sum of 2n + 1 and the next
two consecutive odd integers.

56. WRITE Why would you add or subtract equations that represent real-world
situations? Explain.

57. WRITE Describe how to add and subtract polynomials using both the vertical and
horizontal methods.

58. CREATE Write two polynomials that can be added to have a sum
of −11x3 − x2+ 5x + 6.

638 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Lesson 11-2
Multiplying Polynomials
by Monomials
Today’s Goal
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Find Products of ● Multiply polynomials by
monomials.
Polynomials and Monomials
Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore.

INQUIRY How can you use the Distributive

Property to find the product of a polynomial
and a monomial?

Learn Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial

To find the product of a monomial and a binomial, you can use the
Distributive Property. You can also use the Distributive Property to find
the product of a monomial and a longer polynomial. When polynomials
are multiplied, the product is also a polynomial. Therefore, the set of
polynomials is closed under multiplication. This is similar to the system
of integers, which is also closed under multiplication.

Example 1 Multiply a Polynomial by a Monomial Go Online

Simplify -2x(4x2+ 3x - 5). An alternate method is
available for this
-2x(4x2+ 3x − 5) Original expression example.
= -2x(4x2) + (−2x)(3x) − (−2x)(5) Distributive Property

= −8x 3+ (−6x )2− (−10x) Multiply.

Watch Out!
= −8x 3− 6x +
2 10x Simplify.
Negatives If the
monomial has a
Example 2 Simplify Expressions negative coefficient,
remember to distribute
Simplify 3n(6n 3- 4n) - 2(9n -
4 11).
the negative sign to
3n(6n3− 4n) - 2(9n -
4 11)
each term in the
polynomial.
= 3n(6n 3) − 3n(4n) + (-2)(9n )4+ (−2)(-11) Distributive Property
= 18n4-12n −
2 18n +422 Multiply.

= (18n 4- 18n ) 4− 12n +2 22 Commutative and

Associative properties
= −12n 2+ 22 Combine like terms.

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 11-2 • Multiplying Polynomials by Monomials 639

 Example 3 Write and Evaluate a Polynomial
Expression
Use a Source ARCHITECTURE The world’s largest basket is a building. Each face of
Find the height of the the building is in the shape of a trapezoid, with the largest face having
basket building and use a height of h and two base lengths, h + 90 and 2h + 84. Write and
it to determine the area simplify an expression to represent the area of one side of the building.
of one side.
Let h = the height of a trapezoid, a = h + 90 and b = 2h + 84.
1
A = _2_h(a + b) Area of a trapezoid
1
= _2_h[(h + 90) + (2h + 84)] a = h + 90 and b = 2h + 84
1
= 2_h(3h + 174)
_ Add and simplify.
3 2
= __2 h + 87h Distributive Property
3 2
The area of one side of the building is __
2 h + 87h.

Example 4 Solve Equations with Polynomial Expressions

Study Tip
Solve each equation.
Check To ensure that
your answer is correct, a. -16p = -2(p + 3) + 3(6p - 30)
substitute it into the
original equation and −16p = -2(p + 3) + 3(6p - 30) Original equation
verify that the simplified −16p = -2p - 6 + 18p - 90 Distributive Property
expressions are equal.
−16p = 16p - 96 Combine like terms.

-32p = -96 Subtract 16p from each side.

p=3 Divide each side by -32.

b. -2q(4q - 9) = q(-8q + 15) - 3(-4q - 6)

−2q(4q - 9) = q(-8q + 15) - 3(-4q - 6) Original equation

−8q2+ 18q = -8q 2

+ 15q + 12q + 18 Distributive Property

−8q 2+ 18q = -8q +227q + 18 Combine like terms.

18q = 27q + 18 Add 8q2to each side.

−9q = 18 Subt. 27q from each side.

q = −2 Divide each side by -9.

Check
Solve each equation.
2p = 3(4p - 10)
p= ?
−3q(2q + 5) = 2(-3q2 + 15) - 5(10q + 6)
q= ?

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

640 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Example 1
Simplify each expression.
1. b(b 2- 12b + 1) 2 2f + 25)
2. f(f +

3. -3m 3(2m 3- 12m +2 2m + 25) 4. 2j 2(5j3 - 15j +2 2j + 2)

5. 2pr 2(2pr + 5p 2r - 15p) 6. 4t 3u(2t u2 2- 10tu +42)

Example 2
Simplify each expression.
7. -3(5x2+ 2x + 9) + x(2x - 3) 8. a(-8a 2+ 2a + 4) + 3(6a -2 4)

9. -4d(5d2- 12) + 7(d + 5) 10. -9g(-2g + g 2) + 3(g +

3 4)

11. 2j(7j k2 2+ jk +25k) - 9k(-2j k +2 22k + 3j2)

12. 4n(2n 3p2- 3np +2 5n) + 4p(6n p -

2 2np + 3
2 p)

Example 3
13. NUMBER THEORY The sum of the first n whole numbers is given by the
1
expression _2_(n2+ n). Expand the equation by multiplying, then find the sum of
the first 12 whole numbers.

14. COLLEGE Troy’s grandfather gave him $700 to start his college savings account.
Troy’s grandfather also gives him $40 each month to add to the account. Troy’s
mother gives him $50 each month, but has been doing so for 4 fewer months
than Troy’s grandfather. Write a simplified expression for the amount of money
Troy has received from his grandfather and mother after m months.

15. MARKET Sophia went to the farmers’ market to purchase some vegetables. She
bought peppers and potatoes. The peppers were $0.39 each and the potatoes were
$0.29 each. She spent $3.88 on vegetables, and bought 4 more potatoes than
peppers. If x = the number of peppers, write and solve an equation to find out how
many of each vegetable Sophia bought.

16. GEOMETRY The volume of a pyramid can be found by

multiplying the area of its base B by one-third of its height. The
area of the rectangular base of a pyramid is given by the
polynomial equation B = x2 - 4x - 12. h
a. Write a polynomial equation to represent the volume of
the pyramid V if its height is 10 meters.

b. Find the volume of the pyramid if x = 12 m.

Lesson 11-2 • Multiplying Polynomials by Monomials 641

Example 4
Solve each equation.
17. 7(t2+ 5t - 9) + t = t(7t - 2) + 13

18. w(4w + 6) + 2w = 2(2w 2+ 7w - 3)

19. 5(4z + 6) - 2(z - 4) = 7z(z + 4) - z(7z - 2) - 48

20. 9c(c - 11) + 10(5c - 3) = 3c(c + 5) + c(6c - 3) - 30

21. 2f(5f - 2) - 10(f 2- 3f + 6) = -8f(f + 4) + 4(2f -

2 7 f)

22. 2k(-3k + 4) + 6(k2+ 10) = k(4k + 8) - 2k(2k + 5)

Mixed Exercises
Simplify each expression.
23. a(4a + 3) 24. -c(11c + 4)

25. x(2x - 5) 26. 2y(y - 4)

27. -3n(n 2+ 2n) 28. 4h(3h - 5)

29. 3x(5x 2- x + 4) 30. 7c(5 - 2c 2+ c ) 3

31. -4b(1 - 9b - 2b )2 32. 6y(-5 - y + 4y )2

33. 2m 2(2m +
2 3m - 5) 34. -3n (2-2n +
2 3n + 4)

Simplify each expression.

35. w(3w + 2) + 5w 36. f(5f - 3) - 2f

37. -p(2p - 8) - 5p 38. y 2(-4y + 5) - 6y2

39. 2x(3x 2+ 4) - 3x 3 40. 4a(5a 2- 4) + 9a

41. 4b(-5b - 3) - 2(b 2- 7b - 4)

2 4m + 1)
42. 3m(3m + 6) - 3(m +

43. -5q2w
3 (4q + 7w) + 4qw 2(7q
2 w + 2q) - 3qw(3q w
2 2+ 9)

44. -x2z(2z2+ 4xz )3+ xz (xz

2 + 5x z)3 + x z2(3x
3 2 z + 4xz)

642 Module 11 • Polynomials

Solve each equation.
45. 3(a + 2) + 5 = 2a + 4 46. 2(4x + 2) - 8 = 4(x + 3)

47. 5(y + 1) + 2 = 4(y + 2) - 6 48. 4(b + 6) = 2(b + 5) + 2

49. 6(m - 2) + 14 = 3(m + 2) - 10 50. 3(c + 5) - 2 = 2(c + 6) + 2

51. LANDSCAPING The courtyard on a college campus has a

sculpture surrounded by a circle of 50 flags. The
university plans to install a new sidewalk 12 feet wide
around the perimeter of the outside of the circle of flags. If
the outside circumference of the sidewalk is 1.10 times the
circumference of the circle of flags, write an equation for
the outside circumference of the sidewalk. Solve the
equation for the radius of the circle of flags. Recall that the
circumference of a circle is 2πr.

52. STRUCTURE The base lengths of the trapezoid shown are given by h + 2
polynomial expressions in terms of the trapezoid’s height h.

a. Write and simplify an expression for the area of the trapezoid. h

14 - 3h
b. If the height of the trapezoid is 4 units, what is the area of the
trapezoid?

53. FIND THE ERROR Andres simplified the expression

12y2(3y - 2y 2) - 3y 3(4 - 2y)
12y2(3y - 2y2) - 3y3(4 - 2y). Is he correct? Explain your reasoning.
36y3- 24y -2 12y - 36y 4

24y3- 24y -2 6y 4

54. STRUCTURE The diagram shows the dimensions of a right

rectangular prism.
h
a. Write and simplify an expression for the volume of the prism.

b. If the height of the rectangular prism is 6 units, what is the

9-h
volume of the rectangular prism? 2h

Lesson 11-2 • Multiplying Polynomials by Monomials 643

55. USE TOOLS Through market research, a company finds that it can expect to sell
45 - 5x products if each is priced at 1.25x dollars.
a. Write and simplify an expression for the expected revenue.

b. Determine the price of each product, to the nearest cent, when x = 4.5.

c. Determine the revenue when the expected number of products are sold,
to the nearest cent, when x = 4.5.

56. STRUCTURE An area is enclosed by the fence shown at s

the right, represented by the solid line segments. Write 2s - 1
and simplify an expression for the area of the enclosure. 5s
6s - 1

5s - 2
2s

2 2 + 4x + 2). Is either of
57. FIND THE ERROR Pearl and Ted both simplified 2x (3x
them correct? Explain your reasoning.

Pearl Ted
2x2(3x
2 + 4x + 2) 2x2 (3x2+ 4x + 2)
6x4 + 8x2+ 4x 2 6x4 + 8x3+ 4x 2

6x4+ 12x 2

p 2p + 3
58. PERSEVERE Find p such that 3x (4x + 2x 3p - 2) = 12x 12+ 6x . 10

59. PERSEVERE Simplify 4x y-3 2 y +56x

(2x -4 y - 4x
-7y 6). 0 -2

2 x +22 true?
60. ANALYZE Is there a value of x that makes the statement (x + 2) = 2

If so, find a value for x. Justify your argument.

61. CREATE Write a monomial and a polynomial using n as the variable. Find their
product.

62. WRITE Describe the steps to multiply a polynomial by a monomial.

63. CREATE Write a polynomial equation, with variables on both sides, that has a
solution of t = 9.

64. CREATE Write a polynomial expression that can be simplified to -3c3 + 74c2 − 4c.

Be sure your polynomial expression requires the use of the Distributive Property at
least two times in order to simplify.

644 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Lesson 11-3

Multiplying Polynomials
Today’s Goal
● Multiply binomials by
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Find Products of using the Distributive
Property and the FOIL
Two Binomials Method.

Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore. Today’s Vocabulary
quadratic expression

INQUIRY How can you use the Distributive

Property to find the product of two binomials?

Learn Multiplying Binomials

Binomials can be multiplied horizontally or vertically. Multipy (x − 2)(x + 6).
Method 1 Vertical Method
x−2
(× ) x + 6
6x − 12 Multiply by 6.
(+) x −2 2x Multiply by x.
x2+ 4x − 12 Combine like terms. Think About It!
How does the
Method 2 Horizontal Method
horizontal method
(x − 2)(x + 6) = x(x + 6) − 2(x + 6) Rewrite as the sum of two products.
using the Distributive
= x 2+ 6x – 2x − 12 Distributive Property Property differ from the
= x2+ 4x − 12 Combine like terms. FOIL method?

You can also use a shortcut version of the Distributive Property, called
the FOIL method, to multiply binomials.
Key Concept • FOIL Method
To multiply two binomials, find the sum of the products of F the First
terms, O the Outer terms, I the Inner terms, and L the Last terms.
Study Tip
F L Product of Product of Product of Product of
First Outer Inner Last FOIL Method
(x - 2)(x + 6) Terms Terms Terms Terms The FOIL method can
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ be used only when
= x (x ) + x(6) + -2(x) + -2(6) multiplying two
I binomials. The FOIL
= x2 + 6x - 2x - 12
method cannot be
O = x 2+ 4x - 12 used when multiplying,
for example, two
An expression in one variable with a degree of 2 is called a quadratic
trinomials since six
expression.
products are needed.
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 11-3 • Multiplying Polynomials 645

 Example 1 Multiply Binomials by Using the Vertical
Method
Find (x - 1)(x + 7) by using the vertical method.

x-1
(× ) x+7
7x - 7 Multiply by 7.

x2 -x Multiply by x.
x2 + 6x - 7 Combine like terms.

Example 2 Multiply Binomials by Using the Horizontal

Method
Study Tip
Signs Notice that in the Find (3x - 4)(4x - 10) by using the horizontal method.
first step of the solution, (3x - 4)(4x - 10) = 3x(4x - 10) + -4(4x - 10) Rewrite as sum of
you added the product
two products.
of -4 and 4x, and in the
second step, that = 12x 2- 30x - 16x + 40 Distributive
turned into a Property
subtraction of 16x. = 12x 2- 46x + 40 Combine like
Remember that terms.
-4(4x) = -16x.

Example 3 Multiply Binomials by Using the FOIL

Method
Study Tip
FOIL Method Find (2a - 12)(5a + 3) by using the FOIL method.
The FOIL method is a F L
memory device that = 2a(5a) + 2a(3) + (-12)(5a) + (-12)(3)
can help you remember (2a - 12)(5a + 3)
to find all four products = 10a 2 + 6a - 60a - 36
when multiplying two I
binomials. The order in = 10a 2- 54a - 36
which the terms are O
multiplied is not
important. Check
Find the product of (3p - 9)(2p + 6) by using the FOIL Method.
Talk About It! Part A Find the product of each pair of terms.
Is your answer First Terms: (3p)( ? )
complete after you use ?
Outer Terms: ( ) (6)
the FOIL method to
Inner Terms: ( ? ) (2p)
multiply? Explain.
Last Terms: (-9) ( ? )

Part B What is the product of (3p - 9)(2p + 6) written in standard form?

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646 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Apply Example 4 Use the FOIL Method
SNOW REMOVAL A town worker
is clearing the snow from a
parking lot and the surrounding
sidewalk. The sidewalk extends
x feet on every side of the
parking lot. Write an expression 70 ft
for the total area of the parking
lot and sidewalk. x

60 ft
1 What is the task?
Describe the task in your own words. Then list any questions that you
may have. How can you find answers to your questions?
Sample answer: the worker needs to shovel the snow from the parking
lot and the sidewalk. We need to find the total area that needs to be
shoveled.

2 How will you approach the task? What have you learned that you can use
to help you complete the task?

Sample answer: first I’ll find the total length and the total width. Then I’ll
multiply the length and the width to find the area. I have learned how
to write and multiply binomials.

3 What is your solution?

Use your strategy to solve the problem.

Length = 2x + 60 Width = 2x + 70
The total area of the parking lot and sidewalk is 4x 2 + 260x + 4200.

4 How can you know that your solution is reasonable?

Write About It! Write an argument that can be used to defend your
solution.
Sample answer: Let x = 4, substituting 4 for x in the equation results in
(2(4) + 60)(2(4) + 70) = 4(42) + 260(4) + 4200. This simplifies to
5304 = 5304.

Check
FRAME Jacinta is framing her newest painting. The dimensions of the
frame with the painting are represented by a width of 5y - 5 and a
length of 2y + 6. Write an expression in standard form that represents
the area of the frame with the painting.

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 11-3 • Multiplying Polynomials 647

 Example 5 Multiply Polynomials by Using the
Distributive Property
The Distributive Property can also be used to multiply any two
polynomials.
Find each product.
2 x - 9)
a. (x + 3)(x -
(x + 3)(x2- x - 9)
= x(x 2- x - 9) + 3(x -2 x - 9) Distributive Property

= x 3- x -2 9x + 3x - 23x - 27 Multiply.

= x 3+ 2x -2 12x - 27 Combine like terms.

2 5t + 9)(4t -2 4t + 14)
b. (3t -
Think About It!
(3t2- 5t + 9)(4t -
2 4t + 14)
When multiplying two
trinomials, do you have = 3t 2(4t
2 - 4t + 14) - 5t(4t -24t + 14) + 9(4t - 4t
2 + 14)
to apply the Distributive
Property in any certain = 12t 4- 12t +3 42t -220t + 20t
3 - 70t
2 + 36t - 36t2+ 126

order?
= 12t 4- 32t +3 98t -2106t + 126

Check
Find each product.
a. (m - 3)(m 2+ m - 5)
3 2m -2 8m + 15
A. m -

B. m 3- 4m -2 8m + 15

3 2m +2 8m + 15
C. m -

D. m 3- 2m -2 8m - 15

b. (6v 2+ 4v - 3)(v -2 v + 6)
4 10v +3 29v + 227v - 18
A. 6v +

4 2v +3 32v + 227v - 18
B. 6v -

4 2v +3 29v + 227v - 18
C. 6v -

4 2v +3 29v + 224v - 18
D. 6v -

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

648 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Examples 1−3
Find each product.
1. (3c − 5)(c + 3) 2. (g + 10)(2g − 5)

3. (6a + 5)(5a + 3) 4. (4x + 1)(6x + 3)

5. (5y − 4)(3y − 1) 6. (6d − 5)(4d − 7)

7. (3m + 5)(2m + 3) 8. (7n − 6)(7n − 6)

9. (12t − 5)(12t + 5) 10. (5r + 7)(5r − 7)

11. (8w + 4x)(5w − 6x) 12. (11z − 5y)(3z + 2y)

Example 4
13. PLAYGROUND The dimensions of a playground are represented by a width of
9x + 1 feet and a length of 5x − 2 feet. Write an expression that represents the
area of the playground.

14. THEATER The Loft Theater has a center seating section with 3c + 8 rows and
4c − 1 seats in each row. Write an expression for the total number of seats in the
center section.

15. CRAFTS Suppose a rectangular quilt made up of squares has a length-to-width

ratio of 5 to 4. The length of the quilt is 5x inches. The quilt can be made slightly
larger by adding a border of 1-inch squares all the way around the perimeter of
the quilt. Write a polynomial expression for the area of the larger quilt.

16. FLAG CASE A United States flag is sometimes folded into

a triangle shape and displayed in a triangular display
case. If a display case has dimensions shown in inches, 5
write a polynomial expression that represents the area of x– 2

wall space covered by the display case.

x+5
17. NUMBER THEORY Think of a whole number. Subtract 2.
Write down this number. Take the original number and add 2. Write down this
number. Find the product of the numbers you wrote down. Subtract the square of
the original number. The result is always −4. Use polynomials to show how this
number trick works.

Lesson 11-3 • Multiplying Polynomials 649

Example 5
Find each product.
2 3y + 2)
18. (2y − 11)(y − 19. (4a + 7)(9a 2+ 2a − 7)

20. (m 2− 5m + 4)(m +
2 7m − 3) 21. (x 2+ 5x − 1)(5x −2 6x + 1)

22. (3b 3− 4b − 7)(2b −

2 b − 9) 23. (6z 2− 5z − 2)(3z −3 2z − 4)

Mixed Exercises
Find each product.
24. (m + 4)(m + 1) 25. (x + 2)(x + 2)

26. (b + 3)(b + 4) 27. (t + 4)(t − 3)

28. (r + 1)(r − 2) 29. (n − 5)(n + 1)

30. (3c + 1)(c − 2) 31. (2x − 6)(x + 3)

32. (d − 1)(5d − 4) 33. (2＀ + 5)(＀ − 4)

34. (3n − 7)(n + 3) 35. (q + 5)(5q − 1)

36. (3b + 3)(3b − 2) 37. (2m + 2)(3m − 3)

38. (4c + 1)(2c + 1) 39. (5a − 2)(2a − 3)

40. (4h − 2)(4h − 1) 41. (x − y)(2x − y)

42. (w + 4)(w 2 + 3w − 6) 43. (t + 1)(t 2+ 2t + 4)

44. (k − 4)(k 2+ 5k − 2) 45. (m + 3)(m 2+ 3m + 5)

46. (2x + 1)(x 2− 3x − 4) 47. (3b + 4)(2b 2− b + 4)

Simplify.
48. (m + 2)[(m 2 + 3m − 6) + (m2− 2m + 4)]

49. [(t 2 + 3t − 8) − (t2− 2t + 6)](t − 4)

650 Module 11 • Polynomials

Find each product.
50. (a − 2b) 2 51. (3c + 4d) 2

52. (x − 5y) 2 53. (2r − 3t) 3

54. (5g + 2h) 3 55. (4y + 3z)(4y − 3z) 2

56. PRECISION Write each expression as a simplified polynomial.

2 c +3 3)
a. (3c − 2)(4c −
2 2xy) + (2x + y)(y −24x )
b. (5x − y)(3x − 2

2
c. −2x(3 − x )(2x + 4)
d. (z − 1)(2 − z)(z + 1)

57. ART The museum where Julia works plans to have

a large wall mural painted in its lobby. First, Julia
wants to paint a large frame around where the
mural will be. She only has enough paint for the
frame to cover 100 square feet of wall surface. The
mural’s length will be 5 feet longer than its width,
and the frame will be 2 feet wide on all sides.
a. Write an expression for the area of the mural.

b. Write an expression for the area of the frame.

c. Write and solve an equation to find how large

the mural can be.

58. STRUCTURE The dimensions of the composite figure shown are given
in terms of the triangle’s height, h. h

a. Write and simplify a quadratic expression for the area of the figure.
5 - 2h

b. If h = 1.42 units, what is the area of the figure? Round to the 4h + 2

nearest hundredth, if necessary.

59. STRUCTURE Consider the expression x 4p + 1 (x

1 − 2p 2p
) +3 .
a. Use the laws of exponents to simplify the expression.

b. Find any integer values of p that make this expression equal to 1 for all values
of x.

Lesson 11-3 • Multiplying Polynomials 651

60. USE A MODEL The relationship between monthly profit P, monthly sales n, and
unit price p is P = n(p − U) − F, where U is the unit cost per sale and F is a fixed
cost that does not depend on the number of sales. For an online business advice
service, the unit cost is $30 per hour-long session and the monthly fixed cost is
$3000.

a. Given a model for monthly sales of n = 5000 − 40p for a given price p per
session, write and simplify a quadratic expression for P in terms of p.
b. If the unit price, p, is $77.50, what is the monthly profit, P?

61. STRUCTURE Find and simplify an expression for the volume of the
rectangular prism shown.

4x

2x - 1
x + 4

62. ANALYZE Determine if the following statement is sometimes, always, or never

true. Justify your argument.
The FOIL method can be used to multiply a binomial and a trinomial.
m x )(xp
63. PERSEVERE Find (x + m − 1 − x1 − p + xp ).
64. CREATE Write a binomial and a trinomial involving a single variable. Then find
their product.
65. WRITE Compare and contrast the procedure used to multiply a trinomial by a
binomial using the vertical method with the procedure used to multiply a three-
digit number by a two-digit number.
66. WRITE Summarize the methods that can be used to multiply polynomials.
67. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which polynomial expression does not belong
with the other expressions? Explain your reasoning.

(2x + 11)(3x − 7) (6y + 1)(y − 4)

(3y − 4)(2y + 5) (2x − 1)(x2 + x − 1)

68. FIND THE ERROR Jariah and Malia are multiplying the expression (2x + 1)(x − 4).
Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.

Jariah Malia
(2x + 1)(x – 4) = 2x2 + 8x + 1x – 4 (2x + 1)(x - 4) = 2x2 - 8x + 1x - 4
= 2x2 + 9x – 4 = 2x2 - 7x - 4

652 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Lesson 11-4

Special Products
Today’s Goals
● Multiply binomials by
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Find the Squares applying the pattern
formed by squares of
of Sums sums.
● Multiply binomials by
Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore.
applying the pattern
formed by squares of
INQUIRY How can you write the square of differences.
a sum?

Learn Square of a Sum

Key Concept • Square of a Sum
Words The square of a + b is the square of a plus twice the
product of a and b plus the square of b.
Symbols (a + b)2= (a + b)(a + b)
= a 2+ 2ab + b 2

Example (x + 3)2= (x + 3)(x + 3)

= x 2+ 6x + 9

Example 1 Square of a Sum

Think About It!
Find each product.
How can you check
a. (x + 6) 2 that using the square
of a sum pattern gives
(a + b)2= a +
2 2ab + b 2 Square of a sum
the correct product?
(x + 6)2= (x) +
2 2(x)(6) + 6 2 a = x, b = 6

= x 2+ 12x + 36 Simplify.

b. (3g + 10h) 2
(a + b)2= a +
2 2ab + b 2 Square of a sum

(3g + 10h)2= (3g) +

2 2(3g)(10h) + (10h) 2 a = 3g, b = 10h

=9g2+ 60gh + 100h 2 Simplify.

Lesson 11-4 • Special Products 653

 Check
Find (2x + 9)2. Select the correct product.
2 18x + 18
A. 2x +

B. 2x 2+ 36x + 81

C. 4x 2+ 18x + 81

D. 4x 2+ 36x + 81

Find (6m + 11n)2. Select the correct product.

2 132mn + 11n
A. 6m + 2

B. 12m 2+ 66mn + 121n 2

2 66mn + 121n
C. 36m + 2

D. 36m 2
+ 132mn + 121n 2

Example 2 Use Squares of Sums

GENETICS A Punnett square is used to predict the
B b
probability of offspring inheriting certain genetic
B BB Bb
characteristics. In Doberman Pinschers, black fur B
is dominant over the recessive gene for brown fur b. b bB bb
If two parents have both a dominant and a recessive
gene, use the square of a sum to determine the possible
combinations of their offspring.
Both parents can be represented by (B + b), and the combinations of
the offspring are the product of (B + b)2.

2 2ab + b
(a + b)2= a + 2 Square of a sum

(B + b)2= B +
2 2Bb + b 2 a = B, b = b

Check
SURFACE AREA The surface area of a cube is given by A = 6s , 2where
s is the length of one side. Select the expression that represents the
surface area of a cube with side length 3n + 6.
2 18n + 36)
A. 6(3n +

B. 6(9n 2+ 36)

C. 6(9n 2+ 36n + 36)

D. 6(9n 2 + 81n + 36)

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

654 Module 11 • Polynomials

Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Find the Squares
of Difference
Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore.

INQUIRY How can you write the square of

a difference?

Learn Square of a Difference

Key Concept • Square of a Difference
Words The square of a − b is the square of a minus twice the
product of a and b plus the square of b.
Symbols (a − b)2= (a − b)(a − b) Study Tip
= a 2− 2ab + b 2 Watching Signs Since
the square of a sum
Example (x − 8)2= (x − 8)(x − 8) and the square of a
= x 2− 2 · x · 8 + 8 2 difference vary only by
the sign of the middle
= x 2− 16x + 64
term, pay close
attention to the sign
being used within the
Example 3 Square of a Difference square of the trinomial.
Find (7d − 2f) 2.
(a − b)2= a −
2 2ab + b 2 Square of a difference

(7d − 2f)2= (7d) 2

− 2(7d)(2f) + (2f) 2 a = 7d, b = 2f
Think About It!
= 49d 2+ 28df + 4f 2 Simplify.
Demarco says that the
Square of a Difference
Check pattern is a special
case of the Square of a
Find (4k − 1)2.
Sum pattern. Is he
2 8k − 1
A. 4k − correct? Explain.

B. 16k −
2 1

2 8k + 1
C. 16k −

D. 16k 2− 16k + 1

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 11-4 • Special Products 655

 Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Find Products of
Sums and Differences
Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore.

INQUIRY How can you write the product of a

sum and a difference?

Learn Product of a Sum and a Difference

Study Tip Key Concept • Product of a Sum and a Difference
Identical Values Note Words The product of a + b and a − b is the square of a minus
that the values of a the square of b.
and b must be identical Symbols (a + b) (a − b) = a2− ab + ab − b 2
within each quantity to
use the pattern for the = a 2− b 2
product of a sum and a Example (x + 6) (x − 6) = x2− 6x + 6x − 6 2

difference. The only

= x 2− 36
difference between
the quantities is the
operation between Example 4 Product of a Sum and a Difference
a and b.
Find each product.
a. (z + 5)(z − 5)
Watch Out! (a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b 2 Product of a sum and a difference.
Power of a Power (z + 5)(z − 5) = z2− 5 2 a = z, b = 5
Remember to square
all parts of a and b, = z 2− 25 Simplify.
including powers. 3 4)(3y −3 4)
b. (3y +
When a power is
raised to another (a + b) (a − b) = a 2− b 2 Product of a sum and a difference.
power, multiply the (3y3+ 4)( 3y −
3 4) = (3y ) −
3 2(4) 2 a = 3y2, b = 4
exponents.
= 9y 6− 16 Simplify.

Check
Talk About It!
Find each product.
Explain how you would
tell someone to find a. (x 2+ 3y)(x −2 3y)
the product of a sum b. (2x + 9y 2)(2x − 9y )2
and a difference.
c. (x + 9y)(x − 9y)
d. (x + 9)(x − 9)

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656 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Examples 1 and 3
Find each product.
1. (a + 10)(a + 10) 2. (b − 6)(b − 6)

3. (h + 7) 2 4. (x + 6) 2

5. (8 − m) 2 6. (9 − 2y) 2

7. (2b + 3) 2 8. (5t − 2) 2

9. (8h − 4n) 2 10. (4m − 5n) 2

Example 2
11. ROUNDABOUTS A city planner is proposing a roundabout
to improve traffic flow at a busy intersection. Write a 18 ft
polynomial equation for the area A of the traffic circle if
the radius of the outer circle is r and the width of the road
is 18 feet.
r

12. NUMBER CUBES Kivon has two number cubes. Each edge
of number cube A is 3 millimeters less than each edge of
number cube B. Each edge of number cube B is
x millimeters. Write an equation that models the surface
area of number cube A.

Number Cube A Number Cube B

(x – 3) mm x mm
(x – 3) mm x mm
(x – 3) mm x mm

13. PROBABILITY The spinner has two equal sections, blue (B) and red (R).
Use the square of a sum to determine the possible combinations of
spinning the spinner two times. RED

14. BUSINESS The Combo Lock Company finds that its profit data from 2015 BLUE
to the present can be modeled by the function y = (2n + 11)2, where y is
the profit n years since 2015. Which special product does this polynomial
demonstrate? Simplify the polynomial.

Lesson 11-4 • Special Products 657

Example 4
Find each product.
15. (u + 3)(u − 3) 16. (b + 7)(b − 7)

17. (2 + x)(2 − x) 18. (4 − x)(4 + x)

19. (2q + 5r)(2q − 5r) 20. (3a 2+ 7b)(3a −2 7b)

Mixed Exercises
Find each product.
21. (n + 3) 2 22. (x + 4)(x + 4)

23. (y − 7) 2 24. (t − 3)(t − 3)

25. (b + 1)(b − 1) 26. (a − 5)(a + 5)

27. (p − 4) 2 28. (z + 3)(z − 3)

29. (＀ + 2)(＀ + 2) 30. (r − 1)(r − 1)

31. (3g + 2)(3g − 2) 32. (2m − 3)(2m + 3)

33. (6 + u) 2 34. (r + t) 2

35. (3q + 1)(3q − 1) 36. (c − d) 2

37. (2k − 2) 2 38. (w + 3h) 2

39. (3p − 4)(3p + 4) 40. (t + 2u) 2

41. (x − 4y) 2 42. (3b + 7)(3b − 7)

43. (3y − 3g)(3y + 3g) 44. (n +

2 r )22

45. (2k + m 2) 2 2 n)
46. (3t − 2

47. GEOMETRY The length of a rectangle is the sum of two whole numbers. The
width of the rectangle is the difference of the same two whole numbers. Write a
verbal expression for the area of the rectangle.

658 Module 11 • Polynomials

48. Find the product of (10 − 4t) and (10 + 4t). What type of special product does this
represent?
49. STORAGE A cylindrical tank is placed along a wall.
A cylindrical PVC pipe will be hidden in the corner Wall Tank
behind the tank. See the side-view diagram shown. The
radius of the tank is r inches, and the radius of the PVC Pipe
pipe is s inches.
a. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to write an equation
for the relationship between the two radii. Simplify r+s
r–s
your equation so that there is a zero on one side of
r–s Floor
the equal sign.
b. Write a polynomial equation you could solve to find
the radius s of the PVC pipe if the radius of the tank
is 20 inches.

Find each product.

50. (2a − 3b) 2 51. (5y + 7) 2

52. (8 − 10a) 2 53. (10x − 2)(10x + 2)

54. (3t + 12)(3t − 12) 55. (a + 4b) 2

56. (3q − 5r) 2 57. (2c − 9d) 2

58. (g + 5h) 2 59. (6y − 13)(6y + 13)

60. (3a 4− b)(3a +

4 b) 61. (5x 2− y ) 2 2

3 2
62. (8a 2− 9b )(8a
3 +2 9b ) 3 63. (_
4 k + 8)

2 2
64. (__
5 y − 4) 65. (7z 2+ 5y )(7z
2 −2 5y ) 2

66. (2m + 3)(2m − 3)(m + 4) 67. (r + 2)(r − 5)(r − 2)(r + 5)

Find each product.

68. (c + d)(c + d)(c + d) 69. (2a − b) 3

70. (f + g)(f − g)(f + g) 71. (k − m)(k + m)(k − m)

72. (n − p) 2(n + p) 73. (q − r) 2(q − r)

Lesson 11-4 • Special Products 659

74. Consider the product (a + b)(a − b)(a + b)(a − b).
a. Show the steps required to determine the product.
b. Evaluate the original expression for a = 5 and b = 2.
c. Evaluate the simplified expression you wrote in part a for a = 5 and b = 2.
Compare this to the result from part b.

75. STRUCTURE Tanisha is investigating growth patterns for the area of a

square. She begins with a square of side length s and looks at the
effects of enlarging the side length by one unit at a time.
s
a. How much more area does the square with side length s + 1 have
compared to the square with side length s?
b. How much more area does the square with side length s + 2 have
compared to the square with side length s + 1?
c. How much more area does the square with side length s + 3 have compared
to the square with side length s + 2?

Higher-Order Thinking Skills

76. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which expression does not belong? Explain your
reasoning.

(2c − d)(2c − d) (2c + d)(2c − d) (2c + d)(2c + d) (c + d)(c + d)

77. PERSEVERE Does a pattern exist for the cube of a sum (a + b) ?3

a. Investigate this question by finding the product (a + b)(a + b)(a + b).
b. Use the pattern you discovered in part a to find (x + 2) .3
c. Draw a diagram of a geometric model for (a + b) .3
d. What is the pattern for the cube of a difference (a − b) ?3

78. ANALYZE The square of a sum is called a perfect square trinomial. Find c that
makes 25x2− 90x + c a perfect square trinomial.

79. CREATE Write two binomials with a product that is a binomial. Then write two
binomials with a product that is not a binomial.

80. WRITE Describe how to square the sum of two quantities, how to square the
difference of two quantities, and how to find the product of a sum of two
quantities and a difference of two quantities.

660 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Lesson 11-5

Using the Distributive Property

Today’s Goals
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Factor Polynomials ● Factor polynomials by
using the Distributive
Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore. Property
● Factor polynomials by
using the Distributive
INQUIRY How is factoring polynomials
Property and grouping
related to multiplying polynomials?
Today’s Vocabulary
factoring
factoring by grouping

Learn Factoring by Using the Distributive Property

You can use the Distributive Property to multiply a polynomial by a
monomial.
3y(2y + 5) = 3y(2y) + 3y(5)
= 6y 2+ 15y

You can also use the Distributive Property to factor a polynomial.

Factoring is the process of expressing a polynomial as the product of
monomials and polynomials.
6y2+ 15y = 3y(2y) + 3y(5)
= 3y(2y + 5) Study Tip
So, 3y(2y + 5) is the factored form of 6y2+ 15y. When factoring a Greatest Common
polynomial, it must be factored completely. If you are using the Factor T o find the GCF
Distributive Property to factor, one factor will be the greatest common of a polynomial, write
factor (GCF) for all terms of the polynomial. all factors of each term
as prime numbers or
Example 1 Use the Distributive Property variables to the first
degree.
Use the Distributive Property to factor each polynomial.
a. 12a 2+ 16a
Step 1 Factor each term.
12a2 = 2 · 2 · 3 · a · a
16a = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · a
Step 2 Underline the common terms.
12a2 = 2 · 2 · 3 · a · a
16a = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · a
Step 3 Find the GCF.
GCF = 2 · 2 · a or 4a
(continued on the next page)

Lesson 11-5 • Using the Distributive Property 661

 Step 4 Write each term as the product of the GCF and the remaining
factors. Use the Distributive Property.
12a2+ 16a = 4a(3a) + 4a(4) Rewrite each term using the GCF.
= 4a(3a + 4) Distributive Property.
Watch Out!
Factoring Completely 2 2- 45x y 2- 35x
b. 20x y 2
Once you have factored
the polynomial, check 20x2y2= 2 · 2 · 5 · x · x · y · y
the remaining - 45x 2y = -1 · 3 · 3 · 5 · x · x · y
polynomial for other
common factors you - 35x 2= -1 · 5 · 7 · x · x
may have missed.
Factoring means to GCF = 5x2
factor completely.
Write each term as the product of the GCF and the remaining factors.
Use the Distributive Property.
20x2y2- 45x y2- 35x =2 5x (4y2 )2+ 5x (-92y) + 5x (-7)2

= 5x 2(4y
2 - 9y - 7)

Check
Factor each polynomial.
a. 33n 3- 121n 2 b. 14a 2b 2c - 6ac +2 10ac

Example 2 Use Factoring

VOLCANOS The 1980 eruption of Washington’s Mt. St. Helens had
an initial lateral blast with a velocity of 440 feet per second. The
expression 440t - 16t 2 models the height of a rock erupted from
the volcano after t seconds. Factor the expression.
440t = 2 · 2 · 2 · 5 · 11 · t
-16t2= -1 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · t · t

GCF = 8t
440t - 16t2= 8t(55) + 8t (-2t)
= 8t(55 - 2t)

Check
GOLF A golfer hits a golf ball with a velocity of 112 feet per second.
The expression 112t - 16t2represents the height of the golf ball
after t seconds. Factor the expression.

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

662 Module 11 • Polynomials

Learn Factor by Grouping
When a polynomial has four or more terms, you can sometimes use a
method called factoring by grouping. Similar terms are grouped, and Talk About It!
the Distributive Property is applied to a common binomial. Explain why you cannot
Key Concept • Factor by Grouping use factoring by
grouping on a
Words A polynomial can be factored by grouping only if all of the
polynomial with three
following conditions exist.
terms.
• There are four or more terms.
• T erms have common factors that can be grouped
together.
• There are at least two common factors that are identical
or additive inverses of each other.
Symbols ax + bx + ay + by = (ax + bx) + (ay + by)

= x(a + b) + y (a + b)

= (x + y)(a + b)

Example 3 Factor by Grouping

Factor 2uv + 6u + 5v + 15.
2uv + 6u + 5v + 15 = (2uv + 6u) + (5v + 15) Group terms with
common factors
Study Tip
= 2u(v + 3) + 5(v + 3) Factor the GCF
Creating Groups If you
from each group.
are unable to get
Notice that (v + 3) is common to both groups, so identical or additive
it becomes the GCF. inverse binomials after
factoring out the GCF,
= (2u + 5)(v + 3) Distributive try grouping the terms in
Property. a different way.

Check
Factor tw + 10t - 2w - 20.

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 11-5 • Using the Distributive Property 663

 Example 4 Factor by Grouping with Additive Inverses
It is helpful to be able to recognize when binomials are additive
Think About It! inverses of each other. For example, 5 - x = -1(x - 5).
Which property is used Factor 21m − 3mp + 4p - 28.
to simplify 3m[(-1)
(p - 7)] + 4(p - 7) to 21m − 3mp + 4p − 28 Original expression
-3m(p -7) + 4(p - 7)? = (21m - 3mp) + (4p - 28) Group terms with common factors.

= 3m(7 - p) + 4(p - 7) Factor the GCF from each group.

= 3m[(-1)(p - 7)] + 4(p - 7) 7 − p = −1(p − 7)

= − 3m(p - 7) + 4(p - 7) Associative Property

= (−3m + 4)(p - 7) Distributive Property

Alternate Method
21m − 3mp + 4p − 28 Original expression

= 4p - 3mp + 21m - 28 Rearrange the expression.

= (4p - 3mp) + (21m - 28) Group terms with common factors.

= p(4 - 3m) + 7(3m - 4) Factor the GCF from each group.

= p(−3m + 4) + 7[−1(−3m + 4)] 4 - 3m = -1(3m - 4)

= p(−3m + 4) − 7(−3m + 4) Associative Property
= (p − 7)(−3m + 4) Distributive Property

= (-3m + 4)(p - 7) Symmetric Property

Check
Factor -3x3+ 33x +
2 4x - 44.

Go Online to learn Pause and Reflect

how to prove the
Elimination Method in Did you struggle with anything in this lesson? If so, how did you deal
Expand 11-5. with it?

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

664 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Example 1
Use the Distributive Property to factor each polynomial.
1. 16t - 40y 2. 30v + 50x 3. 2k 2+ 4k

4. 5z 2+ 10z 5. 4a 2b2+ 2a b 2- 10ab 2 6. 5c 2v - 15c v2 +

2 5c v 23

Example 2
7. PHYSICS The distance d an object falls after t seconds is given by d = 16t 2
(ignoring air resistance). To find the height of an object launched upward from
ground level at a rate of 32 feet per second, use the expression 32t - 16t 2, where
t is the time in seconds. Factor the expression.

8. SWIMMING POOL The area of a rectangular swimming pool is given by the

expression 12w - w 2, where w is the width of one side. Factor the expression.

9. VERTICAL JUMP Your vertical jump height is measured by subtracting your

standing reach height from the height of the highest point you can reach by
jumping without taking a running start. Typically, NBA players have vertical jump
heights of up to 34 inches. If an NBA player jumps this high, his height in inches
above his standing reach height after t seconds can be modeled by the
expression 162t - 192t2. Factor the expression.

10. PETS Conner is playing with his dog. He tosses a treat upward with an initial
velocity of 13.7 meters per second. His hand starts at the same height as the
dog’s mouth, so the height of the treat above the dog’s mouth in meters after t
seconds is given by the expression 13.7t - 4.9t 2. Factor the expression.

Examples 3 and 4
Factor each polynomial.
11. fg - 5g + 4f - 20 12. a 2- 4a - 24 + 6a 13. hj - 2h + 5j - 10

14. xy - 2x - 2 + y 15. 45pq - 27q - 50p + 30 16. 24ty - 18t + 4y - 3

17. 3dt - 21d + 35 - 5t 18. 8r 2+ 12r 19. 21th - 3t - 35h + 5

20. vp + 12v + 8p + 96 21. 5br - 25b + 2r - 10 22. 2nu - 8u + 3n - 12

23. b 2 - 2b + 3b - 6 24. 2j 2+ 2j + 3j + 3 25. 2a 2- 4a + a - 2

Lesson 11-5 • Using the Distributive Property 665

Mixed Exercises
Factor each polynomial.
26. 7x + 49 27. 8m - 6 28. 5a 2- 15

29. 10q - 25q 2 30. a 2b2+ a 31. x + x 2y + x y3 2

32. 3p 2r 2+ 6pr + p 33. 4a 2b2+ 16ab + 12a 34. 10h 3n 3- 2hn +2 14hn

35. 48a 2b2- 12ab 36. 6x 2y - 21y w

2 + 24xw 37. x 2+ 3x + x + 3

38. 2x 2- 5x + 6x - 15 39. 3n 2+ 6np - np - 2p 2 40. 4x 2- 1.2x + 0.5x - 0.15

41. 9x 2- 3xy + 6x - 2y 42. 3x 2+ 24x - 1.5x - 12 43. 2x 2- 0.6x + 3x - 0.9

44. ARCHERY The height, in feet, of an arrow can be modeled by the expression
h = 80t - 16t2, where t is the time in seconds. Factor the expression.

Higher-Order Thinking Skills

45. REGULARITY You have factored some polynomials using the Distributive
Property, and others were factored by grouping. What are the similarities
between the two methods?

46. CREATE Write a four-term polynomial that can be factored by grouping. Then
factor the polynomial.

47. FIND THE ERROR Given the polynomial expression 3x + 2 7x - 18x - 42, Theresa

says you need to factor by grouping using the binomials (3x 2- 18x) and (7x - 42).
Akash says you need to use the binomials (3x 2+ 7x) and (-18x - 42). Is either of
them correct? Justify your answer.

48. PRECISION Choose a value, q, so that 2x +2 qx + 7x - 21 can be factored by

grouping. Then factor the expression.

49. WRITE Explain how to factor the polynomial 12a b2 -

2 16a b .2 3

666 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Lesson 11-6

Factoring Quadratic Trinomials

Today’s Goals
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Factor T rinomials ● Determine the factors of
trinomials with a leading
Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore. coefficient of 1.
● Determine the factors
INQUIRY How can you use the constant and of trinomials with a
leading coefficient not
coefficients in a polynomial to find its factors? equal to 1.

Today’s Vocabulary
prime polynomial
Learn Factoring Trinomials with a Leading Coefficient of 1
Key Concept • Factoring Trinomials with a Leading Coefficient of 1
Go Online
Words To factor trinomials in the form x2+ bx + c, find two You may want to
integers, m and p, with a sum of b and a product of c. complete the Concept
Then write x2+ bx + c as (x + m)(x + p). Check to check your
Symbols x2+ bx + c = (x + m)(x + p) when m + p = b and mp = c. understanding.
Example x2+ 8x + 15 = (x + 3)(x + 5) because 3 + 5 = 8
and 3 · 5 = 15.
Think About It!
A polynomial that cannot be written as a product of two polynomials
If c is negative, then
with integer coefficients is called a prime polynomial.
what is the relationship
between the signs of
Example 1 c Is Positive the factors? Explain
your reasoning.
Factor x 2− 9x + 18.
In this trinomial, b = −9 and c = 18. Because c is positive and b is
negative, you need to find two negative factors with a sum of −9 and
a product of 18.
Complete the table to make an organized list of the factors of 18 and
look for the pair of factors with a sum of −9.
Factors of 18 Sum of Factors
−1, −18 −19
−2, −9 −11
−3, −6 −9 Problem-Solving Tip
The correct factors are −3 and −6. Guess and Check
When factoring a
x2− 9x + 18 = (x + m)(x + p) Write the pattern. trinomial, make an
= [x + (−3)][x + (−6)] m = −3 and p = −6 educated guess, check
for reasonableness, and
= (x − 3)(x − 6) Simplify. then adjust the guess
until you find the
correct answer.
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 11-6 • Factoring Quadratic Trinomials 667

 Example 2 c Is Negative and b Is Positive
Factor x 2+ 5x − 14.
In this trinomial, b = 5 and c = −14. Since c is negative, the factors m and
p have opposite signs. So, either m or p is negative, but not both. Since b
is positive, the factor with the greater absolute value is also positive.
Complete the table to make a list of the factors of −14, where one
factor of each pair is negative and the factor with the greater absolute
value is positive. Look for the pair of factors with a sum of 5.
Factors of −14 Sum of Factors The correct factors are −2 and 7.
−1, 14 13 x2 + 5x − 14 = (x + m)(x + p)
−2, 7 5 = (x −2)(x + 7)

Example 3 c Is Negative and b Is Negative

Factor x 2− 3x − 4.
Think About It!
In this trinomial, b = −3 and c = −4. Either m or p is negative, but not
Is (x + 1)(x − 4) equal
both. Since b is negative, the factor with the greater absolute value is
to (x − 4)(x + 1)? to
also negative.
(x − 1)(x + 4)? Explain
your reasoning. Complete the table to make a list of the factors of −4, where one
factor of each pair is negative and the factor with the greater absolute
value is negative. Look for the pair of factors with a sum of −3.
Factors of −4 Sum of Factors
The correct factors are 1 and −4.
1, −4 −3 x2− 3x − 4 = (x + m)(x + p)
2, −2 0 = (x + 1)(x − 4)

Example 4 Factor a Polynomial

Factor x 2− 4x + 8, if possible. If the polynomial cannot be factored
using integers, write prime.
In this trinomial, b = −4 and c = 8. Since b is negative, m + p is
negative. Since c is positive, mp is positive. So, m and p are both
Talk About It
negative.
How does the process
of factoring ax2+ bx + Next, list the factors of 8. Look for the pair with a sum of −4.
c compare to the
Factors of 8 Sum of Factors
process of factoring
x2+ bx + c? −1, −8 −9
−2, −4 −6
There are no factors with a sum of −4. So, the trinomial cannot be
factored using integers. Therefore, x 2− 4x + 8 is prime.

Check
Write the factored form of each polynomial. If the polynomial cannot
be factored using integers, write prime.
a. x 2 + 7x + 6 b. x 2− 8x + 12 c. x 2+ 3x − 40

668 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Example 5 Solve a Problem by Factoring
FLAG DESIGN Switzerland’s
flag has a very unique shape;
it is a square. However, the
flag used by the country’s
naval vessels is rectangular,
as shown. If the area of the
square flag is x2 – 6x + 9
square feet, and the length is
increased by 4 feet, then
what is the area of the naval
flag in terms of x?
Step 1 Factor x 2 - 6x + 9. In this trinomial, b = -6 and c = 9. Because
c is positive and b is negative, you need to find two negative factors
with a sum of -6 and a product of 9.

Factors of 9 Sum of Factors

−1, −9 −10 Study Tip
−3, −3 −6 Assumptions Because
the polynomial
The correct factors are -3 and -3. represents the area of
a flag, you can assume
x2- 6x + 9 = (x + m)(x + p) Write the pattern.
that it can be factored.
= (x - 3)(x - 3) m = -3 and p = -3 The area of a rectangle
can always be written
Step 2 Increase length and multiply. The length is increased by
as the product of two
4 feet, so the factor representing the length must be increased by 4.
sides.
(x - 3 + 4)(x – 3) = (x + 1)(x - 3) Add 4 to the length.
Rober t_Ford/Getty Images.

= x 2- 3x + x - 3 FOIL
= x 2- 2x - 3 Simplify.
The new area is x2- 2x - 3 square feet.

Learn Factoring Trinomials

Key Concept • Factoring Trinomials with a Leading Coefficient ≠ 1
To factor trinomials in the form ax2+ bx + c, find two integers, m and p, Think About It!
with a sum of b and a product of ac. Then write ax2+ bx +c as Which property is
ax2+ mx + px +c, and factor by grouping.
applied to go from
2[2x(x + 5) − (x + 5)]
Example 6 c Is Negative
to 2(2x − 1)(x + 5)?
Factor 4x 2+ 18x − 10.
In this trinomial, a GCF of 2 can be factored out.
4x2+ 18x − 10 = 2(2x +
2 9x − 5)

Then in the trinomial 2x2+ 9x − 5, a = 2, b = 9, and c = −5. Y ou

need to find two numbers with a sum of 9 and a product of 2(-5)
or -10. (continued on the next page)

Lesson 11-6 • Factoring Quadratic Trinomials 669

 Complete the table to make a list of the factors of −10.

Factors of −10 Sum of Factors

1, −10 −9 Look for a pair of factors with a

sum of 9. The correct factors are
2, −5 −3 10 and −1.

5, −2 3

10, −1 9

4x2+ 18x − 10 = 2(2x 2

+ mx + px − 5) Write the pattern.

Math History Minute = 2(2x2+ 10x + (−1)x − 5) m = 10 and p = −1

Abraham bar Hiyya
(1070–1136) was a = 2[(2x2+ 10x) + (−x − 5)] Group terms with
Spanish mathematician, common factors.
astronomer, and
philosopher. His most = 2[2x(x + 5) − (x + 5)] Factor the GCFs.
famous work is Treatise
on Measurement and = 2(2x − 1)(x + 5) x + 5 is the
Calculation, which common factor.
contains the first
complete solution of the Example 7 c Is Positive
quadratic equation
Factor 2x2− 17x + 21.
x2 - ax + b = 0 known
in Europe. It is said that In this trinomial, a = 2, b = −17, and c = 21. Since b is negative, m + p
his work influenced the will be negative. Since c is positive, mp will be positive. To determine
later work of Leonardo m and p, list the negative factors of ac. The sum of m and p should be
Fibonacci. equal to b.
Complete the table to make a list of the negative factors of 42, and
look for a pair of factors with a sum of −17.
Factors of 42 Sum of Factors
−1, −42 −43
−2, −21 −23
−3, −14 −17
−6, −7 −13
The correct factors are −3 and −14.
2x2− 17x + 21 = 2x +
2 mx + px + 21 Write the pattern.

= 2x2+ (−3)x + (−14)x + 21 m = −3 and p = −14

= (2x2− 14x) + (−3x + 21) Group terms with

common factors.
Go Online An
alternate method is = 2x(x − 7) + (−3)(x − 7) Factor the GCFs.
available for this = (2x − 3)(x − 7) x − 7 is the common
example.
factor.
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

670 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Examples 1−4
Factor each polynomial, if possible. If the polynomial cannot be factored using
integers, write prime.
2 17x + 42
1. x + 2. y 2− 17y + 72

2 8a − 48
3. a + 4. n 2− 2n − 35

5. 44 + 15h + h 2 6. 40 − 22x + x 2

7. −24 − 5x + x 2 8. −42 − m + m 2

2 8t + 12
9. t + 10. d 2+ 5d − 13

2 6y + 17
11. y − 12. n 2+ 7n + 12

2 12b − 101
13. b − 14. p 2+ 9p + 20

2 9h + 18
15. h + 16. c 2+ c + 21

Example 5
17. COSMETICS CASE The top of a cosmetics case is a rectangle in which the width is
2 centimeters greater than the length. The expression x 2+ 26x − 168 represents
the area of the top of the case. Factor the expression.

18. CARPENTRY Miko wants to build a crate to hold record albums. The expression
2x2− 6x − 80 represents the volume of the crate. Factor the expression.

19. BRIDGE ENGINEERING A suspension bridge is a bridge

in which the deck is supported by cables with towers
spaced throughout the span of the bridge. The height
of a cable n inches above the deck measured at
distance d in yards from the first tower is given
by d2 − 36d + 324. Factor the expression.
n

20. FINANCE The break-even point for a business occurs

when the revenues equal the cost. A local children’s d
museum studied their costs and revenues from paid
admission. They found that their break-even point is
given by the expression 2h 2 − 2h − 24, where h is the
number of hours the museum is open per day. Factor
the expression.

Lesson 11-6 • Factoring Quadratic Trinomials 671

Examples 6 and 7
Factor each polynomial, if possible. If the polynomial cannot be factored using
integers, write prime.
2 34x + 24
21. 5x + 22. 2x 2+ 19x + 24

23. 4x 2 + 22x + 10 24. 4x 2+ 38x + 70

25. 2x 2− 3x − 9 26. 4x 2− 13x + 10

27. 2x 2+ 3x + 6 28. 5x 2+ 3x + 4

29. 12x 2+ 69x + 45 30. 4x 2− 5x + 7

2 8x + 15
31. 3x − 32. 5x 2+ 23x + 24

33. 2x 2 + 3x − 6 34. 2t 2+ 9t − 5

35. 2y 2 + y − 1 36. 4h 2+ 8h − 5

Mixed Exercises
Factor each polynomial, if possible. If the polynomial cannot be factored using
integers, write prime.
37. n 2+ 3n − 18 38. x 2+ 2x − 8

39. r 2 + 4r − 12 40. x 2− x − 12

41. w 2 −w−6 42. y 2− 6y + 8

43. t 2 − 15t + 56 44. −4 − 3m + m 2

45. 2x 2+ 5x + 2 46. 3n 2+ 5n + 2

47. 3g 2− 7g + 2 48. 2t 2− 11t + 15

49. 4x 2 − 3x − 3 50. 4b 2+ 15b − 4

672 Module 11 • Polynomials

Factor each polynomial, if possible. If the polynomial cannot be factored using
integers, write prime.
2 6p − 8
51. 9p + 52. 6q 2− 13q + 6

53. a 2− 10a + 21 54. x 2+ 2x − 15

55. 2x 2+ 7x + 3 56. 6x 2+ x + 2

57. x 2+ x − 20 58. x 2− 6x − 7

59. p 2− 10p + 21 60. 5x 2− 6x + 1

2 11qr + 18r
61. q + 2 62. x 2− 14xy − 51y 2

63. x 2− 6xy + 5y 2 64. a 2+ 10ab − 39b 2

65. −6x 2− 23x − 20 66. −4x 2− 15x − 14

67. −5x 2+ 18x + 8 68. −6x 2+ 31x − 35

69. −4x 2+ 5x − 12 70. −12x 2+ x + 20

71. MONUMENTS Susan is designing a pyramidal stone

monument for a local park. The design specifications
tell her that the height needs to be 9 feet and the width
of the base must be 5 feet less than the length. The
expression 3x 2 − 15x − 150 represents the volume of
the pyramidal stone monument.
a. Factor the expression that represents the volume of
the pyramidal stone monument that Susan is
designing for a local park.

b. What does each factored expression represent?

72. PROJECTILES The height of a projectile in feet is given by −16t 2+ vt + h ,0

where t is the time in seconds, v is the initial upward velocity in feet per
second, and h0 is the initial height in feet. A T-shirt is propelled from
32 feet above ground level into the air at an initial velocity of 16 feet
per second.
a. Write an expression to represent how much time the T-shirt is
in the air.

b. Factor the expression that represents the amount of time the

T-shirt is in the air.

Lesson 11-6 • Factoring Quadratic Trinomials 673

 Higher-Order Thinking Skills
73. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which expression does not belong with the
others? Explain your reasoning.

x2+ 2x - 24 x2+ 11x + 24 x2- 10x - 24 x2+ 12x + 24

2 6x − 16. Is either of
74. FIND THE ERROR Jamaall and Charles have factored x +
them correct? Explain your reasoning.

Jamaall Charles
x2 + 6x - 16 = (x + 2)(x - 8) x2 + 6x - 16 = (x - 2)(x + 8)

ANALYZE Find all values of k so that each polynomial can be factored using integers.
75. x 2+ kx − 19 76. x 2+ kx + 14

77. x 2− 8x + k, k > 0 78. x 2− 5x + k, k > 0

2 bx + c, will the absolute value of

79. ANALYZE For any factorable trinomial, x +
b sometimes, always, or never be less than the absolute value of c? Justify your
argument.

80. CREATE Give an example of a trinomial that can be factored using the factoring
techniques presented in this lesson. Then factor the trinomial.

81. PERSEVERE Factor (4y − 5) +2 3(4y − 5) − 70.

82. WRITE Explain how to factor trinomials of the form x2 + bx + c and how to determine
the signs of the factors of c.

83. ANALYZE A square has an area of 9x + 2 30xy + 25y square

2 inches. The
dimensions are binomials with positive integers coefficients. What is the
perimeter of the square? Explain.

2 kx + 12 can be factored as two

84. PERSEVERE Find all values of k so that 2x +
binomials using integers.

85. WRITE Explain how to determine which values should be chosen for m and p
when factoring a polynomial of the form ax 2 + bx + c.

674 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Lesson 11-7

Factoring Special Products

Today’s Goals
Explore Using Algebra Tiles to Factor Differences ● Factor binomials that
are differences of
of Squares squares.
● Factor trinomials that
Online Activity Use algebra tiles to complete the Explore.
are perfect squares.

Today’s Vocabulary
INQUIRY How is factoring a difference of
difference of two
squares related to the product of a sum and squares
a difference? perfect square
trinomials
Learn Factoring Differences of Squares
The product of the sum and difference of two quantities results in a
difference of two squares. So, the factored form of a difference of Talk About It!
squares is the product of the sum and difference of two quantities.
How can you check
Key Concept • Factoring Differences of Squares that the factors of a
Symbols a2- b = 2 (a + b)(a - b) or (a - b)(a + b) polynomial are correct?
Examples x -29 = (x + 3)(x - 3) or (x - 3)(x + 3)
4u2- 1 = (2u + 1)(2u - 1) or (2u - 1)(2u + 1)

Example 1 Factor Differences of Squares

Factor each polynomial.
2 64w
a. 81v - 2

81v2- 64w =
2 (9v) -2 (8w) 2 Write in the form a2- b .2
= (9v + 8w)(9v - 8w) Factor the difference of squares.
b. 1 - 144q 2
1 - 144q2= (1) -
2 (12q) 2 Write in the form a2- b .2
= (1 + 12q)(1 - 12q) Factor the difference of squares.

Check
Factor each polynomial.
a. 25x 2- 64y 2

b. 196 - g 4

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 11-7 • Factoring Special Products 675

 Example 2 Factor More Than Once
Factor x4- 256.
Watch Out! x4- 256 = (x )2-
2 (16) 2 Write in the form a2- b .2
Sum of Squares The
sum of squares cannot = (x2+ 16)(x -
2 16) Factor the difference of squares.
be factored; that is,
= (x2+ 16)(x 2
- 4 )2 x2- 16 is also a difference of squares.
a2+ b ≠
2 (a + b)

(a + b). The sum of = (x2+ 16)(x + 4)(x - 4) Factor the difference of squares.
squares is a prime
polynomial.
Check
Factor each polynomial.
81n4- 1

16x8- y 4

Example 3 Use Factors to Find Area

Think About It! AREA Rosita’s family is buying
What would the factors carpet for their living room, which
be if Rosita’s family is 6 meters wide and 6 meters long.
knew that they needed They plan to carpet the whole area
to tile a 1-meter square except for a square area near the
area near the door, but door, which will be tiled. Find the
did not know the
factors representing the area of the
dimensions of their
living room that will be carpeted.
square living room?
The area of the living room is 6 · 6 or
36 square meters, and the tiled area
is x · x or x2 square meters. So, the
carpet will cover an area of 36 - x2.
2 (x )
36 - x2= (6) - 2 Write in the form a2- b .2

= (6 + x)(6 - x) Factor the difference of squares.

Check
4 16. Factor the
VOLUME A rectangular solid has a volume of x -
polynomial to determine the dimensions of the rectangular solid.
A. x 2(x + 4)(x - 4)
B. (x 2+ 4)(x + 2)(x - 2)
C. (x 2 - 4)(x + 2)(x + 2)
D. (x 3 + 4)(x - 2)(x - 2)
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

676 Module 11 • Polynomials

Learn Factoring Perfect Squares
Squares of binomials, such as (a + b)2and (a - b) ,2have special
products called perfect square trinomials.
(a + b)2= (a + b)(a + b) (a - b)2= (a - b)(a - b)
= a2+ ab + ab + b 2 = a2- ab - ab + b 2

= a2+ 2ab + b 2 = a2- 2ab + b 2

For a trinomial to be factorable as a perfect square, the following must

be true:
• The first term is a perfect square.
• The last term is a perfect square.
• The middle term is two times the product of the square roots of the
first and last terms.

Key Concept • Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials

Symbols a2+ 2ab + b =
2 (a + b)(a + b) = (a + b) 2

a2- 2ab + b 2
= (a - b)(a - b) = (a - b) 2

Examples 4x2- 28x + 49 = (2x - 7)(2x - 7) = (2x - 7) 2

x2+ 10x + 25 = (x + 5)( x + 5) = (x + 5) 2

Example 4 Identify a Perfect Square Trinomial

Determine whether 4j 2+ 8j + 16 is a perfect square trinomial. If so, Think About It!
factor it.
To make ?j2+ 8j + 16 a
Is the first term a perfect square? perfect square trinomial,
what would the
Is the second term equal to 2(2j)(4)? No, 8j ≠ 2(2j)(4) coefficient of the first
Is the last term a perfect square? term need to be? ?

Since this trinomial does not satisfy all conditions, it is not a perfect To make 4j 2+ ?j + 16
square trinomial. a perfect square
trinomial, what would
the coefficient of the
middle term need to
be? ?
To make 4j2+ 8j + ? a
perfect square
trinomial, what would
the constant term need
to be? ?

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 11-7 • Factoring Special Products 677

Study Tip Example 5 Recognize and Factor a Perfect
Negative Constants Square Trinomial
Since perfect square
Determine whether 36h2 - 12h + 1 is a perfect square trinomial. If so,
trinomials always have
factor it.
a positive constant,
check the constant Is 36h2a perfect square? yes
first. If it is negative,
the trinomial will not be Is -12h equal to -2(6h)(1)? yes
a perfect square.
Is 1 a perfect square? yes
This trinomial satisfies all the conditions for a perfect square trinomial.
36h2- 12h + 1 = (6h) -2(6h)(1)
2 + (1) 2 Write as a2- 2ab + b .2

= (6h - 1)2 Factor using the pattern.

Check
If the trinomial is a perfect square trinomial, factor it. If not, write not a
perfect square trinomial.
36x2- 36x + 9
Go Online to
practice what you’ve
36x2- 18x + 9
learned about
factoring quadratic
expressions in the Put
It All Together over 36x2+ 36x + 9
Lessons 11-6 and 11-7.

Pause and Reflect

Did you struggle with anything in this lesson? If so, how did you deal
with it?

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

678 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Examples 1 and 2
Factor each polynomial.
1. q 2- 121 2. r 4- k 4

3. w 4- 625 4. r 2– 9t 2

5. h 4- 256 6. 2x 3- x -2 162x + 81

7. x 2- 4y 2 8. 3c 3+ 2c –2147c - 98

9. f 3+ 2f -
2 64f - 128 10. r 3- 5r -2 100r + 500

11. 3t 3- 7t -2 3t + 7 12. a 2- 49

13. 4m 3+ 9m -
2 36m - 81 14. 3x 3+ x -2 75x - 25

Example 3
15. TICKETING A ticketing company for sporting events analyzes the ticket purchasing
patterns. The expression 9a2- 4b is
2 developed to help officials calculate the

likely number of people who will buy tickets for a certain sporting event. Factor
the expression.

16. BASKETBALL COURT A half-court basketball court is a square of pavement with

an area represented by x2- 25. Factor the expression.

17. DECORATING Marvin saw a rug in a store that he would like to purchase.
It has an area represented by the expression shown on the rug. He
cannot remember the length and width, but he remembers that the
length and the width were the same. x2- 16x + 64
a. Factor the expression that represents the area of the rug.
b. What do the factors in the factored expression represent?

Examples 4 and 5
Determine whether each trinomial is a perfect square trinomial. Write yes or no. If
so, factor it.
18. 4x 2- 42x + 110 19. 16x 2- 56x + 49

20. 81x 2 - 90x + 25 21. x 2+ 26x + 168

Lesson 11-7 • Factoring Special Products 679

Mixed Exercises
Factor each polynomial, if possible. If the polynomial cannot be factored using
integers, write prime.
22. 36t 2 - 24t + 4 23. 4h 2- 56

24. 17a 2- 24ab 25. q 2- 14q + 36

26. y 2+ 24y + 144 27. 6d 2- 96

28. 1 - 49d 2 29. -16 + p 2

30. k 2+ 25 31. 36 - 100w 2

32. 64m 2- 9y 2 33. 4h 2- 25g 2

34. x 3 + 3x2- 4x - 12 35. 8x 2- 72p 2

36. 20q 2- 5r 2 37. 32a 2- 50b 2

38. 16b 2- 100 39. 49x 2- 64y 2

40. 3n 4- 42n +
3 147n 2 41. 8m 3- 24m +2 18m

42. GARDEN DESIGN Marren is planning to build a raised

garden bed. The area of the rectangular plot can be
represented by x 2 - 49. Factor the expression to
determine the possible length and width of the garden
bed.

McGraw-Hill Education
43. PARKING LOT The area of a rectangular parking lot is
represented by the expression a 2- 25, where the length is longer than
the width. Factor the expression to determine the possible dimensions of
the length and width of the parking lot. If the length of the parking lot is
105 yards, what is the width of the parking lot?
D

44. USE A SOURCE Research the dimensions of the outside diameter and
inside diameter of metal washers. Write an expression for the surface
area of the top of a metal washer with outside diameter D and inside
d
diameter d. Factor your expression. Then use your expression and the
dimensions you researched to find the surface area of the top of a
metal washer.

680 Module 11 • Polynomials

Determine whether each trinomial is a perfect square trinomial. Write yes or no.
If so, factor it.
45. m 2- 6m + 9 46. r 2+ 4r + 4

47. g 2- 14g + 49 48. 2w 2- 4w + 9

49. 4d 2- 4d + 1 50. 9n 2+ 30n + 25

51. 9z 2- 6z + 1 52. 36x 2- 60x + 25

53. 49r 2+ 14r + 4 54. a 2+ 14a + 49

55. t 2- 18t + 81 56. 4c 2+ 2cd + d 2

57. ARCHITECTURE The drawing shows a triangular roof truss

with a base measuring the same as its height. The
1
expression _2_ x 2- 98 represents the area of the triangular height
roof truss, where x is the length of the base and the height.
Factor the expression.

58. A company that manufactures cardboard boxes sells three

sizes of boxes. The volume of the small box is represented by
n3 + 4n2- 16n - 64 in .3The volume of the medium box is
represented by n3+ 6n - 2 36n - 216 in . The
3 volume of the
large box is represented by n3+ 8n -2 64n - 512 in . The
3

company wants to start selling an extra-large box. Predict the base

dimensions and the volume of the extra-large box.

a. Find the dimensions of the small, medium, and large boxes. Explain the
method you used.

b. Look for a pattern in the areas. What pattern is represented by the areas of the
small, medium, and large boxes? Use this pattern to predict the dimensions of
the extra-large box.

c. Use your prediction in part b to find the volume of the extra-large box.

59. STATE YOUR ASSUMPTION Paul suggests that to factor x - 4 81, you can use

difference of squares twice. He says that the result will have the same factors as
x2 - 9. Prove or disprove his statement.

Lesson 11-7 • Factoring Special Products 681

60. REASONING Debony claims the expression 9x + 2 50x + 25 is a perfect square

trinomial. Is she correct? If she is incorrect, show how the expression can be
changed so that it is a perfect square.

61. STRUCTURE Find a value for m that will make the expression 4x -4 44x + 2m a
perfect square. Then use the value to factor the expression completely.

Higher-Order Thinking Skills

62. FIND THE ERROR Elizabeth and Lorenzo are factoring an expression. Is either
of them correct? Explain your reasoning.

Elizabeth Lorenzo
16x4 - 25y2= 16x4 - 25y2=
(4x - 5y) (4x + 5y) (4x2 - 5y) (4x2+ 5y)

63. PERSEVERE Factor and simplify 9 - (k + 3) , 2a difference of squares.

64. ANALYZE Write and factor a binomial that is the difference of two perfect squares
and that has a greatest common factor of 5mk.

65. ANALYZE Determine whether the following statement is true or false. Give an
example or counterexample to justify your answer.
All binomials that have a perfect square in each of the two terms can be factored.

66. CREATE Write a binomial in which the difference of squares pattern must be
repeated to factor it completely. Then factor the binomial.

67. WRITE Describe why the difference of squares has no middle term.

68. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Identify the trinomial that does not belong. Explain.

4x2- 36x + 81 25x2+ 10x + 1 4x2+ 10x + 4 9x2- 24x + 16

69. WRITE Explain how to determine whether a trinomial is a perfect square trinomial.

70. PERSEVERE Use the difference of squares to factor and simplify the expression
121x 2y6 z4 - 16y z2. 2

682 Module 11 • Polynomials

 Module 11 • Polynomials

Review
Essential Question
How can you perform operations on polynomials and use them to represent real-world
situations?
Much like combining like terms, polynomials can be added or subtracted. The Distributive
Property is used to multiply and factor polynomials. Polynomials can represent areas and
volumes of three-dimensional solids.

Module Summary
Lesson 11-1 Lessons 11-5 through 11-7

Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Factoring Polynomials

• The degree of a monomial is the sum of the • By using the Distributive Property in reverse,
exponents of all its variables. you can factor a polynomial as the product of a
• The degree of a polynomial is the greatest monomial and a polynomial.
degree of any term in the polynomial. • T o factor trinomials in the form 2x + bx + c, find two
• When adding polynomials, you can group like integers, m and p, with a sum of b and a product of
terms by using a horizontal or vertical format. c. Then write x2 + bx + c as (x + m)(x + p).
• Y ou can subtract a polynomial by adding its • T o factor trinomials in the form ax2+ bx + c,
additive inverse. find two integers, m and p, with a sum of b and
a product of ac. Then write ax2+ bx + c as
• Adding or subtracting polynomials results in a
ax2+ mx + px + c, and factor by grouping.
polynomial, so the set of polynomials is closed
under addition and subtraction. • The factored form of a difference of squares is
the product of the sum and difference of two
quantities.
Lessons 11-2 through 11-4 a2- b =
2
(a + b)(a - b) or (a - b)(a + b)
• Squares of binomials, such as (a + b) 2and
Multiplying Polynomials 2
(a - b) , have special products called perfect
• T o find the product of a monomial and a square trinomials.
binomial, use the Distributive Property.
a2+ 2ab + b = 2
(a + b)(a + b) = (a + b) 2
• The FOIL method helps to multiply binomials: a2- 2ab + b = 2
(a - b)(a - b) = (a - b) 2
To multiply two binomials, find the sum of the
products of F the First Terms, O the Outer terms,
I the Inner terms, and L the Last terms . Study Organizer
• Square of a sum: (a + b) 2= (a + b)(a + b) Foldables
= a2+ 2ab + b 2
Use your Foldable to
• Square of a difference: (a - b) 2= review this module.
(a - b)(a - b) = a2- 2ab + b 2 Working with a partner
Lesson 11-3
• The product of a + b and a - b is the square of can be helpful. Ask for
a minus the square of b: (a + b)(a - b) = clarification of concepts
a2- ab + ab - b = 2
a -2 b 2 as needed.

Module 11 Review • Polynomials 683

Test Practice
1. MULTI-SELECT Select all of the expressions 5. OPEN RESPONSE Mr. Soto is installing a new
that are polynomials. (Lesson 11-1) trapezoid shaped window. He plans to cover
the window with a protective coating that
A. 4xy - 3x
prevents UV rays from entering the house.
B. 4ab + _x5_2 The height h of the window is 24 inches.

C. 45 + 3d +
2
d-w 3
h + 6
D. 12
xy
E. ____
-3 2
h
5

2. OPEN RESPONSE The perimeter of this 2h - 3

triangular plot of land can be represented by
The formula for the area of a trapezoid is
3x2 + 10x + 20. (Lesson 11-1) 1
A = _2_ h (b1 + b 2) where h is the height and b 1
and b2are the bases of the trapezoid. How
6x + 11 many square inches of protective coating
will Mr. Soto need? (Lesson 11-2)

2x2+ 9
Write a polynomial that represents the 6. OPEN RESPONSE Use the Distributive
measure of the third side of the plot of land. Property to simplify -3(g2- 4g + 1).
(Lesson 11-2)

3. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the difference.

(5d - 8) - (-2d + 3) (Lesson 11-1) 7. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the product of
(2x + 7) and (x - 5). (Lesson 11-3)
A. 3d - 5
A. 3x + 2
B. 7d - 11
B. 2x -
2
3x - 35
C. 7d - 5
C. 2x -
2
10x - 35
D. 7d + 11
D. 2x -
2
35

4. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the sum.

(x2+ 3x - 9) + (4x -
2
6x + 1) (Lesson 11-1)
A. 4x -
2
3x - 8

B. 5x -
2
3x - 8

C. 5x +
2
9x - 10

D. 4x +
2
9x - 10

684 Module 11 Review • Polynomials

8. OPEN RESPONSE Saurabh is designing a 13. OPEN RESPONSE Describe a general rule for
rectangular vegetable garden with a stone finding the square of a sum. (Lesson 11-4)
path around it. The total area of the path is
292 square feet. Use the diagram to
determine the value of x. (Lesson 11-3)

14. MULTIPLE CHOICE Kala is making a tile

design for her kitchen floor. Each tile has
x - 3x + 2 sides that are 3 inches less than twice
the side length of the smaller square inside
x + 4
the design. (Lesson 11-4)

x + 10

2x - 3
9. OPEN RESPONSE Find the product.
(2r - 3)(r2- 5r + 1) (Lesson 11-3)

Select the polynomial that represents the

10. OPEN RESPONSE True or false: area of the tile.
(8k2+ 3k - 1)(k -
2
k + 1) is equivalent to
8k4- 5k +
3
4k +2 4k - 1. (Lesson 11-3) A. 2x -
2
3x

B. 4x -
2
12x + 9

C. 4x +
2
12x + 9
11. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find (8a + 3b) .2
(Lesson 11-4) D. 4x -
2
9
A. 73a b2 2+ 48ab
B. 64a +
2
48ab + 9b 2 15. OPEN RESPONSE Factor
-10xy - 15x + 12y + 18. (Lesson 11-5)
C. 64a +
2
9b 2

D. 32a +
2
22ab + 12b 2

16. OPEN RESPONSE Factor 36x -

3
24x . 2
(Lesson 11-5)
12. OPEN RESPONSE Find the product.
(6h + 7)(6h - 7) (Lesson 11-4)

Module 11 Review • Polynomials 685

17. MULTI-SELECT A golf ball is hit with a velocity 21. OPEN RESPONSE Identify if each
of 128 feet per second. The expression polynomial is a difference of squares.
128t - 16t2 represents the height of the ball Write yes or no. (Lesson 11-7)
after t seconds. Select all that are equivalent
a) 16y 2- 25b 2
to the expression. (Lesson 11-5)
A. 16t(8 - t) b) m - 100n
2 2

B. -16t(t - 8) c) 64r -
2
225

C. t(t - 8)(8 - t) d) 49z 2- 36a 3

D. 8t(7 - 2t) e) -4y 2- k 2

E. 8(- 2t + 16)

18. OPEN RESPONSE Factor 22. MULTI-SELECT Select all of the perfect
x2+ 8x + 15. (Lesson 11-6) square trinomials. (Lesson 11-7)
A. 49x +
2
112x + 64

19. MULTIPLE CHOICE Mrs. Torres wants to add B. 16x -

2
24x + 9
x feet onto the length and width of an
C. 49x +
2
30x + 64
existing rectangular patio. The new patio
would have an area of x2 + 14x + 48 square D. 9x -
2
6x + 16
feet. (Lesson 11-6)
E. x y2 2- 10xy +225y 2

23. MULTIPLE CHOICE A square piece of cloth

Existing Patio
has an area of 4y2- 28y + 49 square
meters. Find the length of each side.
(Lesson 11-7)

What are the dimensions of the

existing patio?
A. 14 ft by 48 ft

B. 6 ft by 8 ft
C. 7 ft by 24 ft A. (2y + 7) m
D. 4 ft by 12 ft B. (2y - 7) m

20. OPEN RESPONSE Factor 9x 2+ 9x + 2. C. (4y - 49) m

(Lesson 11-6)
D. (2y - 14) m

686 Module 11 Review • Polynomials